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Physico-Chemical Water Quality and Macroinvertebrate
Distribution Along Sungai Asah In Pulau Tioman, Johor, Malaysia.
Journal: Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology
Manuscript ID SJST-2017-0112.R1
Manuscript Type: Original Article
Date Submitted by the Author: 02-Jul-2017
Complete List of Authors: appalasamy, suganthi; Natural Resources and Sustainability
Arumugam, Nivaarani; Universiti Malaysia Kelantan - Kampus Jeli, Department of Natural Resources and Sustainability Sukri, Nor Sayzwani; Universiti Malaysia Kelantan - Kampus Jeli, Department of Natural Resources and Sustainability Eh Rak, Aweng; Universiti Malaysia Kelantan - Kampus Jeli, Department of Natural Resources and Sustainability
Keyword: Macroinvertebrate, River health, EPT, BMWP, Pulau Tioman
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Original Article
Physico-Chemical Water Quality and Macroinvertebrate Distribution Along
Sungai Asah In Pulau Tioman, Johor, Malaysia.
Suganthi Appalasamy*, Nivaarani Arumugam, Sayzwani Sukri, & Aweng Eh Rak
Fakulti Sains Bumi, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kampus Jeli, Beg Berkunci No. 100,
17600, Jeli, Kelantan.
*Corresponding author, Email address: [email protected]
Abstract
To gauge the quality of river in terms of biological health, an investigation on the
distribution of macroinvertebrate along Sungai Asah, Pulau Tioman, Pahang, Malaysia
at three main stations i.e. downstream, midstream and upstream was conducted. The
river macroinvertebrates were represented by nine orders, 45 families and 329
individuals in all the three sampling stations. The most commonly found family is
Diptera contributing 99 individuals to the total macroinvertebrates followed by
Trichoptera (80 individuals) and the least found order is Haplotaxida with only two
individuals. Pollution intolerant taxa, Ephemeroptera was found at all the sampling
stations. The biological monitoring working party (BMWP) score at the midstream of
the river indicated the area was not impacted by pollution but the EPT index fall in the
Poor (2.8) category. The low number Odonata aquatic macroinvertebrates in Sungai
Asah indicate that Sungai Asah was disturbed and impacted by the human recreational
activity.
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Keywords: Macroinvertebrate, Pulau Tioman, River health, EPT, BMWP
1. Introduction
Aquatic macroinvertebrate are organisms that dwell in water ecosystem, visible
to naked eyes and lacks internal skeleton (Goodnight, 1973). Some of these aquatic
macroinvertebrates that can be found in streams and other water ecosystem are insects,
worms, snails and crustaceans. Many of the insect species found are closely interrelated
to the freshwater ecosystem. Aquatic insects live on or near the freshwater surface and
some can be found emerging to water surface for oxygen before diving into the water.
These aquatic macroinvertebrates group spend the juvenile stage underwater, which
they leave as adults and usually can be found near the freshwater even as adults
(Doughty, 1994). Such insects include mayfly (Order: Ephemeroptera), dragonfly
(Order: Odonata), stonefly (Order: Plecoptera), water strider (Order: Hemiptera),
mosquito (Order: Diptera), caddisfly (Order: Trichoptera), and predaceous diving beetle
(Order: Coleoptera) are common inhabitants of freshwater bodies (Richardson, 2008).
These aquatic macroinvertebrate according to Watson-Ferguson et al. (2006) are crucial
in nutrient cycling, decomposition and translocation of materials. Strayer (2006) has
reported that aquatic freshwater invertebrates are able to survive mostly in any
freshwater with the exception of very highly polluted or deep ground water bodies.
Study on river habitat type could be used to predict the taxonomic composition present
in that specific habitat. The distribution of aquatic insect present in a specific habitat is
shaped by factors such as pH, elevation, substrate type and water depth (Demars et al.,
2012). The correlation of taxonomic representation of aquatic insects to an environment
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enabled these insects to be used as bioindicator to assess the environmental health.
Currently in Malaysia, researchers have reported the use of this bioindicator to
investigate the effect of aquatic macroinvertebrates on the environment. This includes
Aweng et al. (2011, 2012, 2014, 2015), Ishadi et al. (2014), and Omar et al. (2014) who
explores the potential and justify the role of aquatic insects as bioindicator at local scale.
The Pulau Tioman (Tioman Island) is part of the state of Pahang, Malaysia. The
island is situated 48 km off the coast of Pahang, covering 70 sq. km between the
longitude 104° 10' 11.4456'' E and latitude 2° 47' 24.8964'' N. The geology of Pulau
Tioman is overlooked by rocky structures dominated by exposed granitoid boulder-beds
found on the coast of Kampung Paya, Batu Sirau (747m), Nenek Si Mukut (695 m) and
thin layer of soil (Latiff et al., 1999). The island is covered by very little flat lands and is
limited to the coasts, especially around Teluk Juara and Kampung Tekek. The very
limited flat land and domination of steep slopes on the island further encourages the
development of ecotourism as the primary economic activity. There are several rivers
and few other small streams found in the island including Sungai Asah, Sungai Benuang
and Sungai Elin (Jaman & Latiff, 1999). Sungai Asah is a well-known tourist attraction
spot for its cascading waterfall, the Asah Waterfalls or locally known as the Mukut
Waterfalls as it is located near the Mukut village. The investigations of fauna of Pulau
Tioman dated back to 1966 by Bullock on the terrestrial arthropods of the island and
then much later by Hendrich and Yang (1999) on water beetle (Order: Coleoptera).
However, till recently there is no published report on the distribution pattern of aquatic
insects and the water quality of Asah Waterfall of which this study would provide the
insights into the ecological requirements of water insects that affects the diversity of
water insect.
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2. Materials and Method
Study Site
The study site was located in Pulau Tioman and the focus catchment is along
Sungai Asah [(Latitude: 2°43'16.32" Longitude: 104°11'40.93") (Figure 1)]. The study
was conducted on 16th April 2016 until 17th April 2016 in the Wildlife Inventory
Program organized by Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia
(PERHILITAN). Three sampling stations with two replicate spots at each stations were
chosen for water quality analysis. The data for two replicates at each station was
reported as composite sample. The three sampling stations (Station 1, Station 2 and
Station 3) were identified using Global Positioning System (GPS) with each station
located at upper stream, midstream and downstream of the Sungai Asah, divided based
on elevation from sea level. The sampling was started at the downstream, followed by
midstream station and ended in upstream station. Table 1 shows the geo-reference of the
sampling stations.
Water Quality Data in Asah River, Pulau Tioman.
Seven in-situ parameters were selected for water quality analysis namely pH,
temperature, salinity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity and total dissolved solid
as stated in the Table 2 together with the equipment used for the reading. The sampling
stations along the river were observed to have different coverage of substrate
compositions and their water surfaces along the river are shaded by varying percentage
of canopy cover. In the upstream of the river, station 1 substrate consists primarily of
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boulder and cobbles rocks. The water surface is covered with canopy of almost 75% and
riparian coverage on both sides of the river were observed to be at 80%. At station 2, the
majority of rocks observed were boulders, canopy covering the water surface at 95%
and riparian growth at 80% were also seen at the site. At the final station on the
downstream of the river, station 3, the substrate composition were made of boulders and
cobbles of varying sizes, canopy covering the water surface at only 50% while the
riparian growth at the river side was about 70%.
Macroinvertebrate Sampling and Analysis
For macroinvertebrate sampling in Sungai Asah, a quadrat of 30 cm x 30 cm
(0.09 m2
) was placed at the three stations (Station 1, Station 2, Station 3) and sampled
using a Surber Net with 500 micron mesh size (500 µm). As the Sungai Asah was
covered with > 60% boulders and cobbles rocks, the two sampling points (A and B) at
each station were chosen randomly. Macroinvertebrate samples collected were
preserved in 70% ethanol (Sigma-Aldrich) for identification in laboratory. The
identification using stereomicroscope of each macroinvertebrate was done up to family
level using the morphological characters and keys described by Fiene-Severns et al.
(2004) and Che Salmah et al. (2014) and deposited in the Natural Resources Museum,
Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan.
Data Analysis
The following ecological indices were determined to analyse the data on
benthic macroinvertebrate; Shannon Diversity Index (1963) for diversity calculation,
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Margalef Index (1958) for richness index, Hill Index (1973) for evenness and Simpson
Index (1949) for taxa dominance. Biotic indices such as EPT Index was based on
Wallace et al. (1996) and Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP; Tasneem &
Abbasi, 2012).
3. Results and Discussion
The reading of in situ parameters collected at each sampling station along
Sungai Asah was summarised in Table 3. The physico-chemical water quality
assessment at the Sungai Asah showed that the minimum pH of the river was 6.03 and
maximum was recorded at 6.98. The surface water dissolved oxygen content of the river
ranged from 6.22 mg/L to 8.19 mg/L whereas the temperature range recorded to be at
25.00 °C to 26.91 °C. Salinity and conductivity along the Sungai Asah were recorded to
be constant at the three sampling stations ie. 0.02 PSU and 0.04 mS/cm respectively.
Turbidity of the river was recorded to fall in the range of 1.72 and 2.28 NTU.
The macroinvertebrates in Sungai Asah, Pulau Tioman was represented by 9
orders, 45 families and 329 individuals from all the three sampling stations (Table 4).
The most common family found at this river is Diptera contributing 99 individuals of
the total macroinvertebrates followed by Trichoptera (80 individuals) and the least
found in Sungai Asah is order Haplotaxida with only two individuals from the
midstream station (Figure 2). Among the sampling sites, the midstream sampling station
has the highest abundance of macroinvertebrate individuals (47.11 %) followed by the
upstream stations and the downstream station has the lowest abundance of
macroinvertebrate recorded (Table 4). Out of the 21 families that were collected at
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midstream station, Leptophlebiidae, Hydropsychidae, and Philopotamidae were
recorded to be present at high abundance (Table 4) which reflects the suitability of the
river habitat to these macroinvertebrates. Chironomidae, Simulidae, Ceratopagonidae,
Leptophlebiidae and Palaemonidae were distributed at all the three sampling stations
and Platysticidae, Stenopsychidae, Chloroperlidae, Peltoperlidae, Lumbricidae,
Turridae, and Buccinidae are families found at only one site of sampling. Pollution
intolerant taxa, Ephemeroptera was found at all the sampling stations. However the
macroinvertebrates from this order was abundant only at upstream and midstream. At
downstream of the river, there was only one family of Ephemeroptera that is
Leptophlebiidae with four individuals recorded. Plecoptera is another water pollution
intolerant taxa which was also present in both upstream and midstream with only family
of Perlidae (9 individuals) at upstream compared to three families (Perlidae,
Chloroperlidae, Peltoperlidae) with 6 individuals found at midstream. All the three
pollution intolerant macroinvertebrate taxa (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and
Trichoptera) with individuals count of 84 was present at the midstream of the Sungai
Asah River compared to other two sampling stations.
At downstream, high density of larvae from Chironomidae (35) which is an
excellent bioindicator denotes the poor quality of water in Sungai Asah as shown by
similar study done by Marques & Barbosa (2001) in Brazil. Hooper et al. (2003)
suggested that high abundance of this particular macroinvertebrate in a water ecosystem
could be due to its response to organic contents build up by anthropic actions which
ultimately reduces other macroinvertebrate organism from residing in the same water
system. However, in Sungai Asah, organic content accumulation in downstream could
be mainly due to the leaf litters contributed by the tree forming the thick canopy and
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riparian landscape at upstream and midstream. A study done along River Ferreira,
Portugal to evaluate the decomposition of organic matter using the benthic
macroinvertebrate colonization revealed high abundance of Chironomidae especially the
filtering collectors identified in decomposing leaves (Ribeiro & Vieira, 2013). The data
obtained through this study in Pulau Tioman also confirms the works done in Canadian
Lake (Pope et al., 1999) and in Brazilian shallow lake by Goncalves et al. (2000) which
suggests chironomids may use leaf litters as an alternative energy source other than
algae and detritus. Other contributing factor to organic matter accumulation in Asah
waterfall was as suggested by Hooper et al. (2003) which was from the human activity
along the stream. Asah waterfall is known as the main attraction of this river and
situated at 200 m upstream of the river downstream station. Much of the recreational
activity involve bathing using detergent which contains organic substance will be
flowing down to amass in downstream station. These factors contributed to the organic
matter accumulation in downstream of Sungai Asah which eventually influences the
BMWP score as shown in Table 5.
Table 5 shows the taxonomic diversity, richness, dominance, evenness, and
tolerance index for aquatic macroinvertebrates at Sungai Asah together with two biotic
indices; BMWP (Tasneem & Abbasi, 2012) and EPT (Wallace et al., 1996). The
BMWP score at upstream of the river is 58 which was categorised as moderate water
quality whereas the BMWP score at midstream sampling station is 78 which was
regarded as good based on Mason (2002). At the downstream of the Sungai Asah, the
BMWP score recorded is 29 which was categorised as poor. On the other hand, the
Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) Index score for upstream of Sungai
Asah was recorded to be at 2.23 which falls into the poor category. Similar findings
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were also recorded for both midstream and downstream samplings stations of the river,
2.8 and 0.1 respectively, which in general the EPT index at all the three points fall in
poor category. The BMWP score for upstream and downstream of Sungai Asah is in
line with the EPT Index except for midstream. At the midstream of this river although
the BMWP score indicated the area was not impacted with pollution, the EPT index fall
in Poor (2.8) category which could be due to the usage of the area for recreational and
human activity such as swimming and bathing as was observed throughout the sampling
duration. There are also very low number of aquatic macroinvertebrates from Odonata
recorded in Sungai Asah. It was also observed during the sampling, very few adult
Odonata were spotted around this river. The relatively low abundance of its larvae in
this stream could be due to a few factors. Odonata are reported by Che Salmah et al.
(2014) as organisms that prefer pristine, undisturbed and lowland streams which could
also indicate Sungai Asah was disturbed and impacted by the human recreational
activity or in other words, it is unhealthy. The visual observation affirms the index
obtained using Shannon-Wiener diversity; the index value of Sungai Asah is between
1.38 and 2.75, which indicates it is a moderately polluted river (Mason, 2002).
However, the visual observation contradicts with the report published by Kalkman
(2014) which described twelve species of dragonflies in Pulau Tioman. Hence, future
studies should include comparison of the abundance of Odonata in this Sungai Asah
with other rivers in Pulau Tioman to confirm the effect of human recreational activity
on Odonata larvae abundance. In Pulau Tioman, there are nine rivers distributed in this
island and function as an important water and food source for wildlife in the island. The
maintenance of river water quality is thus essential since it largely contributes to the
biodiversity conservation.
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4. Conclusion
Overall, the quality of Sungai Asah could be considered as partially polluted
and the ecosystem is not healthy as shown by the diversity, abundance and biological
indices of aquatic macroinvertebrates. BMWP score and EPT index both indicate the
water quality is impacted by the human activity around the upstream and midstream of
the river area. The highest diversity and richness of macroinvertebrate was at the
midstream of Sungai Asah and the lowest was at downstream. Diptera recorded as the
most abundant individuals at Sungai Asah (30.1 %) followed by Trichoptera (24.3 %)
found mainly in downstream and upstream respectively. As one the most frequented
river for its waterfall in Pulau Tioman, Sungai Asah need to be restored and monitored
continuously to preserve one of the island’s natural water source.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank the Department of Wildlife and National
Parks (PERHILITAN) for organization of the documentation expedition in Pulau
Tioman. Not forgetting Faculty of Earth Science for the laboratory facilities provided
throughout the data collection and identification.
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Sampling Station Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Water Body
1 02°43.527' 104°11.640' Upstream
2 02°43.406' 104°11.700' Midstream
3 02°43.224' 104°11.858 Downstream
Table 1 Geo-reference of sampling location
Parameter Equipment
pH
Multi Paramater Probe Model YSI 6920 with 650
MDS Display/Logger
Temperature
Salinity
Conductivity
Dissolved Oxygen
Total Dissolved Solid
Turbidity Thermo Orion AQ4500 Turbidity Meter
Table 2 Parameter and material for water quality analysis
Sampling
Station
pH Temperatur
e (°C)
Salinity
(PSU)
Conductivity
(mS/cm)
Dissolved
Oxygen
Total
Dissolved
Solid (mg/L)
Turbidity
(NTU)
(%) (mg/
L)
1A 6.03 25.00 0.02 0.04 100.
33
8.19 0.03 2.28
1B 6.24 25.69 0.02 0.04 93.0
3
7.57 0.03 2.14
2A 6.41 26.54 0.02 0.04 77.87
6.22 0.03 1.72
2B 6.96 26.06 0.02 0.04 90.7
0
7.34 0.03 1.68
3 6.78 26.91 0.02 0.04 102.
20
8.11 0.03 1.94
Minimum 6.03 25.00 0.02 0.04 77.8
7
6.22 0.03 1.72
Maxsimum 6.96 26.91 0.02 0.04 102.
20
8.19 0.03 2.28
Average 6.49 26.04 0.02 0.04 92.8
3
7.49 0.03 1.95
Page 17 of 20
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Table 3: Physical chemical water quality data collected at three main sampling
stations of Sungai Asah, Pulau Tioman, Johor.
Order Family (Subfamily)
No Of Individuals
Upstrea
m
Midstrea
m
Downstrea
m
Odonata Platysticidae 0 5 0
Diptera
Chironomidae
(Chironominae) 17 7 35
Tipulidae 0 1 0
Simulidae 4 1 2
Chironomidae (Tanypodinae) 13 14 0
Ceratopagonidae 1 2 2
Ephemeropter
a
Heptageniidae 7 9 0
Leptophlebiidae 18 28 4
Caenidae 5 0 0
Trichoptera
Polycentropodidae 2 3 0
Hydropsychidae 23 20 0
Philopotamidae 13 18 0
Stenopsychidae 1 0 0
Plecoptera
Perlidae 9 2 0
Chloroperlidae 0 3 0
Peltoperlidae 0 1 0
Coleoptera Unknown 6 8 0
Unknown 0 1 0
Haplotaxida Naididae 0 16 0
Lumbricidae 0 2 0
Decapoda Palaemonidae 1 13 2
Amphipoda Gammaridae 0 0 5
Unranked
order
Turridae 0 0 1
Buccinidae 0 0 2
Snail 0 0 1
Tricladida Dugesiidae 0 1 0
Total
Individuals 329 120 155 54
Percentage
Abundance
(%)
100 36.47 47.11 16.41
Number of
Taxa 45 14 21 10
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Table 4: Abundance and richness of aquatic insects at three sampling points along
Sungai Asah, Pulau Tioman.
Index/Sampling Points Upstream Midstream Downstream
Shannon- Wiener Index 2.53 2.75 1.38
Hill Index 0.89 0.84 0.56
Margalef Index 4.64 4.96 2.51
Simpson Index 0.11 0.09 0.43
EPT Index Score 2.23 2.8 0.1
BMWP score 58 78 29
Table 5: Biotic and ecology index at three sampling points along Sungai Asah,
Pulau Tioman.
Page 19 of 20
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Figure 1: A map of the study area in the Sungai Asah, Pulau Tioman, Johor.
Modified from Hendrich & Yang (1999).
Figure 2: Abundance of taxa at Sungai Asah, Pulau Tioman.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Odonota
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Plecoptera
Trichoptera
Coleoptera
Gnathobdellida
Haplotaxida
Decapoda
Amphipoda
Number of individual
Order level
Aquatic Insect Taxa Distribution in Sungai Asah, Pulau Tioman
PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA
Study
site
PULAU TIOMAN
JOHOR
Page 20 of 20
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