flood damage emergency reconstruction project – output 3...

Ministry of Water Resourcesand Meteorology (MOWRAM)

Asian Development Bank Cambodia

Flood Damage Emergency Reconstruction Project– Output 3: Irrigation and Flood ControlADB Loan Number : 2852-CAM(SF)

AusAID Grant Number: 0285-CAM(EF)

SUB-PROJECT PROFILE

KOR AET

Version 2

AUGUST 2012

28 August 2012

In association with

KEY CONSULTANTS (CAMBODIA)

Egis Eau Document quality information

Flood Damage Emergency Reconstruction Project – Output 3: Irrigation and Flood ControlVersion 2

Document quality information

General information

Author(s) FDERP-MOWRAM TA; EGIS EAU / KCC

Project name Flood Damage Emergency Reconstruction Project – Output 3: Irrigationand Flood Control

Document name KOR AET sub-project profile

Date 28 August 2012

Reference FDERP-SPP-03-0812

Addressee(s)

Sent to:

Name Organisation Sent on (date):

H.E. Ponh Sachak PIU 28/8/12

26/9/12 (vers. 02)

Copy to:

Name Organisation Sent on (date):

PCMU

ADB

History of modifications

Version Date Written by Approved & signed by:

02 23rd

Sept 2012 Mark Schiele, Team Leader

Egis Eau Contents


Contents

Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION........................................................................ 9

1. Background .......................................................................................... 92. Flood Damage....................................................................................... 9

Chapter 2 - SUB-PROJECT DESCRIPTION .............................................. 10

1. Location ...............................................................................................102. Existing Situation ................................................................................10

2.1. Sub-project description ................................................................................ 10

2.2. Socio-economic and Agriculture .................................................................. 132.2.1. Beneficiaries.................................................................................................. 13

2.2.2. Population data ............................................................................................. 13

2.2.3. Agricultural practices ..................................................................................... 13

2.2.4. Agronomic Issues.......................................................................................... 13

2.2.5. Cropping Pattern-Kor Aet scheme................................................................. 14

2.3. FWUC/FWUG .............................................................................................. 142.3.1. Irrigation Service Fee .................................................................................... 16

2.4. O&M ............................................................................................................. 16

2.5. Hydrology ..................................................................................................... 17

Chapter 3 - SCOPE OF WORKS................................................................ 18

1. Repairs.................................................................................................182. Cost estimate.......................................................................................183. Photos..................................................................................................19

Chapter 4 - SUB-PROJECT SCREENING ................................................. 20

1. Resettlement........................................................................................201.1. Resettlement Impact Categorization Check-list........................................... 20

2. Environment ........................................................................................202.1. Environmental Assessment Check-list......................................................... 21

Chapter 5 - CONCLUSIONS....................................................................... 22

1. Screening.............................................................................................222. Proposed interventions ......................................................................22

Egis Eau List of tables


List of tables

Table 1 Beneficiary Me Pring commune target village data...........................................13

Table 2 Cultivated areas for Kor Aet scheme.................................................................14

Egis Eau List of figures

Flood Damage Emergency Reconstruction Project – Output 3: Irrigation and FloodControl Version 2

List of figures

Figure 1 Location Map for Kor Aet....................................................................................11

Figure 2 Aerial Photo showing Kor Aet reservoir .............................................................12

Figure 3 Seasonal Crop calendar .....................................................................................13

Figure 4 Cropping Pattern _ Kor Aet scheme...................................................................14

Figure 5 Kor Aet Scheme plan prepared by FWUG .........................................................15

Figure 6 Kor Aet fee collection register for 2011 ..............................................................16

Egis Eau List of appendices


List of appendices

Appendix 1 Involuntary Resettlement Impact Check-list .......................................................23

Appendix 2 Screening for environmental impacts – Kor Aet.................................................24

Appendix 3 Sketches of proposed emergency repairs..........................................................28

Appendix 4 Environmental Management Plan (EMP)...........................................................31

Appendix 5 Hydrology ...........................................................................................................36

Egis Eau Acronyms and Abbreviations


Acronyms and Abbreviations

ADB Asian Development Bank

AusAID Australian Agency for International Development

CARM Cambodian Resident Mission (of ADB)

EA Executing Agency

FDERP Flood Damage Emergency Reconstruction Project

FWUC Farmer Water User Community

IA Implementing Agency

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

MEF Ministry of Economy and Finance

MOU Memorandum of Understanding

MOWRAM Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology

O&M Operation and Maintenance

PAM Project Administration Manual

PCMU Project Coordination and Monitoring Unit (MEF)

PDWRAM Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology

PIU Project Implementation Unit

PP Procurement Plan

RGC Royal Government of Cambodia

ROW Right-of-way

RRP Report and Recommendation of the President (to the board of directors)

SAH Severely Affected Households

SPS Safeguard Policy Statement

TA Technical Assistance

TOR Terms of Reference

Egis Eau Sub-project Profile-KOR AET


Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION

1. Background

Following the 2011 floods in Cambodia that caused widespread damage to infrastructure, the

Government of Australia and ADB has approved funding under the Flood Damage Emergency

Reconstruction Project (FDERP) to assist the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) with

implementation of repairs. The Project includes restoration irrigation scheme facilities to be

implemented by the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM).

During the ADB fact finding mission in January and February 2012, interventions were identified

within a framework for structuring project activities and divided into 3 Stages.

Stage 3 interventions were to follow the Stage 2 fast-track repairs necessary to repair damaged

facilities within the following two dry seasons.

The project documents identify Stage 3 sub-projects/contract packages in the Procurement Plan

(PP). However the PP was a hastily prepared list of sub-projects requiring interventions with

guess estimates of cost (with total cost well above actual funding availability)1. Thus, a project

requirement is for the Stage 3 sub-projects to be confirmed prior to commencing detailed

design.

This-report concerns the Stage 3 intervention for Kor Aet sub-project located in Kampong Cham

province, which is limited to reconstruction of polder/reservoir embankments of Kor Aet scheme

and some appurtenant structures.

The Kor Aet sub-project emergency reconstruction work is included in the PP as Contract No.

MOWRAM-CW5 for an estimated final contract value of US$1 million that included

reconstruction of facilities at O Tasek and Tkas Dam sub-projects, which on a rapid appraisal

were found not to conform to FDERP criteria for selection.

2. Flood Damage

The embankments that constitute the Kor Aet reservoir were in parts eroded by the extreme

flood events of the last two years. This coupled with low dyke height in some locations makes

access impossible in wet season. The dyke embankments provide important access roads.

1The PP was recently revised and included in the Inception Mission MOU of 16-31 July 2012



Chapter 2 - SUB-PROJECTDESCRIPTION

1. Location

The sub-project area is located within Batheay District and the command area is located within

the Me Pring commune near the Por Tatres system (FDERP sub-project) and is accessible

through the rural road network from the left side of National Road No. 6 before Phaav market in

Batheay district, Kampong Cham province (see Location Map Figure 1). Some sections of the

earth roads are in bad condition due to the bad weather condition. Low lying road has

accumulated water and is difficult to pass but still can be traversed 4x4 vehicles.

The project area (refer to Figure 2) is subject to seasonal flooding with floodwater coming from

Mekong River and Ton Le Sap Lake. The depth of flood last year reached to about 1.0 m. from

the existing crest dike elevation.

2. Existing Situation

2.1. Sub-project description

The Kor Aet system consists of four (4) flood retention dikes enclosing each other to contain a

reservoir area that takes water from the seasonal Mekong flood. The four (4) dikes have an

approximate length of 3.6 km. The main dike which is on the east side has a width of about 4 m,

while the other three sides are less at about 3 m in width. The dikes have been damaged due to

regular overtopping by floodwater.

There is one (1) existing structure with damaged inlet to regulate the outflow after the flooding

season while during the flood; the area is just being inundated.

The present reservoir height is estimated at about 1.5 meter above ground level and

considering the surface area of the reservoir it is estimated that the reservoir has a capacity of

about 1 million m3. The reservoir is used to store water temporarily to assist in cropping and the

farmers use the reservoir area for rice cultivation after the retained water is used up for the dry

season irrigation between January and April. The FWUG committee estimates that during the

dry season there are 139 hectares irrigated from the reservoir. It seems that when the water

volume starts to diminish the farmers cultivate within the reservoir and use the stored water for

irrigation inside and outside the reservoir.


Flood Damage Emergency Reconstruction Project – Output 3: Irrigation and Flood Control

Figure 1 Location Map for Kor Aet



Figure 2 Aerial Photo showing Kor Aet reservoir



2.2. Socio-economic and Agriculture

2.2.1. Beneficiaries

The scheme is located within the Me Pring commune at the Batheay District comprising 789

families overall, but the schemes beneficiaries are mostly farmers from Tan Thlang village but

also farmers from the Tang Roleang and Prek Kao villages (refer to Table 1 and 2).

2.2.2. Population data

Table 1 Beneficiary Me Pring commune target village data

PopulationCommune Village Name

Number ofhouseholds

(hh) Total Female

Me Pring Tang Thlang 350 1668 869

Tang Rolleang 289 1177 639

Prek Kao 150 706 388

TOTAL 789 3551 1896

2.2.3. Agricultural practices

There are 2 cropping seasons in the area. During wet season, normally two varieties are grown.

One ‘medium’ variety, representing about 30% of overall cultivation is grown close to villages for

home use and is not considered to be within the irrigated area; the other an ‘early’ rice variety

using “85” variety (about 80-85 days) is planted a little earlier in about 450 ha in areas closer to

the source of flooding, and use is made of available water to ensure establishment of the crop.

The general seasonal crop calendar for the locality is presented in Figure 3 below.

Figure 3 Seasonal Crop calendar

Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Rice Crop

Wet season:

Short duration

Medium duration

Late duration

Dry season rice:

Outside reservoir

Inside reservoir

2.2.4. Agronomic Issues

The following issues were observed during field visits:

- Pest damage to rice crop

- Poor understanding of safe pesticide use

- Lack of water in dry season



- Poor understanding of land levelling

- Lack of post harvest technology and pure seed selection

- Limited knowledge of rice plant growth and development

2.2.5. Cropping Pattern-Kor Aet scheme

The immediate cropped area including the reservoir and the adjoining land totals 219 ha of

which the reservoir totals 80 ha which is within Tang Thlang village jurisdiction, is 80 ha.

Including the cropped areas adjacent to village the total area cropped is 290 ha. The total

scheme area and planted in wet season, including the two other villages amounts to 234 ha as

shown in Table 2. During dry season the total cropped area is 234 ha. The total command area

area after rehabilitation is expected to be 350 ha.

Table 2 Cultivated areas for Kor Aet scheme

VillageName

Number ofhouseholds

(hh)

Beneficiaries(hh)

WetSeason

(ha)

DrySeason

(ha)

AverageWS rice

yield (t/ha)

AverageDS rice

yield(t/ha)

TangThlang

350 350 219 219 2.8 3

TangRolleang

289 10 10 10 2.8 3

Prek Kao 150 5 5 5 2.8 3

TOTAL 789 365 234 234 2.80 3

The cropping pattern for Kor Aet scheme including within/outside reservoir and the medium rice

grown near villages is presented in Figure 4. Refer also to O&M below.

Figure 4 Cropping Pattern _ Kor Aet scheme

Medium rice 30%

WS

Outside reservoir

Early rice

WS inside reservoir

Month May Jun Jul Aug SepApr Jan Feb MarOct Nov Dec Apr

2.3. FWUC/FWUG

There is a strong and active FWUG at Kor Aet which is evidenced by the available sketches and

information that was submitted by the FWUG leader (see Figures 5 and 6 below). The water

users community has a FWUG committee of five including a Chief, first and second vice chiefs

and 2 other members. There are 10 subgroups each of which comprises 20 to 30 families.



There are 3 women subgroup leaders and the community is made up of farmers from 3 villages

(see above).

It is important to note that this FWUG was created by the community itself without support from

PDWRAM but with leadership from Me Pring pagoda and was demand driven by the

beneficiaries. Thus, in 1999, the commune and farmers leaders initiated the process of

organisation of the water users and the establishment of an elected FWUG committee. After its

establishment; the FWUG committee started the collection of the water users contribution and

the construction bidding of the reservoir. It is not clear if this was rehabilitation of an old

reservoir or construction of new reservoir but according to the FWUG committee it was new

construction and there was no reservoir in the area before 2000.

The scheme reservoir was constructed by the farmer community in year 2000. The scheme

includes one reservoir with rectangular shape with an area of about 80 hectares (approx.

1000m x 800 m). The FWUG members explained that the irrigation scheme has a gross

command area of 219 hectares excluding the areas used for ‘medium rice’ situated near the

villages. The total surface area is farmed amounts to just over 300 ha.

The FWUG committee planned the construction of the reservoir in four phases (figures below):

Phase 1 in 2000: in this phase the FWUG committee collected 9.9 Million KHR for the

construction of part A of the reservoir with height of 1.5 meter.


maintenance of part A with increase of its height up to 1.7 meter and construction of part B and

part C of the reservoir with height of 1.7 meter.


maintenance of part A, B and C with upgrade of its eroded height up to 1.5 meter and

construction of part D of the reservoir with height of 1.5 meter.


maintenance of the different parts of the reservoir after the flooding.

Figure 5 Kor Aet Scheme plan prepared by FWUG

The areas adjacent to the 80 ha reservoir area were given by the FWUG as :

North80ha

40ha

42ha

32ha

25ha



The Figure 5 above is a schematic plan of the Kor Aet scheme prepared by the FWUG and

shows the dimensions of the reservoir /polder and the areas within and outside of the reservoir;

North area, 42 ha ; South area, 25 ha ; East area, 32 ha, West area, 40 ha, giving a total area of

219 ha .

2.3.1. Irrigation Service Fee

The FWUG does not have a formal statute (as per MOWRAM registered FWUCs) and the

committee does not collect fees every year but depending on the repair or maintenance

requirement of the reservoir facility. The fee collection is also dependant on the benefit obtained

from the reservoir, either inside or outside and on cropping intensity, and the rate varies by

year. In 2011 the FWUC collected a total of 5.9 million Riels and in 2012 4.2 million Riels. The

fees collected are significant and show again how demand driven projects are more likely to be

sustainable.

Figure 6 Kor Aet fee collection register for 2011

2.4. O&M

The rationale for the reservoir is complex since it clearly cannot store a lot of water and

furthermore is itself used for cropping. The water source for Kor Aet scheme comes from the

flooding from Tonlesap Great Lake that flow into the area on the west side of the reservoir ; in

wet season in August until November when the water starts to subside and the gates are closed

to store water in the reservoir. In the dry season water flows out to irrigate the famers’ paddy

fields around the reservoir in February until the reservoir empties in March or April.

Rice is grown inside and outside the reservoir depending on the season and climate conditions.

Some ‘medium’ type varieties (such as Phka Rumduol) are traditionally planted near the villages

for home consumption only. This is rain fed WS rice planted about end of June and harvested in

December, and represents about 30% of production.

Water distribution in Kor Aet reservoir for irrigating of paddy fields is carried out approximately

once a week. The farmers take water using individual pumps into paddy from the ditch formed



on the inside of the polder dyke. Despite the collection of fees, at present the maintenance of

the Kor Aet reservoir system is considered deficient. This is not for lack of funds but its

application and perhaps lack of technical knowledge. Contractors are normally used for major

works.

2.5. Hydrology

The hydrology of the Kor Aet area is covered by the brief report attached here as Appendix 5.

Of particular interest for the FDERP Kor Aet sub-project is the stage hydrograph which shows

the high water level stages. The main problem for the designers is to correlate the hydrological

stage datum level with that used for the topographical surveys. Experience has shown that in

Cambodia the local people have very good reference marks for flood levels experienced during

extreme flood events.



Chapter 3 - SCOPE OF WORKS

1. Repairs

The proposed reconstruction works as requested by the farmers are as follows:

The reconstruction works as requested by the farmers are the following:

a) Rehabilitation of the four existing dikes by raising crest by 1.0 m and widening by 4.0 m. The

scheme is to let the regular flood water flow to the reservoir area through 3 inlet structures

(the proposed - see below). During maximum flood, the water level should be at least 70 cm

below the crest of the dikes.

b) Construction of three (3) inlet/outlet structures. One existing inlet structure shall be

demolished as part of dyke widening works. This structure shall be relocated near the

terminal point of the proposed new canal adjacent to the west dike. The 2nd structure shall

be located at the top north or beginning of the west dike while the 3rd structure shall be at

the south end of the east dike.

c) Construction of two (2) irrigation canals with length of about I km each and a drainage canal

of about 300 m to discharge excess water in the reservoir during dry season planting.

d) Construction of access road of about 500 m coming from the village connecting to the end

portion of the left embankment of the proposed irrigation canal.

e) Construction of pipe road crossing with stop log across the proposed road to pass the

excess or to retain the water if needed for irrigation. Temporary earth check dam besides

the road crossing may be built by the farmers if needed for using the water.

Based on these requests, the design scheme shall consider a crest elevation at 11.50 m

(survey datum) with an average height of 1.5 m and with 4 m width. The proposed community

access road shall have also 4 m width together with the left embankment of the connecting

irrigation canal. Roads will be provided with laterite surfacing.

2. Cost estimate

From the above design option, the total estimated cost is $471,930.00 without contingencies,

which is a little more than the initial rough estimates.

The items of work included in the bill:

Compacted fill to canal, dyke embankment and road

Canal excavation

Laterite surfacing

Grass sodding

Minor concrete structures



3. Photos

The following photos show the existing conditions of the Kor Aetdykes that form the reservoir

and structures.

East dyke Southside dyke

Location of proposed canal Culvert to be demolished; replacement in new location

Proposed access road to site Kor Aet FWUG meeting



Chapter 4 - SUB-PROJECT SCREENING

1. Resettlement

The Kor Aet sub-project works selected for emergency reconstruction comprise repair of the

dyke embankments and some inlet structures, two canals and village access road. The flood

protection dyke was constructed in 2000. It is observed that the villagers have farmed inside

and outside the reservoir. There is no land encroachment, affected structure or household as

well as small business to be found in the Right of Way (ROW) of Kor Aet sub-project area. No

land acquisition is required for this sub-project intervention. In short, there is no involuntary

resettlement impact found at this pre-detailed design stage from the proposed repairs to the Kor

Aet scheme.

1.1. Resettlement Impact Categorization Check-list

The resettlement impact check-list is included in Appendix 1 and confirms that there are no

involuntary resettlement impacts and that the project interventions are within the Category C for

resettlement as per the SPS.

The Screening for Resettlement Categorization was conducted on the 16th

of August 2012 by

the national Resettlement Specialist accompanied by other team members including design

engineers.

After reviewing the answers above the resettlement check-list with the project team, it has been

agreed that the sub-project Kor Aet is confirmed as a Category C for resettlement, and

therefore, no Resettlement Plan (RP) is needed for Kor Aet sub-project since the infrastructural

improvements will not cause any resettlement or land acquisition impact.

2. Environment

The Kor Aet subproject of the CW5 proposed procurement package (PP) was subjected to

environmental screening process using ADB’s Classification System. Based on SPS 2009, a

project category is evaluated by the category of its most environmentally sensitive component,

including direct, indirect, cumulative, and induced impacts in the project’s area of influence. The

subprojects are classified according to the following Categories:

1 Category A. A proposed subproject is classified as category A if it is likely to have significant

adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented. These

impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works.

2 Category B. A proposed subproject is classified as category B if its potential adverse

environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category A projects. These impacts

are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures

can be designed more readily than for category A projects.

3 Category C. A proposed subproject is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or

no adverse environmental impacts.

However, for FDERP Output 3 the project has designated all Stage 3 sub-projects to be

Category B irrespective of actual screening (ADB PAM).



2.1. Environmental Assessment Check-list

The Environmental Assessment Checklist for Irrigation Infrastructure is included here in

Appendix 2 and confirms that the sub-project interventions have minimal or no adverse

environmental impacts.

Based on the rapid environmental assessment conducted, sensitive areas such as cultural

heritage site, protected area, wetland, mangrove, estuarine and buffer zone of protected area

are not adjacent or within the project area. During construction, impacts on occupational health

and safety, noise and vibration, and solid waste disposal are expected, however, these are

minimal and short term in which mitigation measures can be readily formulated and be

implemented. Hence, Kor Aet subproject of CW5 most likely should be classified as Category C

as per the SPS. However, the project has designated all FDERP Output 3 Stage 3 sub-projects

to be Category B and in conformance with this edict an environmental assessment will be

prepared. The requisite Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been prepared and is

attached here as Appendix 4.

The general Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is included as part of the Special

Provisions of the Specification and Performance Requirement (Section V) in the NCB

documents for the FDEP-MOWRAM procurement contracts for civil works. The Contractor will

incorporate the EMP in his planning and will be required to prepare an EMP and report

periodically.



Chapter 5 - CONCLUSIONS

1. Screening

The Kor Aet sub-project emergency reconstruction is not new infrastructure, it will not change

pre flood hydrology and conforms to the FDERP criteria for selection as provided in the ADB

project documents2, principally it is an irrigation (flood spreading) facility that has been damaged

by the consecutive floods of recent years and the scheme is managed by an existing

FWUC/FWUG.

A sub-project review has confirmed that there are no involuntary resettlement impacts and

confirm that the project interventions are within the Category C for resettlement.

The Kor Aet sub-project is not situated in a protected area and there will be no change in

downstream impacts. Short term environmental impacts may occur during the construction

phase. Pre-flood O&M measures will be maintained by the already well established FWUG.

Average repair costs will amount to less than $1,000 per ha of gross area (agricultural lands)

protected after repairs and following project criteria3

may proceed without having to verify the

economic viability.

2. Proposed interventions

The proposed interventions described above will be defined in detailed design and based on the

topographic survey recently carried out.

Typical cross-sections for the embankment works are included here in Appendix 3.

2PAM Annex 1; ‘Selection Criteria for Sub-projects’, March 2012

3Threshold for average repair costs of US$1,000 per ha; PAM Annex 1 Selection Criteria for

sub-projects.



Appendix 1 Involuntary Resettlement Impact Check-list

Kor Aet Sub-project

Involuntary Resettlement EffectsYes No Not

known

Remarks

Information on Project areas and Involuntary Acquisition of Land

1. Will there be land acquisition?

2. Is the site for land acquisition known? NA4

3. Is the ownership status and current usage of the landto be acquired known?

NA

4. Will easement be utilized within an existing Right ofWay (ROW)?

5. Will there be loss of shelter and residential land due toland acquisition? NA

6. Will there be loss of agricultural and other productiveassets due to land acquisition? NA

7. Will there be loss of crops, trees, and fixed assets dueto land acquisition? NA

8. Will there be loss of businesses or enterprises due toland acquisition? NA

9. Will there be loss of income sources and means oflivelihoods due to land acquisition NA

The retention dike lies

within the existing ROW

of the dike which is the

property of RGC.

Involuntary restriction on land use or on access to legally designated parks and protected areas

10. Will people loss access to natural resources,communal facilities and services?

11. If land use is changed, will it have an adverse impacton social and economic activities?

12. Will access to land and resources owned communallyor by the state be restricted?

Information on Displaced Persons:

Any estimate of the likely number of persons that will be displaced by theproject?If YES, approximately how many?

[NA] No Yes

Are any of them poor, Female-headed of household, or vulnerable to povertyrisks?

[NA] No Yes

Are there any displaced persons from endogenous or ethnic minority groups? [NA] No Yes

4NA: Not applicable



Appendix 2 Screening for environmental impacts – Kor Aet

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

A. PROJECT SITING

IS THE PROJECT AREA ADJACENT TO ORWITHIN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING

ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS?

PROTECTED AREAX No cultural heritage sites are

adjacent to or within the subprojects

area

WETLANDX

MANGROVE X

ESTUARINE X

BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA X

SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTINGBIODIVERSITY X

There are no environmentally

sensitive areas within the subproject

area.

B. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE…

loss of precious ecological values (e.g. result ofencroachment into forests/swamplands orhistorical/cultural buildings/areas, disruption ofhydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding,and drainage hazards)?

X No loss in ecological values as the

subproject is to repair the existing

dykes and canal to the pre-flood

conditions within existing and long

established flood spreading irrigation

scheme

conflicts in water supply rights and related socialconflicts? X Water User Group (WUG) has been

already established and confirmed to

be working effectively to operate and

maintain the scheme. (project

selection criteria requirement).

Conflict resolution is included in the

FWUC strengthening.

impediments to movements of people andanimals? X No impediment expected for dyke

and canal rehabilitation, but is for the

road rehabilitation. If necessary

temporary bypass will be provided to

local people and animal passage

during construction and as specified

in contract documents

potential ecological problems due to increased soilerosion and siltation, leading to decreased streamcapacity?

X Scheme facilities do not impact any

streams (flood spreading system).

Repairs include grass sodding bank

protection to reduce erosion risk.

Good construction practices to

mitigate soil erosion and silt runoff

are included in specification.




Insufficient drainage leading to salinity intrusion?X No salinity issues are expected at

any sites

over pumping of groundwater, leading tosalinization and ground subsidence? X Not expected as ground water will not

be used.

impairment of downstream water quality andtherefore, impairment of downstream beneficialuses of water?

X Scheme facilities do not impact any

streams (flood spreading system)

dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people?X No IR impacts envisioned. The works

will be carried out only within the

existing embankments. Fill materials

will be taken from existing reservation

area or existing designated borrow

pits/quarries.

disproportionate impacts on the poor, women andchildren, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerablegroups?

X The subproject will not affect

indigenous people or other

vulnerable groups.

potential social conflicts arising from land tenureand land use issues? X The reconstruction works are to

restore the existing dykes, canal to

the pre-flood conditions. Thus, there

will be no conflict on land use.

soil erosion before compaction and lining ofcanals? X Good construction practices to

mitigate soil erosion before

compaction are specified. Work is

planned for dry season.

noise from construction equipment?X

dust during construction?X

Some dust and noise is expected

during construction but impacts will

be temporary and short in duration. In

addition, construction activities are

far from residential area. Good

construction practices to mitigate

noise and dust are included in

specifications.

waterlogging and soil salinization due toinadequate drainage and farm management? X The scheme is a lowland flood

spreading irrigation for paddy rice.

During construction, temporary

channel will be constructed to allow

adequate water flow if necessary.

leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soilcharacteristics due to excessive application ofirrigation water?

X The reconstruction works are to

restore the existing retention dyke

and canal to the pre-flood conditions.

Soils characteristics will not be

changed compared to pre-flood

irrigation practice conditions which

consists of paddy rice cultivation,

mostly in wet season




reduction of downstream water supply during peakseasons? X There is no water flow in dry season,

scheme is based on flood spreading.

soil pollution, polluted farm runoff andgroundwater, and public health risks due toexcessive application of fertilizers and pesticides?

X No change compared to pre-flood

conditions.

soil erosion (furrow, surface)?X No change from pre-flood conditions.

Bunded rice paddy irrigation will be

practiced on land without slope.

scouring of canals?X No scouring of canal is expected as

the repair works will not affect the

existing pre-flood conditions. Canals

have no slope in this flood plain.

clogging of canals by sediments?X No clogging of canal is expected as


existing pre-flood conditions. Designs

call for grass sodding of banks.

clogging of canals by weeds?X No clogging of canal is expected as


existing pre-flood conditions. The

channels are dry in dry season.

Vegetation is fed to animals. O&M

procedures are included in FWUC

strengthening plan.

seawater intrusion into downstream freshwatersystems? X Not applicable.

introduction of increase in incidence of waterborneor water related diseases? X The reconstruction works are to

restore the existing embankment,

and canal to the pre-flood conditions.

dangers to a safe and healthy workingenvironment due to physical, chemical andbiological hazards during project construction andoperation?

X Contractor is obliged to conform to

safety standards for protection of

public and workers through a Health

Safety Plan. No chemical, biological

and radiological hazards are

expected during construction and

operation. Only natural materials

such as soils or laterites will be used.

No chemicals will be used.

large population influx during project constructionand operation that causes increased burden onsocial infrastructure and services (such as watersupply and sanitation systems)?

X The number of non-local workers will

be small in number. If necessary,

construction contractors will be

required to provide a worker’s camp

with independent basic facilities.

social conflicts if workers from other regions orcountries are hired? X Priority in labor employment will be

given to local residents and non-local

workers will be small in number




risks to community health and safety due to thetransport, storage, and use and/or disposal ofmaterials such as explosives, fuel and otherchemicals during construction and operation?

X No explosives and chemicals will be

used for the subprojects.

community safety risks due to both accidental andnatural hazards, especially where the structuralelements or components of the project (e.g.,irrigation dams) are accessible to members of theaffected community or where their failure couldresult in injury to the community throughout projectconstruction, operation and decommissioning?

X Construction area will be clearly

demarcated and access controlled.

Only workers and project staff will be

allowed to enter the operational sites.

The emergency reconstruction works

are of small scale

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions

The following questions are not for environmental

categorization. They are included in this checklist to

help identify potential climate and disaster risks.

Yes No Remarks

Is the Project area subject to hazards such asearthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical cyclonewinds, storm surges, tsunami or volcanic eruptionsand climate changes?

X Not Applicable

Could changes in temperature, precipitation, orextreme events patterns over the Project lifespanaffect technical or financial sustainability (e.g.,increased glacial melt affect delivery volumes ofirrigated water; sea level rise increases salinitygradient such that source water cannot be usedfor some or all of the year)?

X Not Applicable

Are there any demographic or socio-economicaspects of the Project area that are alreadyvulnerable (e.g., high incidence of marginalizedpopulations, rural-urban migrants, illegalsettlements, ethnic minorities, women orchildren)?

X Not Applicable

Could the Project potentially increase the climateor disaster vulnerability of the surrounding area(e.g., by diverting water in rivers that furtherincreases salinity upstream, or encouragingsettlement in earthquake zones)?

X Not Applicable



Appendix 3 Sketches of proposed emergency repairs

Figure 1 - Section of the dikes from the east side to the north side



Figure 2 – Sections of the dike from the west side to the south side



Figure 3 – Section of the proposed irrigation canal connecting to the proposed road



Appendix 4 Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

Institutional ResponsibilitiesProject Phase Project Activity

Potential Environmental

ImpactsProposed Mitigation Measures

Implement Monitor

1) Loss of trees (during site

clearing and quarrying of

construction materials)

On the design stage, ensure that there areacceptable alternative borrow pit areas thatwould have an overall beneficial advantage interms of improved livelihood and reducedenvironmental impact.

TA Consultant, IA/EA TA Consultant, IA/EA,

CSC (FWUC)

1.Pre-Construction Detailed Engineering Design

2) Damage to existing structures The design should maximize benefits or avoidimpacts on assets. Resettlement framework forthe Project and Cambodian laws, policies, andregulations should be complied with.


CSC (FWUC)

3) Risk of land mine or UXO Consultative meetings with local communitiesare necessary to know clearly where there arerisks of mines or UXO. Unsafe areas should becleared before project implementation.


CSC (FWUC)

2. Construction Earthworks, site clearing,

hauling of construction

materials, piling works,

Operation of construction/

workers’ camps, borrow

operation, hauling of

construction wastes to spoil

sites

4) Dust generation The Contractor will be required to formulate andimplement a Dust Abatement Program thatincludes spraying of water on embankment/dykeused as roads and work areas within villagesclose to the road.

Vehicles transporting materials should becovered with tarpaulin or similar material

Contractor TA Consultant, IA/EA,

CSC (FWUC)

5) Noise and vibration The Contractor should ensure that constructionactivities within 100m of a village or town shouldbe limited between 12 PM to 2 PM and at night


CSC (FWUC)






Implement Monitor

time.

Provide enclosures/barriers on major worksbeing undertaken on sensitive areas.

6) Water contamination Waste/used oil should be collected, properlystored and disposed to an approved site(according to national standard). Storage shouldbe in drums raised off the ground and properlycovered to keep rain water out. Lining or panshould be provided to contain any spills andsimplify clean up.

The Contractor shall prepare a SpillManagement Plan (including measures to betaken and equipment to be used) to ensureadequate cleanup of any spills.


CSC (FWUC)

7) Water-borne disease Fill-up depressed areas to prevent water pondingwhich may be used as breeding ground fordisease- carrying organisms mosquitoes

Borrow pits may be utilized for aquaculture or bedeveloped as water reservoir for community use.


CSC (FWUC)

8) Loss of agricultural land for

borrow pits

The contractor will use only licensed borrowoperators. There will be no side borrowpermitted, unless agreed to withembankment/dyke side residents.

The contractor will be responsible forrehabilitating any borrow sites opened and


CSC (FWUC)






Implement Monitor

operated by them.

9) Loss of trees Tree clearing should be avoided as much aspossible;

The borrow pits will need to be re-vegetatedbefore being handed back to the owner, or couldbe used for aquaculture.

Tree planting should be carried out in theappropriate location of the embankment/dyke.Coordinate with MoE regarding the species oftrees to be used.


CSC (FWUC)

10) Soil erosion The contractor will be required to implement soilerosion control to minimize soil erosion andsedimentation of waterways. The alternativeapproaches should be: (1) provide adequatecross drainage to avoid over flow or flooding and(2) re-vegetation of erosion-prone areas.


CSC (FWUC)

11) Generation of domestic wastes Sufficient garbage containers should be providedin construction camps and work sites

Employ regular disposal of waste in an approvedlandfill or site

Maintain cleanliness/orderliness at camps andwork sites

Contractor TA Consultant, IA/EA






Implement Monitor

12) Safety and Health

The Contractor should formulate and implementa Health and Safety Plan to protect both thepublic and the workers. A trained first aidpersonnel and health facility should be providedon site.

Provide potable water and sanitary facilities toworkers

Install warning signs like “safety first” at theconstruction area including fences or enclosures

Provide Protective Personal Equipment (PPE) toworkers e.g. safety shoes, hardhats, earplugs,etc.

The Contractor should implement a Health andSafety Plan to protect both the public and theworkers during cutting branch of big trees.


12) Traffic congestion Contractor should perform the following: i) orienttheir drivers or equipment operators to complywith the required speed limit. (ii) drive at lowspeeds, especially in market, school, hospital,urban areas. (iii) keep the roadway or bypassaccessible to commuters to avoid traffic jams.(iv) park at designated area.

Provide appropriate storage area for theconstruction materials.

Detour road should be provided and accessibleto commuters

Contractor/in

coordination with the sub-

district officials

TA Consultant, IA/EA






Implement Monitor

Temporary access of equipment and trucks mustbe established and approved by the sub-districtofficials

13) Transmission of sexuallytransmitted disease (HIV)

Prepare and implement a Health and Safety Planincluding education of workers on sexuallytransmitted disease.


14) Generation of employment The contractor should comply with the Labor and

Gender Action Plan; employed people fromvillages including women and unskilled workers.

Contractor IA/EA , local authorities

3.Operation Phase Use of hydraulic facilities,15) Accident, social conflicts

Provide warning signs on accident-prone pointssuch as spillways, especially near schools,hospitals and market areas.

Provide signs on the specialty structures to avoidparking. Prohibit setting up of food stalls etc.

Contractor, PDWRAM /

FWUC

MOWTRAM/PDWRAM,

local authorities, FWUC

16) Social conflicts, facility andwater use conflict

Prepare the FWUG and FWUC TA Consultant, IA/EA ,

FWUC, PDWRAM, Local

authority

MOWTRAM/PDWRAM,

local authorities, FWUC



Appendix 5 Hydrology

A – Hydrological and flood hazard in sub‐area

2. Hydrological and flood hazard in Kor Aet

2.1. Catchment Characteristics

Kor Aet area, see Figure 2.1, located in Kampong Cham province, West of Mekong

River and East of Tonle Sap River in between floodplain of those two river. There are 80 ha

with Kor Aet catchment area in which 640 ha are irrigation area for recession rice in dry

season inside and outside the ring dyke.

Figure 2.1 Kor Aet Layout Catchment area.

This area was flood plain dyke that has been building since 1973. The dyke was made

repaired during the Flood Emergency Project. It function is to store water during the flood

season to irrigate recession rice for both inside and outside ring dyke.

There’s 99% of Kor Aet is low land with elevation mostly between 7 and 10 masl and the

highest elevation is 130 masl. The area is characterized by plate and large floodplain with

gentile slopes.

Rainfall

The rainy season started in Cambodia in mid‐May and lasts until end of October. The mean annual

rainfall varies from 1100 mm to more than 4000 mm.

In the northern region, the mean annual rainfall varies from 1100 mm to 1800 mm.

In the northeastern region: 1800 mm to 2500 mm

At Bokor near Kampot: 4650 mm

Figure 2.2 Annual Rainfalls at Kampong Chhnang.

Temperature

The variation of the mean annual temperature over Cambodia is very small.

The mean maximal temperature in April 35°C

The mean minimal temperature in December 20°C

Humidity

The mean annual humidity over Cambodia varies in a narrow range among 75% at Phnom

Penh, to about 80% at Sihanouk Ville.

The mean seasonal variation of humidity at Phnom Penh is from 66% to 85%.

Evaporation

The observations on evaporation in Cambodia are mostly made with the Pich evaporimeter

and to a limited extend with the evaporation pan. The annual observation made by Pich

evaporimeter varies from 1020 mm to 1470 mm. At Phnom Penh mean annual evaporation

is 1348 mm

Water resources

Cambodia has a unique hydrological system. The Mekong River and Tonle Sap Lake are

connected by Tonle Sap River which twice a year reverse its stream direction. From July to

October, when the Mekong level is higher, water is pushed up in the Tonle Sap Lake (great

Lake), thereby increasing the size of the Lake. The storage capacity of the Tonle Sap Lake is

estimated at 72 cubic kilometer.

At the start of November when the Mekong level decreases, the Tonle Sap Lake stream

reverses itself and water flow from the Tonle Sap Lake to the Mekong River, and finally the

Mekong delta.

Figure 2.3 River systems in Cambodia.

Hydro‐meteorological analysis and Flood in flood plain

In year 2000 the flooding of the Mekong River was more serious than previous year, in fact

more serious than 1991, 1995, 1996, 1999 especially 1996. The rainfall of 2000 was

generally good enough for rice production and other crop, but unfortunately the rainfall

pattern was quite different from the previous year (see Table 2.1)

Table 2.1: Kampong Chhnang Meteorological station, Comparison of rainfall quantity (mm)

Flood plain

This flood is characterized by the conveyance and storage of the flood in the Mekong and its flood

plain downstream Kampong Cham to Phnom Penh, inclusive of flooding around Tonle Sap Lake and

the inflow to and outflow from the lake via the Tonle Sap River. The spreading of water over the vast

flood plain depends on the spill levels of the rivers, the flood plain conveyance in relation with the

road infrastructure and existence and dimension of embankments.

With Kor Aet study area is a floodplain, to develop an effective flood proofing scheme for

infrastructure or a facilities, several hydrologic factors must be evaluated. Those are related to the

regulatory flood plain boundaries and the anticipated flooding characteristics for the site such as

flood velocity, duration, depth, rate of rise, and frequency. This type of hydrologic data has to be

determined by hydrodynamic model due to an observation data is not available in the flood plain

area.

The daily water level shows highest level occurs in year 2000 at Kor Aet ‐ flood plain area in 22

September is 10.15m; water level in this flood plain has difference from previous year. Analysis on

hydrograph at Kor Aet (see Figure 2.4) it represents of the water level in the flood plain.

Figure 2.4: Daily water level at Kor Aet

From June, the Mekong level is increased partly stream flow to Tonle Sap Lake and the

nearby floodplain area as shown in Kor Aet flood plain long term mean monthly hydrograph

started to rise up in June and maximum mean monthly in September and October, around

10.00 m, then slowly decrease in November see Figure 2.5

Figure 2.5 Mean monthly hydrograph at Kor Aet

From June until 22 September 2000 water level increase 0.04m/d in average. If compare

with previous 16 years maximum water level in this year is higher (see Table 2.2)

Table 2.2: Comparison water level at Kor Aet

From June to 22 September 2000 water level in Kor Aet area increased until 10.15m, if

compare with the year 1999 in the same day this water level above 1.18m (see Figure 2.6).

This water level affected by rainfall in flood plain area this related to climate factor changed

impact, its cause to change weather condition. In connection with this maximum water

level, the flood duration is much longer than previous year, totally 173 days length more

than one month longer if compare with year 1999.

Figure 2.6: Hydrograph at Kor Aet

Water level in Kor Aet flood plain has been increasing in beginning June to the end of July and stable

in late August about 8.50m if compare with long term average then increase again in September

2000 until maximum criteria from 22 September and smooth increasing up to 10.15m (see Figure

2.6).

Flood frequency analyses were carried out using an annual series of peak level from 16 years of

simulation (1985‐2000). The Log‐Pearson probability distribution was used to fit those 16 annual

peak series. Then, the peak flood frequency magnitudes, which are expected to be applied for dyke

design, were computed by means of method of moments and shown in Table 2.3 and Figure 2.7.

Table 2.3: Flood Frequency Analysis

Figure 2.7: Flood frequency analyses

Conclusion

The absence of any hydrological records for the study areas, the very limited stream flow data

and the generally short rainfall records are serious constraints upon hydrological study. It

introduces a large measure of uncertainty and risk to conclusions and recommendations.

The approach used has been to apply a theoretical river catchment model (iSIS), verify the

predictions of the model as far as is possible against field observations for hydrological insight

and analysis of the flood even or related matter within the catchment. Based on monthly

average or flood frequency analysis computed from the simulation, it is clear that any design of

dyke height again maximum water level could be done for small scale of protected area in flood

plain.

The frequency analysis was carried out using an annual series of peak level from 16 years of

simulation. The Log‐Pearson type III probability distribution was applied to compute the flood level

as it provided the best fit to the data. Therefore, it is recommended that dyke design is based upon

the reported flood frequency analysis.

flood damage emergency reconstruction project – output 3...

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