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Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of theGulf of Maine. 3rd ed. Bruce B. Colletteand Grace Klein-MacPhee, eds. Smith-sonian Institution Press, Washington,DC, 2002. 748 pp., illus. $75.00 (ISBN1560989513 cloth).

Every fish biologist worth his or hersalt has a copy somewhere of Bigelow

and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine(1953). This reference book has been souseful for the last half-century that it is often still found in wheelhouses of manya fishing trawler and in almost every fishbiologist’s bag, both aboard ship and

back on land. But much has changed forthe fishes and fisheries of the Gulf ofMaine since Bigelow and Schroeder’s1953 edition was published. Among otherchanges, there have been new classifica-tions of species (e.g., the striped bass isnow classified as Morone instead of Roc-cus), dramatic changes in fish composi-tion and abundance as a result ofintensive fishing by foreign and domes-tic fleets along the northeastern coast ofthe United States, and discoveries of sev-eral new species. Moreover, new man-agement in the form of the MagnusonFishery Conservation and ManagementAct of 1976 (later amended in 1996 and

renamed the Magnuson–Stevens Fish-ery Conservation and Management Act)has altered the nature of fisheries in theGulf of Maine since the 1970s. Sadly, atleast for those of us who have consid-ered Bigelow and Schroeder a goodfriend, the book has become dated.

The third edition of Fishes of the Gulfof Maine was revised by 38 authors un-der the editorship of Bruce B. Collette andGrace Klein-MacPhee. Collette is a seniorscientist at the National Marine FisheriesService’s National Systematics Labora-tory in Washington, DC, and an inter-nationally known expert in fishsystematics, specifically of mackerels andtunas. Grace Klein-MacPhee is a long-time research scientist at the University ofRhode Island’s Graduate School ofOceanography and an expert in fish life-history studies, specifically of flatfishes.The third edition of Fishes of the Gulf ofMaine was about 20 years in the makingand will be gratefully received by the en-tire fish community.

The first edition, by Henry B. Bigelow(professor at the Museum of Compara-tive Zoology [MCZ] at Harvard Univer-sity and the first director of the WoodsHole Oceanographic Institution) andWilliam W. Welsh, was published in 1925and was based on field work conductedin the first part of the 20th century withcolleagues from NOAA’s (NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administra-tion) Bureau of Fisheries and MCZ. Thisedition was later revised by Bigelow andWilliam C. Schroeder and issued in itssecond edition in 1953. In the third edi-tion, Collette and Klein-MacPhee havebeen loyal to the primary goal of the edi-tions that preceded it, which was “to pro-vide a handbook for easy identification offishes that occur in the Gulf of Maine,with summaries of what is known of thedistribution, relative abundance, andmore significant facts in the life historyof each.”

Fishes of the Gulf of Maine for the 21st Century: A Look at the New Bigelow and Schroeder

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The Gulf of Maine is one of the bestichthyologically studied areas in theworld. Collette and Klein-MacPhee haveadded 10 families and 33 species to thenew edition, including 9 new species notpreviously described, reaching a grand to-tal of 118 families and 252 fish species. Tomaintain continuity with Bigelow andSchroeder (1953), Collette and Klein-MacPhee used the same 150-fathom(about 275-meter) contour line as thearbitrary offshore boundary for includ-ing all species likely to be caught withinthe Gulf of Maine and excluded most ofthe deep-sea fishes in the Atlantic outsidethe Gulf of Maine. For those of us whoare reluctantly having to put aside theold, often salt-stained and scale-coveredcopies of Bigelow and Schroeder for Col-lette and Klein-MacPhee’s edition, thetransition is made less painful with ref-erences in the new edition to pages in the1953 edition where the same species aredescribed. In total, the new volume citesmore than 3800 references (about 36 ref-erences per page) and represents a majorscientific achievement in concisely sum-marizing an enormous body of work infish biology over the last 100 years.

Adding to descriptions of individualfish species, Collette and Klein-MacPheeinclude data and descriptions obtainedfrom the Northeast Fisheries ScienceCenter (NEFSC) that are based on the de-scriptions and identifications by the eightregional fisheries management councilsof essential fish habitat and distributiondata from the MARMAP (Marine Re-sources Monitoring, Assessment, andPrediction) program. Collectively, thishas resulted in the most comprehensiveand cohesive database for establishingand describing the sections on habits,distribution, food, predators, and breed-ing for each species managed by the NewEngland and Mid-Atlantic Fishery Man-agement Councils. With the dramaticchanges in abundance and distribution offisheries since the 1950s and the enor-mous database provided by two genera-tions of naturalists, ichthyologists, fisherybiologists, and fishers, in addition to theextensive monitoring programs, Colletteand Klein-MacPhee had a challengingjob to organize and present the infor-mation while still being loyal to the

format of the original 1953 book. It is inthe descriptive accounting and manage-ment of this enormous and diverse data-base that Collette and Klein-MacPhee’sorganization, presentation, and summa-rization have triumphed over other ref-erences in the field and will make thisedition the standard for the next 50 years.

In Collette and Klein-MacPhee’s Fishesof the Gulf of Maine, there are clear de-marcations among sections for eachspecies. Still included are sections oneach species’ general morphological

features: meristics, color, size, distinc-tions (where characters are given to dif-ferentiate the species in question fromother Gulf of Maine fishes), habits (in-cluding depth range, bottom type, andtemperature and salinity preferences),food, predators, and parasites. Furtherbiological information is separately de-scribed under the subheadings of repro-duction (which includes breeding habits,fecundity, early life history, eggs, and lar-vae), age and growth, general range, andoccurrence in the Gulf of Maine (this

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section provides detailed information onlocal occurrences and is supplemented bybeautiful distribution maps in the ap-pendix for 38 species, based on the ex-tensive bottom-trawling data of NEFSC).The last section for each species is “Im-portance to the Commercial Fishery.”This is divided into two subsections: onewith graphs of commercial landings andan index of abundance for 30 of the mostimportant commercial species and, whereappropriate, one reflecting the extensivechanges in the last 50 years of resourcemanagement.

Among all this praise for the Colletteand Klein-MacPhee edition, there is onlyone real disappointment: in the entire700-plus pages of this impressive work,there was no room for pictures of theearly life-history stages, as there was in the1953 edition. Perhaps these earlier stagesdeserve a book to themselves? In all fair-ness, however, the written descriptions ofearly life-history stages are much moredetailed than before, aided in no smallpart by the explosion in fish early life-

history literature over the last couple ofdecades, which Collette and Klein-MacPhee adequately reference.

Perhaps Allen Peterson says it best inthe foreword to this third edition ofBigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulfof Maine when he writes that he hopes itwill become as well known and as widelyused as the 1953 edition and will oneday perhaps be known as “Collette andKlein-MacPhee.” I am sure that Bigelowand Schroeder would approve.

IONE HUNT VON HERBINGAssociate Professor

School of Marine SciencesUniversity of Maine

Orono, ME 04469

Reference citedBigelow HB, Schroeder WC. 1953. Fishes of the

Gulf of Maine. Rev. ed. Washington (DC): US

Government Printing Office. Fishery Bulletin

no. 74 of the Fish and Wildlife Service, US De-

partment of the Interior.

A MORE COLORFULINVERTEBRATES TEXT

Invertebrates. 2nd ed. Richard C. Brus-ca and Gary J. Brusca. Sinauer Associ-ates, Sunderland, MA, 2003. 936 pp.,illus. $109.95 cloth (ISBN 0878930973).

Richard C. Brusca (director of con-servation and research at the

Arizona–Sonora Desert Museum andwidely recognized invertebrate zoologistand isopod crustacean specialist) andGary J. Brusca (professor at HumboldtState University from 1967 to 1998 andamphipod crustacean specialist) havepublished a substantial update to their1990 Invertebrates text. Like its predeces-sor, this book is intended to support thelecture component of a one- or two-semester upper-division college coursein invertebrate zoology. It is dedicatedby Richard to his late brother Gary, whodied in 2000. This book clearly reflects thetwo brothers’ extraordinary collective efforts to update their already compre-hensive coverage of invertebrate animalsand Protista.

The striking image of a swimmingmedusa (Pelagia) on the new cover wasmy first clue to the pleasant surprise I gotwhen I started exploring all the beautifuland informative illustrations, includingmany in full color, a contrast to the strictlyblack and buff illustrations in the for-mer edition. These new illustrations arebound to please both instructors andstudents. An excerpt from the substan-tially revised chapter on Protista has beenmade available for downloading by the publisher in PDF format (www.sinauer.com/brusca). I recommend thatthose familiar with the first edition down-load this chapter to see just how spec-tacular the illustrations are throughoutthis new edition. Another change is thatthe illustration sources and credits havenow been moved to the rear, more di-rectly conveying pertinent information tostudents yet also somewhat diminishingthe appreciation of ongoing research fora student pondering a classic account ofnatural history.

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This new edition is 14 pages longerthan the 1990 edition but slightly lessmassive because of its thinner, shiny whitepaper stock and slightly smaller font size.My side-by-side comparisons of old andnew editions revealed that some out-dated paragraphs or sections had beenappropriately dropped, while other snip-pets of text reflecting updates had beeninserted. Many problems with the firstedition have been corrected. The refer-ences at the end of each chapter are some-what updated, preserving most of theolder citations. Like the former edition,this is hardly a text an instructor can ex-pect students to read from cover to cover.Two recent invertebrate zoology texts(one by Janet Moore, An Introduction tothe Invertebrates, and one edited by D. T.Anderson, Invertebrate Zoology; see http://biology.fullerton.edu/biol461/texts.html) are shorter and more affordablefor students. On the other hand, I havefound that most students prefer havinga more encyclopedic reference whenquestions arise in the laboratory.

The approach taken in this edition ofInvertebrates is very similar to that of the1990 edition. The Bruscas have onceagain emphasized functional morphologyand phylogeny as organizing principles.The introductory four chapters remainone of the best available overviews ofthe unifying principles of comparativezoology. These chapters are concise andgeneral enough that they can serve as re-quired reading assignments early in thesemester, presenting the students withan excellent overview of, especially, func-tional morphology and development.

The overview of classification, system-atics, and phylogeny (chapter 2) is some-what less successful and is dense in places.One addition is a section entitled “TheBauplan and Related Concepts” (box 3A,p. 42). The Bruscas relate the notion ofbauplan (from a German term meaningmore precisely “blueprint” than “groundplan”) directly to Richard Owen’s 1848 es-sentialist concept of archetype, but theyattempt to place it in a more evolution-ary perspective. The expanded treatmentis welcome, given how much this conceptis featured in both editions. This is alsoone of the few places where new con-cepts and advances in “evo-devo” (the

emerging field emphasizing compara-tive evolution and development from amolecular perspective) are discussed. Fol-lowing Stephen Jay Gould and others,the Bruscas view the bauplan as related todevelopmental canalization, the notionthat populations of organisms are con-strained in how they might evolve by theconserved nature of their genetic tool kitcontrolling pattern formation. The con-nection between old hypotheses aboutbauplan and new understanding of pat-tern formation is interesting and rele-vant, but bauplan notions still reek ofessentialism to me. Why not just pointout that there are some very conservativecharacters in nearly every animal group?Bauplan reconstruction is also notori-ously dependent on phylogenetic esti-mates, and there are generally morecurrent alternatives than the phylogeneticviews presented in this text (see the dis-cussion of phylogenetic analyses of meta-zoans below).Even if the phylogeny werecertain, there are invariably ambiguities

associated with estimating ancestral char-acter states for any particular taxon.

The first edition was one of an un-likely spate of excellent and generally encyclopedic invertebrate zoology textspublished in the early 1990s, with othernotable texts by Ruppert and Barnes,Pearse and Buchsbaum, Kozloff,Pechenik, and Meglitsch and Schram.Enrollments in invertebrate zoologycourses were dwindling nationwide, andsome of us wondered how the seeminglylimited market could sustain this wealthof marvelous new texts. Then came thestill ongoing molecular systematics boom,evo-devo became a vibrant emergingfield, and bizarre animals from theBurgess Shale made it to the cover ofTime magazine. In this decade, inverte-brate zoology instructors are strugglingto present newly emerging cross-disciplinary views and approaches, manyinvolving phylogenetic considerations,yet current textbooks are all outdated.While most courses seem to be retaininga group-by-group style of presentation,

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there is now a tremendous opportunityto capture the excitement of emergingphylogeny-based comparative approacheswithin invertebrate zoology courses.

Despite its emphasis on phylogeny,Brusca and Brusca’s new edition harkensback to 1990 not only in its dated phylo-genetic hypothesis but also in its omissionof many recent landmark studies, espe-cially those from a molecular perspective.I found its updates in this area uneven,of-ten reflecting the authors’ skepticism to-ward newer results. Not surprisingly,given the crustacean expertise of the Bruscas, the arthropod chapters appearto be the most thoroughly revised, andthe authors even suggest there is nowmolecular evidence supporting a clade ofhexapods and crustaceans. As in the firstedition, major groups such as Molluscahave not received as much attention. Re-cent alternative proposals of higher-levelanimal relationships, such as the growingevidence for the monophyly of Lopho-trochozoa and Ecdysozoa groupings;sister taxon relationships within Deutero-stomia (e.g., Echinodermata and Hemi-chordata); the proposed basal position ofacoelomorph flatworms with Bilateria,apart from other flatworms; and the potential paraphyly of sponges are all examples of widely accepted new viewsthat are almost completely ignored. Thechapter on Protista unfortunately has nobroad phylogenetic overview of wherethe covered taxa are found within eukaryotes. The evidence that choanofla-gellates are the likely sister taxon of mul-ticellular animals is obscure, at best, andthere is no mention that metazoans and choanoflagellates are now consideredpart of Opisthokonta—a clade that also includes the recently characterized meso-mycetozoeans (unicellular parasites ofvarious fish, birds, mammals, and snails,also known as ichthyosporeans) and fungi,neither of which are mentioned.

The eclectic presentation of phylo-genetic analysis and classification in thefirst edition is only slightly updated. Theadvertisements for this edition claim thistext now incorporates “new develop-ments in phylogenetics, developmentalbiology, and molecular genetics,” but the Bruscas’ text is more useful as a

reference source than as a currentoverview of animal phylogeny.

This edition at least does have a char-acter matrix (appendix B) in support ofthe authors’ summary cladogram ofanimal relationships. Unfortunately, thematrix appears to be mostly a compila-tion of the authors’ previously featurednode-by-node listings of diagnostic fea-tures rather than a less tree-dependent attempt to score morphological varia-tion. There is suspiciously little homo-plasy indicated across any of the trees, andthe authors still often assert an assumedpolarity of character evolution or arguethat particular characters are convergentwhen they conflict with their favored hy-pothesis. Thus, it is not surprising that Brusca and Brusca’s new summary tree iseffectively the same in topology as thecorresponding one in the first edition,one that is at odds with many aspects ofother current phylogenetic estimates ofmetazoans based on either morphologyor molecules or a combination of thesedata types. Still, as a teaching device, thepresence of a matrix and added explana-tion of the methods used to generate thetree figure is clearly a step in the right direction.

Despite the quirks I have noted, thebook has worthwhile views to offer thatare lacking in most competing texts.

DOUGLAS J. EERNISSEDepartment of Biological Science

California State UniversityFullerton, CA 92834

LOOKING AT LICHENS

Lichens of North America. Irwin M.Brodo, Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, andStephen Sharnoff. Foreword by PeterRaven. Yale University Press, NewHaven, CT, with the Canadian Museumof Nature. 2001. 828 pp., illus. $75.00(ISBN 0300082495 cloth).

This gorgeously illustrated tome is acomprehensive guide to the world’s

genera of the larger and smaller lichens,in spite of the “North America” in itsname. The cosmopolitan nature of lichencover and the transcendent beauty of theplates make the book of profound inter-est to field naturalists, botanists, sym-biosis biologists, and hobbyists far beyondthe borders of Canada, Mexico, and theUnited States. What is missing are not themajor common lichen genera of Antarc-tica, Asia, Europe, and South Americabut descriptions of the smaller, less con-spicuous lichens found in all landscapes.

The lichen body (crustose, foliose, orfruticose), the nature of its reproduction(sexual or not), its propagules (asci, blas-tidia, isidia, schizidia, or soredia) andtheir dispersal, and its unique chemistry(over 600 compounds—many limited tolichens—which include depsides, depsi-dones, anthraquinones, and pulvinic acidderivatives) are explained such that theconcepts of these lichenologists are madeclear to scientists and teachers who arenot specialists in the field. The readers areprovided tools and range maps to iden-tify more than 800 species. The glossaryand other explanations—for example,of lichen coloration (chapter 4), physi-ology (chapter 5), and substrates (therocks, barks, shells, live insect carapaces,and other materials upon which lichensgrow; chapter 7)—are splendid. The ecol-ogy of lichens, productive pioneers thatdominate the photic zone in rocky coastalecosystems and complement the pro-ductivity of forest habitats, is well demon-strated (chapter 8). The ways that lichensrelate to people—as food and fodder, assources of dye, as indicators of pollu-tion, as medicine, or even as poison

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(chapter 10)—are all nicely explained.In chapters 12 through 15, the book pro-vides collection and study techniques,advice on names, and other practical in-formation. The keys to the genera presenta clear and comprehensive guide for allwho desire a better understanding ofthese beautiful, enigmatic organisms.

The only obvious deficiency of thisbook, which prevents it from represent-ing the worldwide diversity in lichens forreaders at any level, is its failure to includethe smallest and most difficult to identifyand analyze “microlichens”: for exam-ple, Bactrospora, Biatoridium, Chiodecton,Cresponea, Epigloea, Julella, Leptorhaphis,Mobergia, Mycoporum, Protothelenella,Sclerophyton, Tomasellia, and Topelia.The only North American publicationthat properly includes the tiny lichens isLichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran DesertRegion (2002), the comprehensive workin progress by the team led by Thomas H.Nash III. Only the first volume of thethree-volume series has been published;the next two volumes are planned by2005. Unfortunately, although it is up-to-date, entirely authoritative, and readable,the great work of the Nash group containsfew illustrations, none of which are incolor. This state of the literature oflichenology makes more precious theunique, truly wonderful book by Brodoand the Sharnoffs.

The old insult of “Schwendenerist”could justifiably be slung at this entire828-page masterpiece, with more than1700 beautiful photographs, drawings,and text. What can we possibly mean by“Schwendenerist”? In 1869, SimonSchwendener, the Swiss botanist of Basel,wrote his treatise on lichens and openedhimself to ridicule and ignominy.Schwendener’s theory that lichens arecomposite and complex organisms wasrejected by the scientific community, anda misunderstanding of lichens as simpleplants has persisted in many corners evenuntil today. However, the great Russianplant physiologist A. S. Famintzyn, in his1870 review, admitted that “Schwen-dener’s discovery that lichens appear tobe constructions of fungi and algae con-stitutes his merit” (Khakhina 1992). By1937, Russian botanist K. A. Timiryazevdefended Schwendener’s conclusion,and

by now all knowledgeable scientists agree:Lichens are not plants. Rather, they are in-dividualized symbiotic composites ofphotobionts (oxygenic photoautotrophs,such as cyanobacteria or green algae)that are morphologically and metaboli-cally integrated with mycobionts (hetero-trophic fungi, usually ascomycota).Timiryazev wrote, “Some botanists stillcannot wake from the impression evokedby this startling discovery and prefer toclose their eyes to the obvious. If I am notmistaken, this curious subject has hardlybeen mentioned in our popular literature;nevertheless, it must be considered one ofthe most striking and unexpected dis-coveries of biological science of the lastquarter century”(Khakhina 1992, p. 23).Microbiology, fine structure analysis, bio-chemistry, and molecular biology un-ambiguously support the unappreciatedSchwendener—lichens are not plants atall.

The work of Brodo and the Sharnoffsreminds us throughout that lichens are

polyphyletic, that is, they evolved sepa-rately: “Every recognizable lichen is de-rived from a different species of lichenizedfungus” (p. 94). This statement of inde-pendent evolution applies to all,or nearlyall, of the 3600 North American speciesand perhaps to as many as 15,000 speciesworldwide; detailed data support thisgeneralization. The thoughtful, elegantcoverage of these ubiquitous fungal part-nerships is remarkably reliable and com-plete. Only when the authors claim thatlichens “cannot be placed within the hier-archical systems of biological classifica-tion [kingdom, phylum, class] becausethey are dual organisms and each of thecomponents has its own classification”dowe disagree. Lichens, of course, can be appropriately classified like any other or-ganism. After all, visible organisms—plants, animals, protoctists, and fungi—are at least dual composites. Indeed, mostevolved from triple, quadruple, andhigher-order symbiotic associations(Margulis 1993). Individuality, in the

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world of the nucleated (eukaryotic, vis-ible) organisms, is composite, complex,and multidimensional at genetic, mor-phological, developmental, physiologi-cal, and molecular biological levels.Lichens, therefore, exemplify the funda-mental difference between bacterial(prokaryotic) and all other life and arenamed, as are almost all eukaryotes, forthe most conspicuous member of thesymbiotic consortium. In the case oflichens, this means that they are namedfor the mycobiont, the fungus, ratherthan the photobiont, the alga, orcyanobacterium.

Students of lichens tramp throughdeserts and rain forests. They slide onicy mountain slopes and stumble on thetangled shores of mountain lakes. Theyreturn to the laboratory with samplesthat, nearly invariably, require micro-scopic and other analyses. Is the phyco-biont Trebouxia? Pseudotrebouxia?Nephroselmis? How are the asci or thepycnidia formed and distributed? Arecrystals present? What are the colors andchemistry of the pigments? Although thetoehold of lichens on bare exposed rock

impresses every hiker, and their capacityfor revival from severe desiccation amazesthe observant nature lover, the lichen-ological vocabulary, and especially the microscopic descriptions, baffle any non-specialist. Brodo and the Sharnoffs’ workwonderfully makes amends as it allows us access to the weird world of a great orphaned taxon. That after a quarter ofa century of dedicated labor Sylvia Duran Sharnoff failed to live to see thebook published in all of its glory is trulytragic.

These valiant authors, flaunting theirwealth of detail, illustrate fundamentalbiological principles worthy of Schwen-dener’s legacy. But, we trust, their beau-tiful book will not suffer the fate of his.Polyphyly is more apparent in lichensthan in other symbiotic associations.Lichens exemplify the details of complexindividuality. The relations between syn-trophic metabolism and morphogenesisin the emergence of novelty through phys-ical association is made obvious in thesecolorful creatures, and so too the contri-bution of symbiogenesis to speciationand taxonomy in them is manifest.

We recommend this book, a gift ofworld-class scholarship to the scientificcommunity, without reservation. Givenits current artificially low price, we sug-gest that all libraries, private and public,with even a remote interest in naturalhistory obtain it now.

LYNN MARGULIS Department of Geosciences

University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003

EVA BARRENO Department of Botany University of Valencia

Burjassot, 46100 Spain

References cited Khakhina LN. Margulis L, McMenamin MA, eds.,

Merkel S, Coalson R, trans. 1992. Concepts ofSymbiogenesis: A Historical and Critical Studyof the Research of Russian Botanists. NewHaven (CT): Yale University Press.

Margulis L. 1993. Symbiosis in Cell Evolution.2nded. New York: Freeman.

Nash TH III, Ryan BD, Gries C, Bungartz F, eds.2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater SonoranDesert Region, Vol. 1. Tempe: Lichens Unlim-ited, Arizona State University, Department ofPlant Biology.

NEW TITLES

Animal Behavior and Wildlife Conser-vation. Marco Festa-Bianchet andMarco Appolonio. Island Press, Wash-ington, DC, 2003. 380 pp., illus. $35.50(ISBN 1559639598 cloth).

Butterflies: Ecology and Evolution Tak-ing Flight. Carol L. Boggs, Ward B.Watt, and Paul R. Ehrlich, eds. Uni-versity of Chicago Press, 2003. 739pp., illus. $45.00 (ISBN 0226063186paper).

Dinosaurs and Other Mesozoic Rep-tiles of California. Richard P. Hilton.University of California Press,Berkeley, 2003. 356 pp., illus. $39.95(ISBN 0520233158 cloth).

Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms ofthe World. Ian Hall, et al. TimberPress, Portland, OR, 2003. 372 pp.,illus. $39.95 (ISBN 0881925861cloth).

Evolution’s Captain: The Dark Fate ofthe Man Who Sailed Charles Dar-win around the World. Peter Nichols.HarperCollins, New York, 2003. 352pp., illus. $38.95 (ISBN 006008877Xcloth).

The Face in the Mirror: The Search forthe Origins of Consciousness. JulianPaul Keenan, with Gordon G. GallupJr. and Dean Falk. Ecco, New York,2003. 278 pp. $24.95 (ISBN006001279X cloth).

A Field Guide to Bacteria. Betsey DexterDyer. Cornell University Press, Ithaca,NY, 2003. 368 pp., illus. $26.00 (ISBN0801488540 paper).

A Guide to Sampling Freshwater Mus-sel Populations: American FisheriesSociety Monograph 8. David L.Strayer and David R. Smith. AmericanFisheries Society, Bethesda, MD, 2003.103 pp., illus. $55.00 (ISBN1888569506 paper).

The Herbaceous Layer in Forests ofEastern North America. Frank S.Gilliam and Mark R. Roberts. OxfordUniversity Press, New York, 2003. 408pp., illus. $79.95 (ISBN 0195140885cloth).

Insect Pest Management and EcologicalResearch. G. H. Walter. CambridgeUniversity Press, New York, 2003. 387pp., illus. $85.00 (ISBN 0521800625cloth).

Large-Scale Biomedical Science: Ex-ploring Strategies for Future Re-search. Sharyl J. Nass and Bruce W.Stillman, eds. National Academy Press,Washington, DC, 2003. 280 pp., illus.$47.95 (ISBN 0309089123 paper).

Mating Systems and Strategies. StephenM. Shuster and Michael J. Wade.Princeton University Press, Prince-ton, NJ, 2003. 520 pp., illus. $35.00(ISBN 0691049319 paper).

Nature’s Magic: Synergy in Evolutionand the Fate of Humankind. PeterCorning. Cambridge University Press,

New York, 2003. 429 pp. $28.00 (ISBN0521825474 cloth).

Plants of the San Francisco Bay Region:Mendocino to Monterey, rev. ed.Linda H. Beidleman and Eugene N.Kozloff.University of California Press,Berkeley, 2003. 514 pp., illus. $29.95(ISBN 0520231732 paper).

Polar Lows: Mesoscale Weather Systemsin the Polar Regions. Erik A. Ras-mussen and John Turner. CambridgeUniversity Press, New York, 2003. 612pp., illus. $120.00 (ISBN 0521624304cloth).

The Return of the Unicorns: The Nat-ural History and Conservation ofthe Greater One-Horned Rhinoc-eros. Eric Dinerstein. Columbia Uni-versity Press, New York, 2003. 318 pp.,illus. $52.00 (ISBN 0231084501 cloth).

Sensory Transduction. Gordon L. Fain.Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA,2003. 288 pp., illus. $64.95 (ISBN0878931716 cloth).

Slipper Orchids of Vietnam. Leonid Averyanov, Phillip Cribb, Phan KeLoc, Nguyen Tien Hiep. Timber Press,Portland, OR, 2003. 340 pp., illus.$49.95 (ISBN 0881925926 cloth).

Synthetic Planet: Chemical Politics andthe Hazards of Modern Life. MonicaJ. Casper, ed. Routledge, New York,2003. 320 pp. $24.95 (ISBN0415933552 paper).

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