Final Exam Review Major parts of neurons (covered in lecture)

Cell body- materials needed by the neuron are made hereAxon terminalSynapse- terminal point of axon branch, which releases neurotransmittersDendrtie- projection that picks up impulses from other neuronsNode- gap between myelin sheath and axon, which helps conduction of nerve impulsesAxon- nerve fiber projecting from the cell body that carries nerve impulsesMyelin sheath- fatty coat that insulates the axons of some nerve cells, speeding transmission of impulses

Glial cells- support cells in nervous system that play roles in the formation of myelin and blood-brain barrier, respond to injury, and remove debris

Blood-brain barrier- glial cells forming a fatty coating that prevents certain substances from entering the brain

Myelin Sheath- glial cell-wrappers around axons that act as insulators of the neuron’s signal.

Acetylcholine- neurotransmitter used to control activity, including movements, memory, attention, and dreaming

Dopamine- neurotransmitter that plays a key role in movement and reward Norepinephrine- norepinephrine also underlies the fight-or-flight response, directly

increasing heart rate, triggering the release of glucose from energy stores, and increasing blood flow to skeletal muscle. It increases the brain's oxygen supply

Serotonin- It is a well-known contributor to feelings of well-being, therefore it is also known as a happiness hormone.

GABA- inhibits neuron dampening neural activity Endorphins- chemicals in brain that play a role in pain reduction EEG- recording brain electrical activity at the surface of the skull, CT- scanning

technique using multiple x-rays for a 3-D image, MRI- magnetic fields to visualize brain structure, PET- uptake of glucose, fMRI- magnetic fields to visualize brain activity, TMS- magnetic fields to enhance or interrupt brain function, and MEG- brain activity using magnotomers

Lens- changes curvature to keep images in focus, Cornea- focus light on the retina, Iris- colored area containing muscles that control the pupil, Pupil- opening in the center of the iris that lets in light, Retina- light converted into nerve impulses, Fovea- part of eye where light rays are most sharply focused, Optic Nerve- impulses from retina to brain

Eardrum- vibrates to sound waves Ear canal- conducts sound waves to the eardrum Cochlear nerve- transmits nerve impulses from inner ear to brain Vestibule- position/ semicircular canal- balance sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami, and fat Stage 1- light sleep; Stage 2- slower waves, sleep spindles, k complexes; Stage

3/4- deep sleep, delta waves; Stage 5- REM sleep, high brain activity.o Insomnia- most common/having trouble falling asleep/waking in the

night/trouble returning to sleep, narcolepsy- rapid/sudden onset of sleep, sleep apnea- blockage of airway during sleep, nightmares- bad dreams, night terrors- screaming/yelling/ confused child while in deep sleep, sleepwalking- walking while fully asleep.

o Activation-synthesis- theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons, which the forebrain then attempts to weave into a story.

o Sociocognitive- hypnosis based on people’s attitudes, beliefs, and expectations. Dissociation theory- hypnosis based on separation between personality functions that are usually integrated.

o Depressants- Decreases activity of the central nervous system. Alcohol.o Stimulants- drugs that increase activity in the central nervous system,

heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure. Tobacco- reduces stress, tension, and anxiety.

o Opiate narcotics- drugs that reduce pain and induce sleep. Morphine.o Psychedelic- Alters perception, mood, thoughts. Marijuana, LSD.

Latent learning- learning that isn’t directly observable. Observational learning (Bandura)- learning by watching others. Children learn to

act aggressively by watching aggressive role models. Insight learning- all of the sudden learning of something through an aha moment. Explicit/declarative (Semantic-knowledge of facts about the world, Episodic-

events of life) Implicit (Procedural- memory of how to do things, Priming- ability to identify a

stimulus more easily and quickly after we’ve encountered a similar stimuli.) Phonemes- categories of sound our vocal apparatus produces. Morphemes- smallest meaningful units of speech. Imitation account- children lean language through imitation. Nativist account- children are born knowing how language works. Social-pragmatics account- children infer what words and sentences mean from

context and social interactions. General cognitive processing account- language learning is result of general

skills that children apply across a variety of activities. 4 stages of cognitive development- sensorimotor- no thought beyond immediate

physical experiences, preoperational- able to think beyond the here and now, but unable to perform mental transformations, concrete- able to perform mental transformations bun only on concrete physical objects, formal operations- hypothetical and abstract reasoning.

Attachment styleso Secure- after mom’s departure upset but greets return with joy, secure

base.o Insecure avoidant- indifference to mom’s departure and little reaction with

return.o Insecure anxious-panics with departure and mixed reaction on return.o Disorganized- inconsistent and confused responses with mom’s

departure and return.o Dual Process Model (Central and Peripheral Route)- Central route processes are

those that require a great deal of thought, and therefore are likely to predominate under conditions that promote high elaboration. Peripheral route processes, on the other hand, do not involve elaboration of the message through extensive cognitive processing of the merits of the actual argument presented.