HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Final Exam Review

UNIT ONE: THE FOUNDATIONS Define psychology—what is the most

credible association dedicated to psychology?

Why is psychology called a soft science? What is the difference between hard and soft sciences?

What are schools of psychology? Briefly summarize the ideas behind the following schools: Humanistic, Psychodynamic, Structuralism,

Functionalism, Biological , Gestalt, Behaviorism, Cognitive, Behavioral

UNIT ONE: MATCHING: MATCH THE LETTER TO THE CORRECT PSYCHOLOGICAL FIELD IT DESCRIBES

1. Clinical

2. Community

3. Counseling

4. Developmental

5. Experimental

6. Industrial/Organizational

7. Educational

8. School

9. Social 

 A. works to overcome

educational difficultiesB. studies the maturation

processC. works with diagnosis and

treatment of disordersD. studies any mental

psychological issueE. develops and presents

programs to help maintain mental health

F. studies how society influences the individual

G. works with psychological issues relating to business

H. works with people who exhibit trouble coping with everyday problems

I. studies issues related to how people learn

UNIT ONE Define the

following: Independent

Variable Dependent

Variable Hypothesis Experimental

Group Control Group

Try this sample: “Mrs. Muller

wanted to test the effects of caffeine on human behavior test scores. She believes that if caffeine is given to a person, their test scores will be higher.” How will she set up

and run her experiment? What type of research study is this?

UNIT ONE: Define and give an

example of the following:

a. Halo Effect

b. Hawthorne Effect c. John Henry Effect

d. Novelty Effect

Clues:

“Yippee! I can’t wait to try it!”

UNIT ONE: Nature v Nurture

Briefly define the debate and explain why it is controversial.

How did we learn about this debate throughout the entire semester? Pull examples from

specific units!

Milgram’s experiment: What were the

details of this experiment?

Why was it controversial?

What did it change in psychology?

UNIT ONE:

Define the research type: ExperimentalDescriptiveCorrelationalHistoricalCausal-

Comparative

Describe a specific experiment design that fits into each of the four areas.

What is the difference between natural observation and a typical experiment?

CerebellumCorpus CallosumPituitary GlandFrontal LobeParietal LobePonsMedulla OblongataSpinal CordOccipital LobeTemporal Lobe

Unit TWO: Label the brain parts AND describe the function of the brain part.

UNIT TWO: Describe the lower

extreme of intelligence in regards to the four types of mental retardation. What are the four categories and what defines each in regards to IQ levels and functioning abilities? What three criteria must be met for one to be diagnosed with mental retardation?

Explain all of the theories of intelligence we discussed in class. Be sure to include the name of the theorist, the aspects of intelligence, and whether or not you agree with this perspective.

Options: Spearman Sternberg R.B. Cattell Thurstone Guilford Gardner

UNIT TWO: Name each of the

seven “sins” of memory to define. After you define the “sins” be sure to use an example of how it affects memory. (finish quickly—try them all!)

Define and give examples: State-Dependent

Memory Effect Context-

Dependent Memory Effect

Clues— here are the names of the sins: Persistence, Blocking, Transience, Absentmindedness, Bias, Misattribution, Suggestibility

UNIT TWO:

Discuss the following:

What is thinking? What are the

three types of thinking we discussed in class?

Defend and discuss this statement:

As per our discussion on Daniel Pink’s novel A Whole New Mind, it was concluded that Left brain functioning is important but no longer sufficient to compete in our challenging and changing world.

What is the difference between right and left brain capabilities? Name examples of the characteristics of each side.

UNIT TWO: Who was

Phineas Gage and what did his study conclude about frontal lobe brain study?

Why is this study important? What real-life examples did we discuss?

What are reliability and validity in regards to:Running an

experiment? Intelligence

testing?

UNIT TWO: IT’S BACK!! TELL ME EVERYTHING YOU KNOW ABOUT THE MEMORY FLOW CHART!

Answers should include: five senses, three ways to encode into STM, 2 theories on forgetting, 2 ways of rehearsal, 3 ways to encode into LTM, retrieval from the three filing cabinets.

UNIT THREE: Describe

Operant Conditioning including: ReinforcerPositive

ReinforcerNegative

ReinforcerPunishment

Describe classical conditioning including: USURCSCR

Use the Pavlov’s Dogs experiment to put it all together!

UNIT THREE: “Whenever you lie in

your bed, you normally fall asleep very quickly, more quickly than you would on the couch. One week, you experience a lot of stress, and instead of falling asleep, you lie awake several nights in a row. Now, although the stress is gone, you have difficulty sleeping in your bed.”

Define the following in regards to the example scenario.

US:UR:CS:CR:

UNIT THREE: Phases of Learning

Define the following specifically in terms of classical conditioning learning—what is happening at each stage? Acquisition Phase Extinction Phase Spontaneous Recovery Reconditioning

Can you draw the phases of learning chart?

UNIT THREE: Define the

following: Stimulus

Generalization Stimulus

Discrimination Taste Aversion

(Garcia Effect) Phobias

How could you describe the difference between generalization and discrimination in this case?

CS: Large Black DogCR: Fear

UNIT THREE: For each of the following explain if it is positive

reinforcement, negative reinforcement or a punishment and WHY!

1. Police pulling drivers over and giving prizes for buckling up. 2. Suspending a baseball player for hitting a ref after a bad

call. 3. An inmate is allowed extra TV time after completing all of

his assigned duties well. 4. Teacher holds a student during lunch until they complete

their homework. 5. A cat presses a lever to open a door to get out of the

puzzle box. 6. A mother smiles when their child utters “MAMA”. 7. Taking cough medicine to stop a cough. 8. A child is put into “time out” for talking back. 9. A driver is given a ticket for running a red light. 10. You get a zero for cheating. 11. You get an A on your final!!

UNIT THREE: Define the

following schedules of reinforcement: Fixed ratio Variable ratio Fixed interval Variable interval

What is the difference between a ratio and an interval?

Examples: Which schedule of reinforcement is described below?

1. Getting a pay check every other week.

2. Pop quizzes3. Slot machines at

gambling casinos 4. A worker receives

$1 for every 100 envelopes stuffed

UNIT FOUR Review Piaget’s

theory of child development. Do you remember the stages listed below? SensorimotorPreoperationalConcrete

OperationalFormal operations

What is temperament? The difference between:Easy and difficult

infants? Secure and insecure

attachments?

UNIT FOUR Review Birth

Order and Personality (reading from packet) How does this tie into the nature v nurture debate?

What are the three types of parenting styles (on the spectrum) and what are the positives and negatives of each?

Permissive Authoritative Authoritarian

UNIT FOUR: Recall the major

theories of personality listed to the right.

Do you remember the basics of each one?

Trait Theory Social-Cognitive

Theory Humanistic

Theory Psychodynamic

Theory

UNIT FOUR What are the

positives and negatives to Gordon Allport’s Trait Theory and OCEAN test?

What is the difference between:Cardinal TraitCentral Trait Secondary Trait

Give an example of a historical figure who lived his/her life by a cardinal trait. Other examples?

UNIT FOUR: What are the

foundations of Freud’s theory of personality? Focus on three

main beliefs of Freud and his followers!

What is the significance of this iceberg?

UNIT FOUR: What is “free

association?” How does it relate to psychoanalysis?

How do the following terms relate to the iceberg theory? Morality PrinciplePleasure Principle Reality Principle

UNIT FOUR: What are the

psychosexual stages and how do they connect to psychoanalysis?

What are the defense mechanisms and how do they relate to psychoanalysis?

Does it seem like I am really reviewing Freud and Psychoanalysis?

Good observation. Maybe there is a reason…

UNIT FOUR: Who are the Neo-

Freudians and how do they differ from Freud?

Compare and contrast Freud’s psychosexual stages with Erikson’s psychosocial stages

UNIT FOUR: What’s the Humanistic

Theory all about? Don’t forget about Carl

Rodgers and Abraham Maslow

UNIT FIVE: What are the

major differences between normal and abnormal behavior? Specific criteria

we discussed in class! Look in your abnormal psych mini-packet if you forget.

Describe the changes in treatment of the mentally ill from the 1800s to present day. Don’t forget

about good old Nelly Bly!

UNIT FIVE: What is the

purpose of the DSM and who approves of the published updates?

What similarities did we find in the diagnosis of mental disorders? Think of the types of criteria found within the DSM of multiple disorders…

HINT: one possible answer could be:

evidence of social and occupational

dysfunction.

UNIT SIX: What is

sociology? What are the

possible careers for a person interested in sociology?

How does sociology differ from psychology?

What other “soft science” field is similar to sociology? (it studies specific cultures)

UNIT SIX: What is culture?

Difference between culture and society?

Material v Nonmaterial culture

Identify and give examples of the following: NormsFolkwaysMores LawsCultural

Universals Ethnocentrism

UNIT SIX What is cultural

anthropology? Describe

Margaret Mead’s case study of the Arapesh and Mundugamor peoples…

How does this study relate to

the nature v nurture

debate?

UNIT SIX: What are the 5

agents of socialization?

Define: SocializationResocializationTotal Institution

Describe the case of “Genie the Wild Child” and how it relates to both socialization AND the nature vs. nurture debate.

UNIT SIX: What is

collective behavior and list the collectivities we discussed in class.

Why is collective behavior hard to study?

UNIT SIX: How are social

movements different than collective behavior?

Your task: Take each of the social movements below and describe which type of social movement it is/was:

Women’s Movement Revolutionary War 1960s Peace

Movement The Religious Right

(Roe v. Wade – A women’s right to privacy)

UNIT SIX: What is

deviance? What two things must occur for an action to be labeled as deviance?

Do you know your theories? Cultural-

TransmissionStructural StrainControlConflictLabeling

What social functions come from deviance?

STRUCTURAL STRAIN THEORY…

UNIT SIX: What are the

characteristics of cults as discussed in class?

How does a cult differ from a religion?

What tactics do cults often use to “suck people in?”

CONTINUE WITH ESSAYS AND REVIEW … Work on essay

questions 6 and 7.

Jeopardy review sheets to complete with a partner…