excavations at carrier's croft

8/10/2019 Excavations at Carrier's Croft

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./0 0N?:C:32<6 3;06?/ 3<@03/0; A23/ 3/0 E<1232<6 <= 3/0 @;271 <C0;4:P26@ 3/0 O:U<;

=2671 21 701?;2507 26 =2@H;0 *-

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./0 13;:32@;:E/P <= 3/0 1230 ?:6 50 1HOO:;2107 :1 =<44<A1$

()*#+), & : A044VA<;F07 @:;706 3<E 1<24 :C0;:@26@ WX?O 26

70E3/-

()*#+), -. : 4:P0; <= ?<55401 :67 1O:44 13<601D ?<OE:?307 26

E4:?01 26 3/0 =<;O <= : =4<<;- S410A/0;0 3/0

?<55401 :67 13<601 A0;0 1?:330;07 :67 7213H;507D

2630;1E0;107 A23/ ?<OE:?307 ?4:P =;<O Y<;2T<6 *-

()*#+), / : P044<APV5;<A6 1H5V1<24 O:70 HE <= 5<H470; ?4:P

:67 3:5H4:; =;:@O0631 <= 1:6713<60 :67 1/:40D

1<O0 C0;P OH?/ 70?:P07-./21 /<;2T<6 A:1

26C:707 5P /<401 :67 1/:44<A E231 =24407 A23/ 3<E

1<24D O<13 42F04P 3/0 ;01H43 <= ;<<3 :67 =:H6:

26C:12<6 <; 72@@26@ :?32C23P <= H6F6<A6 7:30-

ZH:6323201 <= H6A<;F07B067401270?/0;3 A0;0

E;01063 26 3/0 5<H470; ?4:P

./0;0 A:1 6< 0C2706?0 3/:3 3/0 :7U:?063 5;<<F /:7 0C0; =4<A07 <C0; 3/21 @;<H67-

M=30; 3/0 ;0O<C:4 <= 3/0 3<E 1<24 26 3/0 A0130;6 10?32<6 <= 3/0 3;06?/ : 13<60 1H;=:?0

A:1 ;0C0:407 ?<OE<107 <= ?<55401 :67 E055401 G[2@H;0 ,K- \6 E4:?01 23 :EE0:;07 :1 :

A044V4:27D O<1:2?V42F0 =4<<; A23/ : A<;6 :67 E<421/07 1H;=:?0 G=2@H;0 )K- L060:3/ 23

A:1 : 4:P0; <= O2N07 13<60D E055401 :67 ?4:P- ./0 2;;0@H4:;23201 100O07 E:;34P 7H03< ?<613;H?32<6 :67 E:;34P 7213H;5:6?0

5H3 3/0 <64P <510;C07 =0:3H;0 A:1 :

142@/34P ?H;C26@ 4260 <= ?<55401 :5<H3 *=3

26 406@3/ G=2@H;0 WK- \3 10E:;:307 3/0

O<;0

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;<H@/4P ?<55407 :;0: H670; A/2?/ ];6 J A:1 =<H67 =;<O : E:3?/ <= O<1:2?V42F0 3/0

=H60;:4 EP;0- ./0 ;2O <= 3/0 H;6 :67 3/0 ?<630631 A23/26 A0;0 4P26@ <6 : 4:P0; <=

=4<<;-

\6 3/0 0:130;6 10?3<; <= 3/0 3;06?/ 3/0 ?<5540 =4<<; /:7 <5C2<H14P 50067213H;507 5P 700E0; ?H432C:32<6- \3 A:1 /0;0 3/:3 3/0 ;0O:261 <= ];6 * A0;0 =<H67-



IGX A 47-'$2

'H;26@ 3/0 ;0O<C:4 <= 3/0 ?<5540 =4<<; 3/0 5:10 <= :6 H;6 A:1 ;0C0:407 5H;207 26 :6

26C0;307 E<1232<6 G=2@H;0 (K- ./0 5:10 /:7 5006 703:?/07 :67 3/06 ;0E4:?07- ]E<6

;0O<C26@ 3/0 5:10D 4:;@0 =;:@O0631 <= A/230 ?;0O:307 /HO:6 5<60 A0;0 0NE<107 26

: ?40:6 ?<67232<6- G=2@H;0 ^K- ./0P A0;0 ;0O<C07 26 123H :67 26 3/0 C2?2623P <= 3/0

?<44:;D 3<A:;71 3/0 5<33<OD 3/0 =;:@O0631 <= 5<60 A0;0 1O:440; :67 O2N07 A23/

?/:;?<:4D 5H;63 1/:40D :67 1:6713<60D E;<5:54P 1?;:E26@1 =;<O1O:44 13<601D :5<H3

J)OO- 3/2?F- ./010 26 3H;6 A0;0 507707 <6 70?<OE<107 1:6713<60- ./0 H;6 /:7 :

C0;32?:4 ?;:?F :67 : 13<60 26 3/0 E23 =244 /:7 7:O:@07 3/0 60?F <= 3/0 H;6- ./0 E23 =244

G=2@H;0 +K A:1 ?<OE<107 <= ?4:PD 13<601D ?;0O:32<6 =2;0 705;21 :67 26?4H707 3A<

E20?01 <= 5H;63D H6A<;F07B067401270?/0;3_ :E:;3 =;<O 3/010 3/0;0 A0;0 6< <3/0;

5H;2:4 <==0;26@1-

\3 :EE0:;1 3/:3 3/0 5:10 <= 3/0 H;6 A:1 5;<F06 <== V E;<5:54P :4<6@ : ?<613;H?32<6

U<26 V 50=<;0 3/0 H;6 A:1 26C0;307 26 3/0 E23- M 4:P0; <= 1O:44 5<601 O2N07 A23/

?;0O:32<6 O:30;2:4 A:1 3/06 E4:?07 26 3/0 5<33<OD ?<C0;26@ 3/0 261270 <= 3/0 60?FD

:67 3/06 3/0 4:;@0; ?40:6 5<601 A0;0 :;;:6@07 :5<C0 H6324 3/0 5<7P <= 3/0 H;6 A:1

=24407- ./0 5:10 <= 3/0 H;6D =<;O26@ : 427D A:1 ;0E4:?07 :67 3/0 ;0O:2626@ 1E:?0 26 3/0

E23 =24407 A23/ =H;3/0; ?;0O:32<6 O:30;2:4-

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IGX D 47-'$2

./0 ;0O:261 <= ];6 !<- * A0;0 721?<C0;07 I-JO :A:P =;<O 3/0 1230 <= ];6 J :3 :

4:30; 13:@0 26 3/0 0N?:C:32<61- \6 3/21 :;0: Y<;2T<6 J /:7 5006 7213H;507 5P 700E0;

?H432C:32<6- M3 =2;13 3/0 ?0O06307 O:11 <= 7:;F ?;0O:32<6 O:30;2:4 :EE0:;07 3< 50 :

?;0O:32<6 70E<123D 5H3 :1 0N?:C:32<6 ?<6326H07 23 A:1 =<H67 3< 50 06?<OE:1107 5P

E:;31 <= 3/0 6:;;<A ?<44:; <= :6 H;6- M =;:@O063 <= 3/0 ;2O <= 3/0 ?<44:; A:1 =<H67

;01326@ <6 13<601 0N:?34P 42F0 3/:3 <= ];6 J :67 =H;3/0; =;:@O0631D @;:726@ =;<O

7212630@;:307 =:5;2? 3< ;07 ?4:PD 10E:;:307 3/0 H;6V=244 =;<O 3/0 ?;0O:32<6 O:30;2:4 <=

3/0 E23-

M7U:?063 3< 3/0 H;6 =;:@O0631 A:1 : 4061 <= OH?/ ?<OE:?307 7:;F ;07 ?4:P A23/

=;:@O0631 <= @;23D 1:67A2?/07 503A006 3/0 H;6 =244 :67 3/0 E23 =244D O<13 42F04P E:;3 <=

3/0 7212630@;:307 H;6- `H31270 3/0 ?H;C0 <= 3/0 H;6 ?<44:; :67 231 =;:@O0631 A0;0 3/0

;0O:261 <= 3/0 E23 =244D ?<OE<107 <= =;:@O0631 <= 5<60D ?/:;?<:4 :67 0:;3/D =<;O26@ :

O:11 :5<H3 J)OO- 3/2?F- ./0 1O:44D ;<H67D /:;7 <5U0?3 0NE<107 <6 3/0 1H;=:?0 <=

3/0 ?;0O:32<6 O:30;2:4 A23/26 3/0 H;6 A:1 4:30; 270632=207 :1 3/0 :??011<;P ?HE G100

B<330;P 504<AK-

./21 5H;2:4 A:1 <5C2<H14P 3/0 ;0O:261 <= A/:3 /:7 5006 <;2@26:44P : 1O:44 ?<44:;07

H;6 E4:?07 26C0;307 26 : 5H;2:4 E23D 5H3 3/0 60?F :67 5<7PD :4<6@ A23/ :11<?2:307

?;0O:32<6 O:30;2:4D /:7 4<6@ 126?0 5006 7013;<P07-

./0 H;6 5H;2:4 A:1 :44<A07 3< 7;P <H3 <C0; : E0;2<7 <= *W /<H;1- LP 3/06D 1<24

:7/0;26@ 3< 3/0 <H30; 1H;=:?0 <= 3/0 H;6 A:1 1H==2?20634P 7;P 3< 50 0:124P 10E:;:307

=;<O 3/0 H;6 =:5;2?D 6<A 142@/34P /:;70; 3/:6 A/06 =2;13 0N?:C:307- ./0 ?<OE:?307

O:11 <= H;6 =244 :67 3/0 =244 =;<O 3/0 E23 A0;0 3/06 42=307 :1 : 54<?F :67 3:F06 3< 3/0

9<H63P aH10HO 4:5<;:3<;P =<; O<;0 703:2407 0N:O26:32<6-

SN?:C:32<6 ?<6326H07_ =H;3/0; =;:@O0631 <= ?;0O:307 5<60D ?/:;?<:4 :67 0:;3/ A0;0

;0?<C0;07 =;<O 5060:3/ A/0;0 3/0 ?<44:; <= 3/0 H;6 /:7 ;01307D 5H3 3/0;0 A:1 6<



0C2706?0 <= :6P ?<C0; A/2?/ O2@/3 /:C0 5006 E4:?07 <C0; 3/0 O<H3/ <= 3/0 H;6

50=<;0 5026@ 26C0;307 263< 3/0 E23- ./0 5:10 <= 3/0 E23 /:7 5006 =<;O07 5P E:?F07

13<601 :67 132== 5;<A6 ?4:PD 504<A A/2?/ A0;0 =;:@O0631 <= =2;0V;0770607 13<60 :67

4HOE1 <= 132== 5;<A6 ?4:P <= : F267 6<3 <510;C07 0410A/0;0 <6 3/0 1230- \3 O:P /:C0

5006 3/0 EH77407 ?4:P =;<O A/2?/ 3/0 H;6 /:7 5006 O:70-



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a03/<71 H107 26 270632=P26@ ?;0O:307 5<60 =;:@O0631 =;<O 3/0 :O<;E/<H1 O:11 <=

1<24 ?/:;?<:4 :67 H6270632=2:540 5<6P =;:@O0631 A0;0 70C04<EO0631 <= 3/<10

701?;2507 5P "0UC:44 :67 &:/413;bO GI+,^K A23/ 3/0 =H;3/0; 70C04<EO063 26

30?/62QH0 701?;2507 5P R21<A1F2 GI+))K :67 A23/ =H;3/0; :7C:6?01 1HOO:;2107 5P

L;<3/A044 GI+WJK-

\3 21 2OE42?23 26 3/0 A<;F <= "0UC:44 GI+W*K 5P A/2?/ 32O0 : 13:67:;72107 30?/62QH0 /:7

5006 0C<4C07 3/:3 ?0;3:26 1F0403:4 E:;31 1H;C2C0 ?;0O:32<6 26 : 7030?3:540 :67

270632=2:540 =<;O O<;0 =;0QH0634P 3/:6 7< <3/0;1- ./21 21 E:;34P 7H0 3< 3/0 6:3H;0 <=

E:;32?H4:; E<;32<61 <= 3/0 5<6P 1F0403<6D 3/02; ;04:32C0 E;<30?32<6 =;<O 3/0 /0:3 =;<O?;0O:32<6 =2;01 E:;34P 7H0 3< 72==0;06?01 26 5<60 706123P :67 E:;34P 7H0 3< 3/0 =:?3

3/:3 1<O0 1F0403:4 :;0:1 ?<63:26 : =:; @;0:30; E;<E<;32<6 <= 0:124P 270632=2:540

:6:3<O2?:4 =0:3H;01 3/:6 <3/0;1- [<; 2613:6?0 A/0;0:1 O:6P =;:@O0631 <= 1/:=31 <=

4<6@ 5<601 :;0 H6270632=2:540 50?:H10 3/0;0 :;0 =0A 1E0?2=2? =0:3H;01D 0C06 C0;P

1O:44 E20?01 <= 1FH44 C:H431 :67 5:10 ?<OE;210 C0;P <=306 3A< 3:5401 <= ?<OE:?3 5<60

A23/ 2630;C0626@ 4:P0;1 <= 72E4<0 <; <= ?:6?044<H1 5<60 A23/ O:;F26@1 7H0 3< 3/0

E;0106?0 <= 54<<7 C011041 03?- 3/:3 :;0 :51<4H304P ?/:;:?30;2132?-

IGX X(@ A@

./0 ?:3:4<@H0 <= 5<601 21 :1 504<A$

R.-&.H-$.

I ./;00 =;:@O0631 <= ?0;C2?:4 C0;305;:0

:K M34:1 9I c3 I-) @ R011 3/:6 I?O 406@3/ <= 40=3 :630;2<; :67 E<130;2<;

:;?/01 1/<A26@ 26=0;2<; :67 1HE0;2<; :;32?H4:; 1H;=:?01D 3;:61C0;10 E;<?011 :67

=<;:O06-

5K MN21 9J c3 , @- J =;:@O0631 <= <60 5<60D ?<6121326@ <= <7<63<27

E;<?011D 5<7P :67 40=3 :;?/ A23/ 1HE0;2<; :;32?H4:; 1H;=:?0?K R<A0; ?0;C2?:4- [;:@O063 <= C0;305;:4 5<7P ' V X-W ?O d700Ed A23/

;2@/3 :;?/ 1/<A26@ 3PE2?:4 14<E26@ :;32?H4:; 1H;=:?01D O:;F07 4:30;:4 <130<E/P30

=<;O:32<6-

J S40C06 =;:@O0631 <= 7<;1:4 C0;305;:0-

:K ]EE0; 7<;1:4 E;<5:54P 'I_ c3 J @- S;<707 5<7P A23/ ;2@/3 E072?40 <=

:;?/ :67 26=0;2<; :;32?H4:; E;<?011D :67 3;:61C0;10 E;<?011 1/<A26@ 6< =<;:O06- ./0

?<6?:C0 HE0; 1H;=:?0 O0:1H;01 *-J N J-X?O-

5K ]EE0; 7<;1:4 c3 J-() @- e0;P 0;<707 :630;2<;4P- ./0 ;2@/3 E072?40 :67

1HE0;2<; :;32?H4:; =:?03 :67 26=0;2<; 10O24H6:; =:?03 :;0 E;01063 <6 3/0 40=3 1270-.'*-J ?O-



?K ]EE0; 7<;1:4 c3 J-() @- S;<707 :630;2<;4P- \6=0;2<; ?<13:4 :;32?H4:;

1H;=:?0D E:;3 <= 3;:61C0;10 E;<?011 :67 231 1HE0;2<; :;32?H4:; 1H;=:?0 :;0 E;01063-

.f*-X ?O- MB O0:1H;0O063 6<3 E<112540- ' I-*?O

7K ]EE0; 7<;1:4 c3 * @- L<7P 0;<707 :630;2<;4P-a *-X?OD

' I-W?OD MB O0:1H;0O063 <C0; I-^?O- B:;3 <= 3/0 :;?/ 21 :33:?/07 1/<A26@ 1HE0;2<;

:67 26=0;2<; :;32?H4:; =:?031 <6 3/0 ;2@/3 1270- ./0;0 21 6< 3;:61C0;10 E;<?011D 6<

1E260D :67 6< 10?<67:;P :;32?H4:; =:?03 <6 3/0 :;?/-

0K ]EE0; <; O27 7<;1:4 5<7Pc3 I-) @ ' I-)?O- . J-^?O- S;<12<6

E;0C0631 MB O0:1H;0O063 I 26=0;2<; ?<13:4 :;32?H4:32<6 21 E;01063 5H3 3/0 1HE0;2<;

10O2?2;?H4:; =:?031 ?:66<3 50 1006 50?:H10 <= 0;<12<6-

=K L<7P A23/ ;2@/3 E072?40 :67 1HE0;2<; :;32?H4:; =:?03 c3 J-) @./0;0 :;0

4:;@0 ;2@/3 ?<13:4 :;32?H4:; =:?031- .' *-)?OD MB 72O0612<6 J-X?OD ' I-W?O- B;<5:54P

O27V3/<;:?2?- &2@62=2?:634P O<;0 ?:4?2607 3/:6 <3/0; 7<;1:4 C0;305;:0-

@K L<7P c3 J-) @- ' I-^?O- &HE0;2<; :;32?H4:; 1H;=:?0 0;<707- ./0

26=0;2<; 1H;=:?0 1/<A1 3/0 40=3 ?<13:4 =:?03 :3 231 O:;@26- ./0;0 21 O:;F07 <130<E/P30

=<;O:32<6- B;<5:54P ' ^D+ <; IX/K &O:44 =;:@O063 <= 5<7P A23/ E072?40 <= 3;:61C0;10 E;<?011 c3 I @-

2K S;<707 =;:@O063 <= 5<7P c3- J @- I-*?O 700E- !< O0:1H;0O0631 <=

:;32?H4:; 1H;=:?01 E<112540- [:?031 =<; ?<13:4 :;32?H4:32<6 6<3 :3 UH6?32<6 503A006

2630; C0;305;:4 :;32?H4:; 1H;=:?0 <= 5<7P-'II <; IJ-

D;7FH$-

:K S;<707 E<;32<6 <= 5<7Pc3 *-) @- ' J-)?OD .' ,-W?O MB g*-X?O- !<

:;32?H4:; =:?031 <6 5<7P- &3HOE <= E072?40 I-J?O 26 72:O030;-

5K Y:4= <= 5<7P :67 /:4= <= :;?/-c3 ) @-MEgJ-(?OD ' J-*?O-M;?/ :67

E<;32<6 <= 3;:61C0;10 26=0;2<; :67 1HE0;2<; :;32?H4:; E;<?01101-?K [;:@O063 <= C0;3;05:4 5<7P- c3 *-) @- c07@0 1/:E07 A23/ :6@40

503A006 2630; C0;305;:4 :;32?H4:; 1H;=:?01 I)°- B072?40 <; 3;:61C0;10 E;<?011

:33:?/07 :630;2<;4P E;<5:54P R)-

7K B072?40 <= 3;:61C0;10 E;<?011 <= 4HO5:; C0;305;: c3 J@ 1O:44 E<;32<6

<= 5<7P :33:?/07

0K .;:61C0;10 E;<?011 <= 4HO5:; C0;305;: A23/ 1HE0;2<; :;32?H4:;=:?03 A3

X-)@- B<11254P RI-

=K B<;32<6 <= 5<7P c3 J@- \630; C0;305;:4 :;32?H4:;1H;=:?0 )?O 72:O030;

1HE0;2<;4P A23/ : E<;32<6 X-( N X-( ?O 26=0;2<;4P- ' J-)?O-R0=3 E072?40 <= :;?/ I-J N X-W

?O- &2T0 2672?:301 4<A0; 4HO5:;-

J \&<.- T-$6F.)&* (0 R.-&.H-$2 4(9'.*

:K 9:6?044<H1 5<601 A23/ E<;32<6 <= 2630; C0;305;:4 :;32?H4:; 1H;=:?0

c3 I@D 12T0 J-) N I-) N J ?O-

5K B:;3 <= 5<7P :67 E072?40 :;?/ c3 I-) @- J-J?O 72:O030;-B072?40 <=

:;?/ I-J?O 72:O030;-B;<5:54P 4HO5:;-

?K [;:@O063 c3 I-)@- I-(?O 700E- !< ?<OE4030 :;32?H4:; 1H;=:?01 <;

=:?031-

7K R0=3 E072?40 <= :;?/ :67 1HE0;2<; :;32?H4:; 1H;=:?01 <= 4HO5:; <; 4<A0;

3/<;:?2? C0;305;:- c3 I@



0K [;:@O063 <= 5<7P c3 hI @- I-) N X-W E<;32<6 <= 2630; C0;305;:4 :;32?H4:;

1H;=:?0-

UM722 4().*

:K #2@/3 O:N244: :7H43 c3 W-) @- #<<3 1E:?01 =<; ?:6260D ;2@/3 26?21<;1 I i

J E;0 O<4:;1 J :67 12N ;<<3 ?:C23201 =<; O<4:;1-

5K [;:@O063 <= jP@<O: c3 J @- ;2@/3 1270 1/<A26@ 0N30;6:4 1H;=:?0 <=

<60 <= 3/0 TP@<O:32?<V=:?2:4 =<;:O26:-

?K B<;32<6 <= O:N244: c3 I-) @ + N II ?O 72:O030; ;01E0?32C04P-\6=0;2<;

E<;32<6 <= O:N244:D E;<5:54P ;2@/3 1270 1/<A26@ E<;32<6 <= /:;7 E:4:30 :67 E<;32<6 <=

O:N244:;P 126H1-

7K B03;<H1 30OE<;:4 5<60D 3;2:6@H4<27 26 1/:E0-c3 ) @ a0:1H;26@ J-X N

I-) ?OD 1/<A26@ 2630;6:4 :H723<;P O0:3H1D ?<?/40:; ?:6:4D UH@H4:; =<11:-

0K &E/06<27 c3 (-) @ ./0 =<;:O26: ;<3H67: E30;P@<27 ?:6:41 =<;:O26:

<C:40 :;0 A044 1/<A6D 3/0 7<;1HO 1044:0 21 5;<F06D 3/0 40110; A26@1 :;0 :51063 :1 :;0

3/0 E30;P@<27 E4:301 :67 3/0 4:30;:4 E:;31 <= 3/0 @;0:30; A26@1-B;<5:54P :7H43-=K &FH44 e:H43 V =;:@O0631 :1 504<A$V

G2K c3 IX-) @D W-X N ,-) ?O 3:E0;26@ 3< *-X?O I E4:30 <64P <C0; O<13 <=

3/0 :;0: X-)?O 3/2?F A/0;0 3A< E4:301 0N213-

G22K c3 *-) @D <C<27 E4:30 <= 5<60 J-( N )-X ?O 5<3/ 3:5401 E;01063 X-J ?O

3/2?F 30OE<;:4 5<60 UH13 5060:3/ 30OE<;<E:;203:4 1H3H;0- B;<5:54P ;2@/3-

G222K c3 I-) @D E<;32<6 <= <;523:4 ;27@0 :5<H3 JX 4<6@ :33:?/07 3< E4:30 <=

5<60 ;<H@/4P *X N JX- 9<H47 50 =;<63:4 5<60 5H3 6< 1HE;: <;523:4 =<;:O06 <; 6<3?/ 21

E;01063-

G2CK c3 JJ @D 2;;0@H4:;D ;<H@/4P 72:O<67 1/:E07 E20?0 <= 5<60D 12701

^-X N W-XD 3/2?F6011 X-, V XD) ?O- B;<5:54P E<130;< 1HE0;2<; E<;32<6 <= 40=3 E:;203:45<60-

GCK c3 II-) @DE<130;< 26=0;2<; E<;32<6 <= 40=3 30OE<;:4 5<60 1/<A26@

O:;@261 A/2?/ :;32?H4:30 A23/ <??2E23:4 5<60 O:13<27 :67 E03;< 1QH:O<H1 1H3H;0

:67 :41< O:;F1 <= :33:?/O063 <= 30OE<;:4 OH1?40- ./2?F6011 C:;201 =;<O X-I V X-J ?O

:630;2<;4P 3< X-W?O E<130;2<;4P- &/:E0 ;<H@/4P 3;2:6@H4:; ,-X N W-X N (-X ?O

GC2K c3- JX-) @D E<;32<6 <= <??2E23:4 5<60 1/<A26@ 3/0 @;<<C0 =<; 3/0 40=3

4:30;:4 126H1D @;<<C0 =<; 1HE0;2<; 1:@233:4 126H1 :67 3/0 2630;6:4 <??2E23:4

E;<3H50;:6?0 :3 A/2?/ 3/0 5<60 O0:1H;01 I-, ?O 26 3/2?F6011 3/0 ;013 <= 3/0 5<60

5026@ X-, V X-) OO 26 3/2?F6011-

GC22K c3- ^ @D :6 2;;0@H4:; E4:30 :EE;<N V J-) N ,-X ?O =;<O X-J V X-) ?O3/2?FD 6< 1H3H;01D 6< 270632=2:540 O:;F26@1-

GC222K c3 ) @D :6 2;;:@H4:; E4:30 ;<H@/4P <54<6@D *-X N ,-X ?O 3/2?FD : E<;32<6

<= 1H3H;0 4260 21 E;01063-

G2NK c3- *-) @D :6 2;;0@H4:; 4<O5<27 *-X N J-X N J-) ?OD X-) ?O 3/2?F V 6<

1H3H;01

GNK c3 ^-) @D : 7213<;307 2;;0@H4:; E4:30 )-X N J-) N ,-) ?O- ./0 J 3:5401

/:C0 1E423 :E:;3 1< 3/2?F6011 O0:1H;0O063 21 2OE<112540- !< 1H3H;01 :;0 E;01063D

2630;2<; C01104 O:;F26@1 O:F0 23 :4O<13 ?0;3:26 23 21 : E:;203:4 5<60-

GN2K c3 IX @D :6 2;;0@H4:; E4:30 ;<H@/4P ?2;?H4:; ,-) ?O 72:O030;D HE 3<

X-( ?O 3/2?FD 6< 1H3H;01 <; C01104 O:;F26@1D E;<5:54P E:;203:4 5<60



GN22K c3- I, @D M6 2;;0@H4:; ;/<O5<27 )-) N )-X N *-X ?OD HE 3< X-, ?O 3/2?F

V 1H3H;0 4260 :67 C01104 O:;F26@1 2672?:30 3/:3 3/21 21 3/0 E<130;2<; 26=0;2<; E<;32<6 <=

3/0 ;2@/3 E:;203:4 5<60

GN222K c3 II @D M6 2;;0@H4:; E4:30 ,-X N J-) N )-XD X-, ?O 3/2?FD 1H3H;0 4260

:4<6@ <60 07@0D 0N30612C04P =211H;07-

GN2CK c3 ( @D M6 2;;0@H4:; E<;32<6 :5<H3 ,-X ?O 1QH:;0 A23/ : 6<3?/D X-*)

?O 3/2?FD 6< 1H3H;01D 2630;6:4 C01104 O:;F26@1 E;<5:54P =;<63:4 <; E:;203:4-

GNCK c3 +-) @D M =;:@O063 X-) N ,-) ?O A23/ :6 2;;0@H4:; 1H3H;0 ;H6626@

:?;<11D 3/2?F6011 HE 3< X-J) ?O

GNC2K c3 I, @D M6 2;;0@H4:; E<130;2<; O:13<27 E<;32<6 <= 30OE<;:4 5<60D

;2@/3 1270 )-X N )-X N *-X ?O- &/<A26@ O:13<27 :67 <??2E23:4 @;<<C0 5060:3/ =<;

<??2E23:4 :;30;P- ./0 4:;@0 O:13<27 E;<?011 2672?:301 3/:3 23 A:1 E;<5:54P O:40- ./0

O:3<27 =<;:O06 21 A044 1006-

GNC22K c3 IJ @D #2@/3 ;:OH1 <= O:672540- Y0:7 :67 :6@40 /:C0 721:EE0:;07D

3/0 ?<;<6<27 E;<?011 21 E:;34P 0;<707-aP</P<27 ;27@0 21 E;<O26063-

;'FH $)9 ]'-92. 4().*

I-U<(729.-

:K M?;<O2:4 067 <= ;2@/3 ?4:C2?40 *-) @ X-( ?O 26 406@3/-

'2:O030; X-^ OO- ./0 26=0;2<; 1H;=:?0 21 0;<707- ./0 :;32?H4:; 1H;=:?0 A23/ 3/0

:?;<O2<6 21 ?40:;4P 1006-

5K 9<13:4 067 <= ;2@/3 ?4:C2?40D c3 ) @- 406@3/ X-+ ?O- '2:O030; <= d1/:=3d

IX OO- M33:?/O063 =<; ?<13<?4:C2?H4:; 42@:O063 21 C0;P E;<O26063-

?K &/:=3 <= ?4:C2?40D c3 ) @ '2:O030; <= 1/:=3 X-+ ?O- R06@3/ X-^ ?O-

7K B<;32<6 <= @406<27=<11: :67 , ?O <= O072:4 5<;70; <= ;2@/3 1?:EH4:D

c3 X-) @- ./0 @406<27=<11: 21 <C0; * ?O 26 231 4<6@0; :N210K .;2:6@H4<27 E<;32<6 <= 1E260 <= ;2@/3 1?:EH4:- c3 *@ J-) N *-) N J-) ?O-

=K B<;32<6 <= 1?:EH4: 1E260D c3 *-) @- '213<;32<6 E;0C0631 ;0?<@6232<6 <=

1270- ./0;0 :;0 3A< =;:@O0631 A/2?/ =23 3<@03/0; 0N:?34P 3< =<;O : E20?0 *-) N *-* N

J-) ?O

@K "406<27=<11: <= 40=3 1?:EH4: 26 3A< E20?01D c3 J-) @ a0:1H;0O063 <=

=<11: J-X N *-X ?O-

/K \;;0@H4:; =211H;07 1E260 <= 1?:EH4:D c3 I-) @ )-) N )-) N I-) ?O

ICC.- ;'FH

:K Y0:7 <= ;:72H1D c3 I-)@M;32?H4:; 1H;=:?0 I-W ?O 72:O030;D5K '213:4 E<;32<6 <= ;2@/3 ;:72H1 c3 *@- ";<<C01 =<; 0N3061<;

E<442?214<6@H1 :67 0N3061<; ?:;E2;:72:4215;0C21 :;0 A044 O:;F07-

?K .;<?/40: <= 4<A0; 067 <= 40=3 /HO0;H1D c3 *@-9:E23H4HO :67 O072:4

1H;=:?0 :;0 O21126@-

7K ^ ?O <= 4<A0; 067 <= 1/:=3 <= ;2@/3 /HO0;H1 c3 I,@ 1/<A26@

?:E23H4HO :67 4:30;:4 E:;3 <= <=3;<?/40:-./2?F6011 <= ?<;30N <= 1/:=3 X-J V X-J) OO-

./21 =;:@O063 1/<A1 : @;0:30; 70@;00 <= ?4:?2626@ 3/:6 <3/0;1 26 3/21 :10O54:@0

0K ^ ?O 406@3/ <= 1/:=3 <= 4<A0; 40=3 /HO0;H1D c3 IW-) @

=K ( ?O 406@3/ <= 1/:=3 <= ;2@/3 /HO0;H1D c3 I* @ !<:;32?H4:; 1H;=:?0

<40?;:6<6 <; ?<;<6<27=<11: E;01063- 9<;32?:4 3/2?F6011 21 X-* ?O-



@K B;<N2O:4 =;:@O063 <= ;2@/3 H46:D c3 *-) @ 406@3/ W ?O- ./0 3;<?/40:

6<3?/ 5H3 6<3 3/0 <40?;:6<6 21 E;01063-

/K Y0:7 <= ;2@/3 /HO0;H1 c3 W @ M;32?H4:; 1H;=:?0 :5<H3 , ?O 72:O030;-

*8.2%'* ^ G'H*

:K #2@/3 1HE0;2<; EH52? ;:OH1 c3 (-) @ )-) ?O 406@3/D '2:O030; I-) 3<

J-)

5K J* E<;32<61 <= ;251 =;<O I-) V ^ ?O 26 406@3/D c3 J) @

,;(L.- ;'FH

:K R:30;:4 R<A0; ?<67P40 <= 40=3 =0OH; c3 ^ @<130<E/P301 :3 4:30;:4

O:;@261 <= 3/0 :;32?H4:; 1H;=:?0-

5K #2@/3 @;0:30; 3;<?/:630;A23/ :33:?/07 E<;32<6 <= 60?FD c3 * @-

?K B<;32<6 <= /0:7 <= =0OH;D c3 * @- ./0 E23 =<; 3/0 42@:O063 <= 3/0 /0:7

21 ?40:;4P 1006 A/03/0; ;2@/3 <; 40=3 ?:66<3 50 7030;O2607-

7K 2- #2@/3 E:3044:D c3 , @- R:30;:4 :;32?H4:; 1H;=:?0 O0:1H;01 J N * ?O22- [;:@O063 <= :;32?H4:; 1H;=:?0 * N *-) ?O :67 H670;4P26@ 5<60

:4O<13 ?0;3:264P 40=3 E:3044:

0K B;<N2O:4 067 <= 40=3 3252: c3- IJ-) @ ./0 O072:4 ?<67P40 21 :4O<13

?<OE4030_ MBO0:1H;0O063 ,-) ?O R ' *-X ?O ./0 3<3:4 4:30;:4 O0:1H;0O063 21 (-)

?O ./0 3H50;?40 21 0;<707 :630;2<;4P- ./0 O072:4 07@0 <= 3/0 4:30;:4 ?<67P40 1/<A1

A/:3 O:P 50 <130<E/P30 =<;O:32<6- ";<<C01 =<; :630;2<; ?;H?2:30 42@:O063 :67 <6

3/0 O072:4 ?<67P40 :;0 A044 O:;F07 :1 21 3/:3 =<; 3/0 4:30;:4 10O24H6: ?:;324:@0- \ =267

23 2OE<112540 3< 50 1H;0 A/03/0; 3/21 21 3/0 ;01H43 <= 7213<;32<6 7H;26@ ?;0O:32<6D

<130<:;3/;2321 <; 3/0 1H5U0?3 5026@ : OH1?H4:; O:40-

=K B;<N2O:4 E<;32<6 <= ;2@/3 3252:D c3 I)@- ./0 O:;F26@1 :67 3/072:O030; <= :;32?H4:; 1H;=:?01 :;0 C0;P 12O24:; 3< 3/<10 26 , G0K

@K B<130;2<; E<;32<6 <= 40=3 <1?:4?21 c3 W @- O0:1H;0O063 , N ) N ,-) ?O

/K R:30;:4 /:4= <= ;2@/3 3:4H1D c3 )-) @- J N J N ) ?O :EE;<N- !< ?<OE4030

:;32?H4:; 1H;=:?0 21 E;01063-

2K R:30;:4 :67 HEE0; E<;32<6 <= 40=3 3:4H1D c. W @- B:;31 <= 3/0 :;32?H4:;

1H;=:?01 A23/ 6:C2?H4:; 5<60 :67 A23/ 4:30;:4 O:440<4H1 :;0 E;01063-

UK B:;3 <= 3;<?/40:; 1H;=:?0 <= 40=3 3:4H1D c3 , @- ./21 =;:@O063 7<01 6<3

=23 A23/ ,- G2K 5H3 :EE0:;:6?01 :;0 ?<61213063 A23/ 231 5026@ 3/0 1:O0 5<60-

FK #2@/3 =2=3/ O03:3:;1:4D c3 J @- R06@3/ ) ?O- ./21 :;32?H4:32<6 A23/ 3/0

?H5<27 5<60 21 ?40:;4P 1006-

\&<.- I)'9.)&'0'.9 T-$6F.)&*

M E<;32<6 <= :;32?H4:; 1H;=:?0 * ?O 26 72:O030;D c3 , @ :67 H670;4P26@ ?:6?044<H1

5<60- ";<<C26@ 21 ?<61213063 A23/ 3/0 @;<<C0 <= :33:?/O063 <= 3/0 ?:E1H4:; 42@:O063

503A006 3/0 :;32?H4:; 1H;=:?0 :67 3/0 1H51?:EH4:;21 2-0- 3/21 21 :4O<13 ?0;3:264P :

/0:7 <= : /HO0;H1

* 10O2 4H6:;D <; 3;2:6@H4<27 :;0:D <= :;32?H4:; 1H;=:?0 O0:1H;26@ I-* N J-)D I-) N *-X

:67 J-X N , E;<5:54P :44 E<;32<6 <= /0:71 <= =0OH;-

,) =;:@O0631 <= E/:4:6@01 :67 O03:3:;1:41c3 I^ @D

I*) =;:@O0631 <= ?<;32?01 <= 4<6@ 5<601 0:?/ <C0; I @D :44 /0:C24P =211H;07 :677213<;307-./2?F6011 <= ?<;32?0 HE 3< X-) ?O-



.<3:4 A02@/3 J)X @-

JXX =;:@O0631 <= 5<601 0:?/ A02@/26@ 4011 3/:6 I@ O<134P ?<;32?:4 5<60- c3 ^X @

,XX =;:@O0631 <= ?:6?044<H1 5<60 HE 3< I ?O ?H50-

.<3:4 A02@/3 ,XX @-

I( :11<;307 =;:@O0631 <= 1FH44 C:H43 5<601 6<60 /0:C20; 3/:6 X-) @ <; 4:;@0; 3/:6 J-)

N I ?O 72:O030;- c02@/3 ^ @-

(JX =;:@O0631 503A006 X-I V X-J) ?O 72:O030;- .<3:4 A02@/3 26?4H726@ 1<O0 72;3

I() @-

B..&<

J 703:?/07 :7H43 O<4:; ?;<A61

I 3<<3/ A23/ : 52=27 ;<<3 A23/<H3 : ?;<A6 G: O<4:; <; E;0O<4:;K

JI ;<<3 =;:@O0631-

,(FF.)&

];6 J ?<63:2607 IIWX @ ?;0O:307 5<60- M44 =;:@O0631 1006 /:C0 :EE0:;:6?01?<61213063 A23/ /:C26@ ?<O0 =;<O : /HO:6 :7H43-

./0 12T0 <= =;:@O0631 :67 E;<O2606?0 <= OH1?40 :33:?/O063 03?- 1H@@013 3/:3 3/0

1F0403<6 A:1 O:40- ./0;0 21 6< 0C2706?0 <= O:30;2:4 =;<O O<;0 3/:6 <60 5<7P-

./0;0 21 6< 0C2706?0 <= 7210:10 :E:;3 =;<O 3/0 <130<E/P30=<;O:32<6 GI:D J@D ,:D :67

,0K- \6 3/0 1FH44 C:H43 5<601 3/0;0 21 6< 12@6 <= H62<6 <= 1H3H;01-

IGX X(@ D

];6 !<- * ?<63:2607 4011 5<6P O:30;2:4 :67 6< 0C2706?0 <= <;@:62107 E:?F26@ <=O:30;2:4 :1 A:1 1006 26 ];6 !<- J-

I &0C0;:4 /H67;07 =;:@O0631 <= ?:6?044<H1 5<60D 6<60 O0:1H;26@ O<;0 3/:6 I

?O 26 :6P 72:O030;- !< :;32?H4:;1=<; <3/0; ;0?<@621:540 13;H?3H;01- .<3:4 A02@/3 IXI

@-

J M5<H3 ) 7<T06 7213<;307 =;:@O0631 <= 1FH44 C:H43 5<601 0:?/ ?<6121326@ <=

<64P <60 d3:540d- !< 1H3H;01 E;01063- a:N2OHO 3/2?F6011 21 I OO- c02@/3 )) @

*-J 7<T06 =;:@O0631 <= ?<;32?01 <= 4<6@ 5<601 7213<;307 :67 =211H;07 3/0 4<6@013

5026@ IID ( :67 W ?O 26 406@3/ A23/ 72:O030; <= 1/:=31 I-)D I-( :67 X-( ?O

;01E0?32C04P- \6 6< E4:?0 21 3/0 3/2?F6011 <= 3/0 ?<;30N O<;0 3/:6 J OO- !<;0?<@621:540 =0:3H;01 0E2E/P101 <; :;32?H4:; 1H;=:?01 :;0 E;01063- c02@/3 (( @-

, M6 :110O54:@0 <= J 7<T06 E20?01 <= ?:6?044<H1 5<60 4:;@0; 3/:3 26 GIK

26?4H726@ 10C0;:4 ;0?<@621:540 =;:@O0631 C2T$

G:K #:OH1 <= EH521 J N X-) N I

G5K \1?/2:43;H50;<123P J-) N I-) N ,-

G?K M?03:5H4HO- ./0 =;:@O063 <= :;32?H4:; 1H;=:?0 O0:1H;01 X-) N I-X :67

3/0 ?H;C:3H;0 2672?:301 : 72:O030; <= :5<H3 J-) ?O./0 3/2?F6011 <= 5<60 :3 3/21

E<263 21 X-^ ?O-

G7K * E<;32<61 <= C0;305;:4 5<7P ' I-)D I :67 I-J ?O ;01E0?32C04P-

G0K E:;3 <= E03;<H1 30OE<;:4 5<60 1/<A26@ :H723<;P O0:3H1-.<3:4 A02@/3WX @-



) &0E:;:307 :;32?H4:; 1H;=:?0 <= 4<6@ 5<60 023/0; /0:7 <= /HO0;H1 <; /0:7 <=

=0OH;- B;<5:540 72:O030; J-) V * ?O &0E:;:32<6 :EE0:;1 3< /:C0 <??H;;07 :3 3/0

0E2E/P10:4 E4:30- c02@/3 X-( @

W- M;32?H4:; 1H;=:?0 <= O03:3:;1:4 E;<5:54P 3/0 =2;13 1/<A26@ :6 :;32?H4:; 1H;=:?0

:5<H3 X-^?O 26 72:O03P0; A23/ O:;F26@1 <= :6 0E2E/121- c02@/3 X-) @-

( '213:4 E<;32<6 <= 40=3 ;:72H1- !< :;32?H4:; 1H;=:?0 1006- \ E;01HO0 3/:3 3/0;0

/:1 5006 10E:;:32<6 <= 3/21 E20?0 <= 1/:=3 :3 3/0 0E2E/P10:4 E4:30- ./0 5<60 21 :5<H3

X-^ ?O :3 231 4<6@013 72:O030;- c02@/3 X-( @-

^- [;:@O063 <= 40=3 O:672540D c3 )-W @- ./0 ;:OH1 O0:1H;01 I-) ?O N X-( ?O

3;:61C0;104P- !< ?<67P4:;:;32?H4:; 1H;=:?0 21 1006- ./0 406@3/ =;<O ?<67P4:; E<;32<6

3< :6@40 21 * ?O- ) 3<<3/ 1<?F031 :;0 C212540- * A23/ 1<?F031 =<; 3A< ;<<31D 3A<

:EE:;0634P =<; 126@40 ;<<31- ./010 3A< 4:330; :;0 26?<OE4030- '2:O030;1 <= 3/0 3<<3/

1<E?F031 =<; O<4:; :67 E;0O<4:; 3003/ :;0 0:?/ X-* V X-) ?O

,(FF.)&

];6 !<- * ?<63:261 J*+ @ ?;0O:307 5<60 3/0 O:U<;23P <= A/2?/ 21 26 C0;P 1O:44=;:@O0631- M44 =;:@O0631 270632=207 :;0 <= /HO:6 <;2@26- ]6=<;3H6:304P 3/0 =0A

=;:@O0631 A/2?/ :44<A 270632=2?:32<6 <= 0E2E/P10:4 E4:301 :;0 =;<O 5<601 26 A/2?/

3/010 :EE0:; :3 * V , P0:;1 :67 H6230 7H;26@ 3/0 4:30 3006:@0 P0:;1 :44<A26@ 6< ?4<10;

0132O:30 <= :@0 3/:6 503A006 * V I^ P0:;1- ./0 12T0 <= 3/0 =;:@O0631 2672?:30 3/:3

3/0 1H5U0?3 21 :3 3/0 4<A0; 067 <= 3/21 :@0 ;:6@0-

1HH-.%'$&'()*$V

MB M630;< E<130;2<;

' '0E3/ :1 H107 3< 701?;250 =<; 2613:6?0 C0;32?:4 7213:6?0 503A0062630;C0;305;:4:;32?H4:; 1H;=:?01-

.a .;:61C0;10 O0:1H;0O063 V O0:1H;0O0631 :;0 26 ?0632O03;01

c3 A02@/31 :;0 @2C06 3< 60:;013 X-) @-



K.&$2L(-M

](29 E$'- &-.**

O.*#-'C&'() $)9 ?)&.-C-.&$&'()

6 6 0782)*

./0 1O:44 @<47 <5U0?3D G=2@H;01 IX :67 IIK A23/ 3/0 :EE0:;:6?0 <= :6

H6=2621/07 50:7D 21 O:70 =;<O : 3/26 1/003 <= @<47D ;<4407 3< =<;O : 3H50V42F0 <5U0?3D

I-J ?O1- 5P X-(?O- `60 07@0 50:;1 3A< E:;:4404 26?2107 42601 :67 3/0 <3/0; 07@0 21

U:@@07 :1 2= ?H3 5P A23/ 1/0:;1- \3 21 :6 H6H1H:4 =267 =<; 3/0 L;2321/ \1401D :1 1H?/

<5U0?31 :;0 O<;0 ?<OO<64P =<H67 :11<?2:307 A23/ M34:632? SH;<E0:6 L0:F0; 5H;2:41D

E:;32?H4:;4P 26 O0@:423/2? 10?<67:;P ?<630N31 :4<6@ 3/0 ?<:13 <= [;:6?0-

./010 <5U0?31 :;0 6023/0; =2621/07 50:71 6<;

<;6:O0631 A23/ E0;=<;:32<61 =<; :33:?/O063-

./0P H1H:44P /:C0 : 4260D ?;H704P :EE4207

:4<6@ <60 4<6@23H726:4 1270 5H3 A/2?/

:EE0:;1 ?42EE07 <6 3/0 <EE<1230 07@0D

1H@@01326@ 3/0 2OE<;3:6?0 3< 3/0 E0;1<6 A23/

A/<O 23 A:1 5H;207 4201 26 231 E;0106?0 :1

@<47D ;:3/0; 3/:6 231 =H6?32<6 :1 : 5:7@0 :67

<;6:O063-

`64P 3A< <3/0; 0N:OE401 <= 1H?/ <5U0?31 :;0

F6<A6 =;<O 3/0 L;2321/ \1401- M6 0N?:C:32<6 :39/245<43<6D Y:OE1/2;0 G&]*+(*+WK <= :

L0:F0; ;26@V723?/ P204707 :6<3/0; 0N:OE40 <=

1H?/ :6 <5U0?3 :11<?2:307 A23/ 3A< E:2;1 <=

@<47 5:1F03 0:;;26@1 4<?:307 60:; 3/0 /0:7 <=

3/0 E;2O:;P 26/HO:32<6G#H11044 I++X I)*V

I(JK- M O<13 E;<C<F26@ =267 A/2?/ A244 50

?<OO06307 HE<6 4:30;- ./0 <64P <3/0; 0N:OE40 F6<A6 =;<O 3/0 L;2321/ \1401 21 3/0

=267 =;<O .<O .2C0Pk1 Y<40D &<O0;103 GL:;;033D I+WW +VJ,K- \3 A:1 =<H67 26 : L;<6T0

M@0 ?<630N3 A23/ : 5:;507V:67V3:6@07 :;;<A/0:7D 5H3 6<3/26@ O<;0 <= 231 1<?2:4

?<630N3 21 F6<A6- M44 :;0 ;<4407 /<;2T<63:44P A23/ : 142@/3 <C0;4:E <= 3/0 5:67-

&0C0;:4 :1E0?31 <= 3/0 B067403<6 =267 1H@@013 3/:3 23 3<< O2@/3 50 <= L0:F0; ;:3/0;

3/:6 <= 3/0 E<13VL0:F0; E0;2<7 :67 3/21 1/<H47 50 ?<61270;07- ./0 =:?3 3/:3 A0 /:C0

:6 H6?<OO<6 3PE0 <= <5U0?3D C:;2<H14P 701?;2507 5P 1<O0 :1 : d50:7dD A/2?/ 100O1

:3 /<O0 26 3/0 L0:F0; E0;2<7D 21 =H;3/0; 1HEE<;307 5P 3/0 7:30 <= *(,X l^X 5E

G9,:72; I(+X5?K =;<O 9/245<43<6D Y:OE1/2;0- ./:3 ?<HE407 A23/ 3/0 =:?3 <= 3/0

;0@2<6:4 !<;3/A013 <= S6@4:67 3;:23 1/<A26@ : 306706?P 3< H10 ?<44:;1 <6 3/0 L0:F0;

d7;26F26@ C01104d 12T0 <= =H60;:;P E<330;PD 1H@@0131 3/21 3<< O:P 50 7:326@ 3<

1<O0A/0;0 26 3/0 94:112? L0:F0; E0;2<7-

T'67-. >_@ ](29 <$'- &-.**



T'67-. >>@ ](29 <$'- &-.**

0-(F *<(L')6 &<. ')#'*.9

2').* $-(7)9 &<. F(7&<



\3 A<H47 100O 3/0;0=<;0 3/:3 A0 /:C0 /0;0 :6 H6H1H:4 @<47 <5U0?3 =<H67 26 :6

H6H1H:4 ?<630N3D 5H3 <60 3/:3 ?<H47 :;@H:54P 50 L0:F0;- ./0 =H6?32<6 <= 3/010

<5U0?31 26 3/02; 1<?2:4 ?<630N3 21 72==2?H43 3< ;0?<613;H?3 :E:;3 =;<O 1H@@01326@ 3/:3 :6

2672C27H:4 <= 3/21 1<?2:4 13:3H1 A:1 ;0QH2;07 3< 50 5H;207 A23/ @<47D 5H3 26 3/0 ?:10 <=

3/0 9/245<43<6 E;2O:;P 5H;2:4D 3/0 2672C27H:4 A:1 :41< 5H;207 A23/ 3A< E:2;1 <= @<470:;;26@1D 26 3/0O104C01 : ?H;2<H1 :11<?2:32<6D :67 <60 3/:3 ;0QH2;01 1<O0 ;0V3/26F26@

<= 2630;E;03:32<6D 01E0?2:44P :1 23 /:1 5006 :11HO07 3/:3 3/0 5H;2:4 <= @<47 A23/ :6

2672C27H:4 A:1 : 13:3H1 5:7@0 706<326@ 1<O0 E;0132@2<H1 E<1232<6 A23/26 1<?203P V

023/0; <= E<4232?:4D ;042@2<H1 <; /0;0723:;P ;:6FD :67 3A< E:2;1 <= @<47 0:;;26@1 A<H47

50 ?<61270;07 :6 <C0;0OE/:121 <= 3/21 E<263-

./0 721?<C0;P <= 12O24:; <5U0?31 26 [;06?/ ?<630N31 GS4Hm;0D I+^JD *^_ "2<3iL;2:;7D

I+WJD WVI(K E;07<O26:634P <??H;;07 26 :632QH:;2:6 0N?:C:32<61D 1< 3/02; 4<?:32<6 26

;04:32<6 3< 3/0 2672C27H:4 3/0P :??<OE:6207 A:1 =;0QH0634P 4<13- ./0 7<O26:63

;0@2<6 <= L0:F0; @<47 21 =<?H107 <6 3/0 L;2321/ \1401 A23/ 231 ;:6@0 <= E0;1<6:4 230O11H?/ :1 5:1F03 0:;;26@1D L0:F0; 721?1D ;2C03 ?:E1 <= @<47 <6 @;00613<60 5;:?0;1D :67

<= ?<H;10 3/0 ?<OO<64P <A607 4H6H4:0D A/240 3/0 SH;<E0:6 H10 <= @<47 :1 @;:C0

@<<71 A:1 ;:3/0; O262O:4D H1H:44P 3:F26@ 3/0 =<;O <= 1O:44 126@40 230O1D 1H?/ :1

50:71D 1O:44 721?1D ;26@1D 03?-D A/2?/ :;0 <=306 ?4:1107 :1 d3;26F031d 50?:H10 3/0P 727

6<3 ?<OE:;0 A23/ 3/0 4:30;D :67 4:;@0;D ;2?/ =2671 <= 3/0 M;O<;2?:6 [2;13 &0;201

@;:C01- ./21 1H5U0?32C0D :67 6< 7<H53D 2OE<107 E0;?0E32<6 =<;?07 <6 3/0

2630;E;03:32<6 <= 3/0 E:13 5P :;?/:0<4<@2131D 7<01 : 721V10;C2?0 3< <H; H670;13:6726@

<= 3/0 ;0:1<61 =<; @<47 H1:@0 26 E;0/213<;PD A/2?/ A23/<H3 7<H53 E0;=<;O07 26 :6

:3PE2?:4 O:660; A23/26 E;0/213<;2? 1<?203PD 01E0?2:44P <510;C:540 A23/26 3/0 S:;4P

L;<6T0 M@0 @;:C01 <= 3/0 L0:F0; E0<E40 :67 3/02; 701?067:631- \3 21 H642F04P A0 ?:6@03 =H;3/0; :3 3/0 O<O063 26 3/0 2630;E;03:32<6 <= 3/0 H10 <= 1H?/ :6 <5U0?3D 5H3 3/0

30?/6<4<@P H107 26 231 O:6H=:?3H;0 21 A<;3/ ?<OO063-

./0 1/003 E;<7H?32<6 <= @<47 <5U0?31 26 3/0 L0:F0; E0;2<7D :67 3/0 E0;2<7 =<44<A26@

F6<A6 @060;:44P :1 3/0 S:;4P L;<6T0 M@0D :67 E0<E407 5P 3/0 L0:F0; 701?067:631D

A:1 7<O26:63D 2630632<6:4 :67 0N?4H12C04P E;:?32107- ./0P /:7 3/0 F6<A407@0 <= /<A

3< ?:13 ?<EE0; :67 ?<EE0; :44<P1D :67 26 =:?3D 3/0 L;2321/ \1401 A:1 3/0 =2;13 3<

13:67:;7210 326 5;<6T0 3< 231 E;0=0;;07 306 E0; ?063D 1< A0 :;0 6<3 :1101126@ 3/0

30?/6<4<@2?:4 42O23:32<61 <= 3/02; ?;:=31O06D A/06 A0 1:P 3/0P ;013;2?307 3/02; @<47

A<;F 3< 3/0 H10 <= 1/003- ./0P 100O 3< /:C0 A<;F07 3/02; @<47 =;<O 1O:44 5H4403V12T07 26@<31 <= @<47D :67 3/02; :52423P 3< ?<63;<4 <5U0?31 <= ?<61270;:540 12T0 1H?/ :1

4H6H4:0 26 : 1F24=H4 50:326@ <= 3/0 1/003 3< 2OE:;3 13;06@3/ A0;0 600707

70O<613;:301 3/02; 1F244 26 A/:3 3/0P A0;0 7<26@- \6 : 1O:44 230O 1H?/ :1 3/0

B067403<6 <5U0?31D <60 21 30OE307 3< <C0;4<<F 3/010 E<2631 50?:H10 23 5<;70;1 <6

3/0 ?;H70 :67 H6=2621/07D 5H3 23 3<< ?<63;25H301 3< <H; H670;13:6726@ <= 3/0 3PE01 <=

3<<41 0OE4<P07 5P 3/010 @<471O23/1- ./0 ?42EE26@ <= 3/0 07@0 <= @<47 :4<6@ 231 406@3/

A23/ : 50C04 3< <60 1270 1H@@0131 3/:3 23 A:1 ?42EE07 5P 1/0:;1 ;:3/0; 3/:6 ?H3 A23/ :

?/2104- ./0 ;03;20C:4 <= :6P 0C2706?0 <= 70?<;:32<6 5026@ 2OE;01107 5P : /:OO0;07

?/2104D :67 <= ?<H;10D 4:30; /:C0 5006 ;03;20C07- ./0 4260D 2OE;01107 A/240 3/0 1/003

A:1 H6?H;407D 100O1 3< /:C0 5006 26?2107 26 UH13 3/21 O:660;-



./0 3PE0 <= <5U0?3D @060;:44P ?4:1107 :1 : d3;26F03dD d50:7dD d;<4407 @<47 5:67d

GS4Hm;0D I+^JD *^K =;<O 3/0 M34:632? 9<:13:4 ;0@2<6 <= \50;2: :67 [;:6?0D 3/0 BP;060:6

;0@2<6D :67 3/0 "H4= <= RP<61D G"H24:260D I+W(D ),V))D B4-I*$)V^DIIK :EE0:;1 3< 50 6<

O<;0 3/:6 : @<47 ?42EE26@ <= 1/003D 26 :6 H6=2621/07 13:30D 3/:3 A:1 E4:?07 A23/ 3/0

70:7 :1 2= <64P : O262O:4 E;0106?0 <= @<47 A:1 60?011:;P =<; ;23H:4 EH;E<101- ./0

[;06?/ 0N:OE401 <= 3/21 <5U0?3 :;0 <=306 =<H67 2610;307 A23/ L0:F0; 5H;2:41 263<

a0@:423/2? 3<O51_ 1:74PD O<13 A0;0 0N?:C:307 26 3/0 M632QH:;2:6 E0;2<7D 1< 3/02;

E;0?210 :;?/:0<4<@2?:4 ?<630N3 =;0QH0634P A:1 4<13 GS4Hm;0D I+^JD *^K- !<AD /<A0C0;D

3A< <??H;;06?01 26 L;23:26 ?<OE42?:30 3/21 2630;E;03:32<6- B;2<; 3< 3/010 3A< =2671D

.<O .2C0Pk1 Y<40 26 &<O0;103 A:1 3/0 1<40 0N:OE40 =;<O 3/0 L;2321/ \1401 G"H24:260D

I+W(D ),V))D B4-I*$)V^DIIK- \31 ?<630N3 A:1 : @060;:4 <60 A23/ : 5:;507V:67V3:6@07

:;;<A/0:7 =;<O :6 S:;4P L;<6T0 M@0 40C04- ./0 60A 0N:OE401 26?4H70 3/0 <60 =;<O

B067403<6 :67 3/0 <3/0; =;<O 9/245<43<6D O0632<607 :5<C0-

./010 1O:44 5:671 :EE0:; 3< 50 ?42EE07 A23/ : 50C04407 07@0 <6 <60 1270 :67

70?<;:307 A23/ :6 26?2107 4260 :4<6@ 3/0 <EE<1230 07@0 <= 3/0 5:67_ 1<O032O01D :1 263/0 .<O .2C0Pk1 Y<40 0N:OE40D 3/0;0 21 : 126@40 E0;=<;:32<6- M44 :;0 ;<4407 /<;2T<63:44P

A23/ : 142@/3 <C0;4:E <= 3/0 5:67-

,<.F'#$2 ,(FC(*'&'() 1)$23*'*

< = >7**)?@2)A$B

./0 /:2; 3;011 A:1 O0:1H;07 =<; 231 ?/0O2?:4 ?<OE<1232<6 H126@ :6 040?3;<6 E;<50

O2?;<:6:4P121 30?/62QH0 G=2@H;01 IJD I*D I, :67 I)K- ./0 <5U0?3 A:1 :6:4P107 <6 :

&Sa E;<50 26 3/0 aH432V\O:@26@ 9063;0 :3 3/0 ]62C0;123P <= 9:O5;27@0- ./030?/62QH0 21 =H44P 701?;2507 26 B<331 GI+^(K-

1)$23&'#$2 &.#<)'`7.

./0;0 :;0 6HO0;<H1 E;<540O1 :11<?2:307 A23/ O0:1H;26@ 040O063:4 ?<6?063;:32<61

5P 1?:6626@ 040?3;<6 O2?;<E;<501 G100 9/:;401D I+(*_ YH@/01 34 72 I+^JK- \6 <;70; 3<

:C<27 3/010 E;<540O1 3/0 O03/<7 =2;13 E;<E<107 5P !<;3/<C0; :67 :7<E307 5P #</4

:67 !007/:O GI++^$ IIK A:1 =<44<A07- !:O04P 3/:3 O0:1H;0O063 21 3:F06 =;<O

1?:6607 :;0:1 ;:3/0; 3/:6 E<2631- \6 3/21 ?:10 =<H; 1?:6607 :;0:1 A0;0 O0:1H;07-

G.*72&*./0 =<H; 1E0?3;: :;0 103 <H3 504<A- `= 3/0 =<H; O0:1H;07<60D 1E0?3;HO *D /:1 5006

0N?4H707 =;<O 3/0 2630;E;03:32<6 50?:H10 3/0 ?<6?063;:32<6 <= 2;<6 0N?0071 In

A/2?/ 1H@@0131 3/:3 ?<;;<12<6 E;<7H?31 A0;0 E;01063D /06?0 3/0 :6:4P121 A:1 6<3

1<404P <= 3/0 O03:4- ./0 ?<6?063;:32<61 =<; 3/0 ;0O:2626@ 3/;00 1E0?3;: A0;0

:C0;:@07- ./0 ;01H431 1/<A 3/:3 3/0 E0;?063:@0 ?/0O2?:4 ?<OE<1232<6 <= 3/0 <5U0?3

A:1$

"<47 ,,-)J*

B4:326HO *)-)J*

&24C0; J-W+W



T'67-. >A@ UC.#&-7F >N 1-.$ *#$)).9 ')9'#$&.9 H3 &<. H("

Spectrum processing :

No peaks omitted

Processing option : All elements analyzed (Normalised)

Number of iterations = 3

Element Weight% Atomic%

C K 14.41 66.11

O K 2.94 10.12

Ag L 2.47 1.26

Pt M 35.15 9.92

Au M 45.03 12.59

Totals 100.00



T'67-. >D@ UC.#&-7F AN 1-.$ *#$)).9 ')9'#$&.9 H3 &<. #(2(7-.9 H("


Peak possibly omitted : 1.180 keV




C K 10.94 57.85

O K 3.43 13.63

Ag L 2.92 1.72

Pt M 37.16 12.10

Au M 45.55 14.69

Totals 100.00



T'67-. >J@ UC.#&-7F DN 1-.$ *#$)).9 ')9'#$&.9 H3 &<. H("


No peaks omitted




O K 7.32 47.20

Fe K 1.61 2.97

Ag L 4.40 4.21

Pt M 38.53 20.39

Au M 48.15 25.24

Totals 100.00



T'67-. >V@ UC.#&-7F JN 1-.$ *#$)).9 ')9'#$&.9 H3 &<. H("


No peaks omitted




C K 14.45 60.94

O K 5.64 17.86

Ag L 2.66 1.25

Pt M 34.26 8.89

Au M 42.99 11.05

Totals 100.00



P(-M.9 4().

;(5.)6.Q*<$C.9 H7&&()

./0 5H33<6 21 4<T06@0V1/:E07_ J-I?O 4<6@ 5P X-( ?O- A270 :67 X-I) ?O 3/2?F :67?:4?2607 G=2@H;0 IWK- \3 A:1 721?<C0;07 503A006 3A< 142C0;1 <= ?;0O:307 /HO:6 5<60

142@/34P ?0O06307 3<@03/0;- ./0;0 100O1 423340 7<H53 3/:3 23 A:1 ?;0O:307 A23/ 3/0

5<7P :1 E:;3 <= 1<O0 ?4<3/26@ <; ?<C0;26@ :67 6<3 26?4H707 :1 : 5H;2:4 <==0;26@ 42F0

3/0 @<47 :67 QH:;3T ?;P13:41-

T'67-. >W@ ?227*&-$&'() $)9 C<(&(6-$C< (0 &<. 2(5.)6.Q*<$C.9 H7&&()

./21 5H33<6 21 3/0 <64P d5H33<6d <; dE4:QH0d <= 231 ?4:11 3< /:C0 5006 =<H67:11<?2:307 A23/ ?<44:;07 H;61- R<6@A<;3/ GI+^,$ WJK ?2301 ?<OE:;:540 <5U0?31

721?<C0;07 26 B0;3/1/2;0D A23/ : =<<7 C01104 :3 c<<7/0:7 <= ":;C<?F G9<A20D I+(^D

=2@ J(K :6<3/0; :3 aH;3/4P Ga23?/044 I^(ID JW+K :67 : =H;3/0; <60D 1H5V;0?3:6@H4:; 26

=<;OD =;<O L:46:5;:27 26 M;@P44 G":44<A:P I+I+oJXD I(+D =2@ (K- ./0 4:330; A:1

:??<OE:6207 5P 3/0 ;0O:261 <= : ;0E<H11pV70?<;:307 5;<6T0 1/003- '0;0F &2OE1<6

GE0;1<6:4 ?<OOH62?:32<6K 7;:A1 :330632<6 3< : 142@/34P 1O:440; 0N:OE40 721?<C0;07

26 : ?<;7<607 H;6 <6 : OH432VE0;2<7 1230 :3 #:2@O<;0 26 \6C0;6011- Y0 701?;2501 23 :1

: d3<@@40d <= : 3PE0 =;0QH0634P :11<?2:307 A23/ ?<;7<607 H;61-

./010 5H33<61 2672?:30 3/0 E;0106?0 <= ?4<3/26@ <; : 1/;<H7D 5<3/ <= A/2?/ /:C05006 ;0?<C0;07 =;<O 26/HO:32<6 5H;2:41- ./0 O<13 1E0?3:?H4:; ?4<3/26@ A:1 =<H67

A23/ 3/0 =0O:40 5<7201 5H;207 26 3;00V3;H6F ?<==261 26 '06O:;F- \6 : ?:6<0V?<==26

G:112@607 5P 9I, 7:326@ 3< : 4:30; E0;2<7_ S7A:;71D I+(*K :3 ZH0;6O<;0D R:6?:130; :

A044VE;010;C07 1/;<H7 A:1 =<H67D :43/<H@/ 3/0 5<7P /:7 6<3 1H;C2C07- R<T06@0V

1/:E07 5H33<61D /<A0C0;D 1H@@0131 42@/30; @:;O0631D E0;/:E1 1<O0 F267 <= 42606

1/2;3D 2OE4207 5P 3/0 E;0106?0 <= : =;:@O063 <= 42606 26 <60 <= 3/0 H;61 :3 L40:17:40D

: =0A O2401 A013 <= B067403<6-

\3 21 E<112540 3/:3 3/0 1/:E0 <= 3/0 5H33<6 O:P /:C0 /:7 : ;23H:4 12@62=2?:6?0- ./0

4<T06@0 A:1 : ?<OO<6 O<32= 3/;<H@/<H3 4:30 !0<423/2? :67 L;<6T0 :@0 32O01D

:EE0:;26@ <6 70?<;:307 13<601 26 O0@:423/2? 3<O51D <6 3/0 ?/:4F 7;HO1 =;<O



[<4F3<6D G1H?/ :1 3/0 @<47 E4:30 =;<O LH1/ L:;;<AD c241=<;7D q26601i R<6@A<;3/D

I+^)D J,)$ IV*K :67 :1 70?<;:32<6 <6 @<47 A<;F GM66:540i &2OE1<6D I+W, E ,) =2@-

IW^K- \3 ?:6 50 1006 ;0E0:307 :1 :6 040O063 26 4:332?0 70?<;:32<6 <6 ?<44:;07 H;61

:67D O<;0 ;:;04PD :1 : @0<O03;2? =<;O 26 231 <A6 ;2@/3D :1 <6 <60 <= 3/0 H;61 =;<O

R:6?:130; a<<; GY:44:ODI++XD JW)K :67 <6 : L0:F0; =;<O ./<;63<6V26 9;:C06

Y:44:ODI++XD J,,K- \3 21 :41< E;01063 <6 ];6 J :3 9:;;20;1 9;<=3D 2= 5<3/ ?<44:; :67 60?F

70?<;:32<61 :;0 <510;C07 3<@03/0;-

./010 5H33<61 <; 3<@@401 :;0 ;04:307 3< 3/0 <5U0?31 421307 5P R<6@A<;3/ GI+^,K H670;

3/0 /0:726@$ d5H33<61o3<@@401o50:71d_ 3/:3 :;0 <=306 :11<?2:307 A23/ 9<44:;07 ];61-

Y0 42131 3/0 =267 :??<OE:6P26@ 3/0 H;6 :3 B2670; Y244D c:7726@3<6 :1 : 3<@@40 V

d3H5H4:; A23/ <60 ?063;:4 E0;=<;:32<6 26 ?063;:4 1A04426@ :67 ?<44:;07 0671d-

\630;01326@4PD 3/0 <64P <3/0; 0N:OE40 /0 QH<301 <= 3/21 ?4:11 21 =;<O &?<34:67D G.H;2==

26 ";:OE2:6K- ./0 5<60 5H33<6 721?<C0;07 A23/ : ?<44:;07 H;6 :3 SA:6 #2@@D

a:;PE<;3D 9HO5;2: GL0A40PD I++JD =2@ +K 21 :6<3/0; 3<@@40 12O24:; 3< 3/0 <60 =;<O

B2670; Y244-



8(&&.-3

,(22$-.9 I-)*

I-) >: 0'67-.* >Y $)9 >Z

<#C3,5#),5$ /02@/3D *J ?O 1H;C2C01_ O<H3/ 72:- *)-) ?O_ O:N- 72:- ,J ?O-

<3@)*74#),$ `6 ;2O 50C04$ 3A< 3A21307 ?<;7 42601- `6 ?<44:;$ [2C0 ;<A1 <= 52;7 5<60

2OE;0112<61 A23/ =<H; 3A21307 ?<;7 42601 :5<C0 :67 12N 26?2107 42601 504<A- `6 60?F$

\6?2107 /<;2T<63:4 T2@T:@1 <C0;4:27 A23/ 26?2107 C0;32?:4 42601- ./0 3A21307 ?<;7 A:1

:EE:;0634P :EE4207 1E2;:44P- c/0;0 3/0 4<A0; 07@0 <= 3/0 ?<44:; 21 O21126@D :

?<6326H<H1 261?;2507 /<;2T<63:4 4260 21 C212540D =2621/26@ <== 3/0 60?F 70?<;:32<6-

:)2)A* ! 9<4<H; ?<701 ;0=0; 3< 3/0 aH61044 &<24 9<4<H; 9/:;31K$ SN30;2<;$ ) r# (o,GE26FK 3< (-) r# Wo, G42@/3 5;<A6K A23/ :;0:1 <= =HO26@ G) r# )oI V @;0PK- \630;2<;$ ) r#

Wo* G42@/3 ;07721/ 5;<A6K A23/ H60C06 ?:;5<6:?0<H1 70E<123 G) r# *oIK HE 3< A23/26

I( ?O <= 3/0 ;2O-

:)CD)5#4#),$ &<O0 1O:44 13<60 26?4H12<61_ @;<@ 6<3 C212540 O:?;<1?<E2?:44PD 5H3 :

4:;@0 :O<H63 <= 30OE0; OH13 /:C0 5006 H107 <6 1H?/ : 52@ C01104-

:)CC3,4 $ ./0 /<;2T<63:4 4260 =2621/26@ <== 3/0 60?F 70?<;:32<6 ?:66<3 50 ;0:?/07

A/06 3/0 ?<44:; 21 26 E4:?0- ./0 60?F OH13 /:C0 5006 70?<;:307D 3/0;0=<;0D 50=<;0

3/0 ?<44:; A:1 :EE4207-

T'67-. >Y@ ,(22$-.9 I-) > *<(L')6 &<. %$-'(7* 0(-F* (0 9.#(-$&'() $CC2'.9 &( &<. *7-0$#.



T'67-. >Z@ 8<(&(6-$C<* (0 I-) ?: &(CN 7-) *<.-9*: H(&&(F -.#()*&-7#&'() (0 &<. -'F



I-) AN 0'67-. >[

<#C3,5#),5$ /3- *I-) ?O_ 72:- JI ?O :3 O<H3/D JW-) ?O :3 ?<44:; 07@0D IX ?O :3 5:10-

<3@)*74#),; <6 ;2O 50C04D 3A< ;<A1 <= 3/HO56:24 <; 1E:3H4: 2OE;0112<61D 0N0?H307

A23/ 3/0 /:67 /047 261270 3/0 E<3_ <6 ?<44:;D 26?2107 =24407 3;2:6@401 A23/ 26?2107

/<;2T<63:4 4260 504<A =<; E:;3 <= 3/0 ?2;?HO=0;06?0_ <6 60?FD ;<A <= 1O:44 4260:;

2OE;0112<61-

:)2)A* $ 0N30;2<;D (-)r# G;07721/ P044<AK 3< (-)r# Wo, G42@/3 5;<A6K_ 2630;2<;D ?<:307

)r# *oI GC0;P 7:;F @;0PKD @;0:1P 01E0?2:44P 26 4<A0; E:;31-

:)CD)5#4#),$ C0;P 1:67P ?4:P 5<7P A23/ 1O:44 QH:;3T230 :67 1<O0 1/:40 :67 @;<@-

T'67-. >[@ ,(22$-.9 I-) A *<(L')6 ')#'*.9 0'22.9 &-'$)62. 9.#(-$&'()



I-) DN 0'67-. A_

&/0;71 <= ?<44:; <64P-

<#C3,5#),5$ /02@/3D + ?O- 1H;C2C01_ O<H3/ 72:- J* ?O_ O:N- 72:- JW ?O-

<3@)*74#),$ `6 ;2O 50C04$ 3A< ;<A1 <= 7<31- `6 ?<44:;$ 26?2107 =24407 3;2:6@401 A23/D

:5<C0D 1/<;3 26?2107 72:@<6:4 42601 06?4<107 26 126@40 /<;2T<63:4 26?2107 42601 :67D

504<AD 3/;00 /<;2T<63:4 26?2107 42601-

:)2)A* $ SN30;2<; 1H;=:?0$ IX r# WoW G5;<A621/ P044<AKD J-) r# Wo,VWoW G42@/3 ;07K :67

) r# )o* G;07721/ 5;<A6K- \630;2<; 1H;=:?0 :67 ?<;0$ ) r# )o* G;07721/ 5;<A6K-

:)CD)5#4#),$ [260 =:5;2? A23/ O<70;:30 :6@H4:; @;0P21/ 13<60 26?4H12<61- \660;

1H;=:?0 <6 <60 1/0;7 =:?07 A23/ : ?426F0;V42F0 1H513:6?0 :67 7213<;307 GE;<5:54P

;0=2;07K-

T'67-. A_@ ,(22$-.9 7-) D L'&< ')#'*.9 &-'$)62. 9.#(-$&'()



1##.**(-3 #7C

./0 ;0O:261 <= 3/21 :??011<;P ?HE G=2@H;0 JIK A0;0 701?;2507 5P 3/0 0N?:C:3<;1 :1 :

d/<44<A 13<60d- M43/<H@/ QH230 /:;7 <6 721?<C0;P 23 ?<44:E107 263< =;:@O0631 50=<;05026@ 0N:O2607 :67 270632=207 :67 :44 3/:3 ;0O:26 :;0 1/0;71 :1 244H13;:307 504<A-

<#C3,5#),5$ Y02@/3 *-) ?O 1H;C2C01_ a<H3/ 72:- ) ?O-_ a:N- 72:- W-J) ?O-

<3@)*74#),$ 6<60-

:)2)A* $ IX r# WoJ G42@/3 @;0P21/ 5;<A6KD :1/ 13;0:F07 G(-) r# ! (o V 42@/3 @;0PK-

:)CD)5#4#),$ &<=3 3< 1<:EP =:5;2?- ./0 ?/20= 26?4H12<61 :;0 ?/:;?<:4 =40?F1D 1H5V

?2;?H4:; 5<60 :67 5<60 7H13-R0632?H4:;1E:4426@ A/0;0 3/2?F013 26 10?32<6 1H@@0131 23

A:1 26?4H707 26 3/0 ?;0O:32<6 =2;0 :67 ?<610QH0634P ;0V=2;07_ /06?0 3/0 /:;76011 <6

721?<C0;P-

T'67-. A>@ 1##.**(-3 R.**.2 0(7)9 L'&< #(22$-.9 7-)



4.$M.- L$-.

L0:F0; &/0;7 244H13;:307 26 =2@H;0 JJ

<#C3,5#),5$ O<H3/ 72:O- ?- II ?O-<3@)*74#),$ 4260 <= 3A21307 ?<;7 504<A ;2O 0N30;6:44PD A23/ 26?2107 3;04421 504<A-

:)2)A* $ &H;=:?01$ IX r# ô* GC0;P E:40 5;<A6KD IX r# ôJ GA/230K :67 IX r# Wo,

GP044<AK 3< IX r# Wo, G42@/3 P044<A21/ 5;<A6K- 9<;0$ IX r# )oJ G@;0P21/ 5;<A6K-

:)CD)5#4#),$ È06 30N3H;0 1H@@0131 <;@:62? 30OE0;- &<O0 ?/:;?<:4 =40?F1 :67 1O:44

13<60-

EA53AC$ R:6?:1/2;0 9<H63P aH10HO &0;C2?0D B;013<6-

F3G3*3,@35$ Y:44:O I++X 6<- J+I-

T'67-. AA@ 4.$M.- L$-. *<.-9 L'&< &-.22'* 9.#(-$&'()



O'*#7**'() (0 8(&&.-3

M44 3/;00 <= 3/0 H;61 504<6@ 3< R<6@A<;3/>1 &0?<67:;P &0;201 <= 9<44:;07 ];61- ./0P

:;0 :44 26 3/0 !<;3/ c0130;6 &3P40- #:72<?:;5<6V7:307 0N:OE401 <= 3/21 13P40 ?<O0=;<O #25?/0130; GI^(X 5? :67 I*XX 5?K :67 70O<613;:30 3/0 13P40k1 4<6@ ?H;;06?P- \3

21 3/0 O<13 =;0QH063 13P40 <= S:;420; L;<6T0 M@0 E<330;P ;0@2<6:44P- 9<44:;07 H;6 A:;0

21 ?<:;10 :67 =;0QH0634P 1< 4<AV=2;07 :1 3< ;0C0;3 3< : E4:132? ?<67232<6 26 3/0 @;<H67

<; 3< ;<3 :A:P ?<OE40304P- \3 21 3/0;0=<;0 6<3 1H23:540 =<; ;0V?P?426@ :1 @;<@ 30OE0;-

&0?<67:;P &0;201 ?<44:;07 H;61 :;0 ?/:;:?30;2107 5P ;04:32C04P 700E ?<44:;1 :67

E;<6<H6?07 4<A0; ?<44:; 42E1- ]670?<;:307 0N:OE401 <??H;D :1 :3 B2670; Y244D

c:7726@3<6 G#:213;2?FD I+*ID J,*VJ)XK- a<;0 H1H:44P 3/0P :;0 70?<;:307 <6 ;2OD

?<44:; :67 60?F A23/ 3/0 :27 <= 6:24 2OE;0112<61D 5<60 2OE;0112<61D 2OE;01107 3A21307

?<;7D <; 26?212<61 0N0?H307 A23/ : 1E:3H4: <; E<26307 3<<4- ./0 O<13V=:C<H;07 O<32= 21

3/0 3;2:6@40D A/2?/ :EE0:;1 <6 ];61 J :67 *D :67 26 O<72=207D E:604407D =<;O =<;

;:E27 0N0?H32<6D <6 3/0 60?F <= ];6 I-

M =0A 1/0;71 <= : 1O:44 H670?<;:307 :??011<;P ?HE :;0 :11<?2:307 A23/ ];6 *- ./010

E<31 :;0 6<3 ;013;2?307 3< 3/0 !<;3/ c013 GR<6@A<;3/D I+W(D IIIVIJWK- SN:OE401

:11<?2:307 A23/ !<;3/ c0130;6 &3P40 ?<44:;07 H;61 <??H; :3 ':;A06 GY:;7A2?FD I^W)V

WD J(*V^_ R<6@A<;3/ I+^,D 6<1- ^I( :67 ^JI_ Y:44:O I++XD 6<1- J*, s J*) :67 J*+ s

J,XK :67 :3 c/2304<AD #:O15<33<O G.P1<6D I+WXVJ_ R<6@A<;3/ I+^,D 6<- WX+K-

'0?<;:307 0N:OE401 <= 3/010 1O:44 E<31 <??H; 6<3:54P :3 L4:?F/0:3/D .<7O<;706

GR:AD I^+^D IW+V(JK :67 :3 &<H3/A<;3/ Y:44D 9;<=3 G<; c26A2?FK G[;0F0 :67 Y<4@:30D

I++XK- a:6P <= 3/010 E<31 :;0 =260 06<H@/ 26 30N3H;0 :67 1H==2?20634P A044 =2;07 3< 50

1H23:540 =<; ?;H1/26@ :1 @;<@ 30OE0;-

M41< A23/ ];6 * A0;0 =2C0 1O:44 1/0;71 A/2?/D 3< UH7@0 5P 3/02; C0;P E:40 1H;=:?0

?<4<H;26@ :67 @;0P ?<;0D /:7 5006 ;0V=2;07- ./02; <E06 30N3H;0D E<11254P 3/0 ;01H43 <=

3/0 5H;626@ <H3 <= <;@:62? 30OE0;D :67 3/02; 3/26 10?32<6 1H@@0131 L0:F0; A:;0- M

1O:44 QH:6323P <= =260D 13<60V=;00 50:F0; 1/0;71 A:1 42F0A210 =<H67 A23/26 : ?<44:;07

H;6 :3 Y:;0 Y244 L:;;<AD ./<;63<6V26V9;:C06- ./21 ?<44:;07 H;6D : O0O50; <= 3/0

B;2O:;P &0;201D A:1 30OE0;07 A23/ :OE40 @;<@D A/2?/ ?<H47 A044 /:C0 5006 O:70 5P

?;H1/26@ HE 50:F0; 1/0;71-

B;2O:;P &0;201 H;61 :67 1<O0 &0?<67:;P &0;201 <601 :;0 30OE0;07 A23/ : @;<@V:67V

13<60 O2ND A/2413 26 1<O0 &0?<67:;P &0;201 H;61 13<60 30OE0; 21 3/0 <64P

O:?;<1?<E2?:44P C212540 :77232C0 3< 3/0 ?4:P 5<7P- M6 2OE;0112<6 21 @:2607 <= 3/0

70?42626@ H10 <= @;<@ 30OE0; <C0; 32O0 :1 3/0 0:;4P L0:F0; E<3326@ 3;:7232<6 ;0?0707-

./0 E;0106?0 26 ];6 * <= 1/0;71 1H23:540 =<; ?;H1/26@ HE =<; @;<@ 100O1 3< 503<F06

E<3VO:F26@ :?32C23P <6 3/0 E:;3 <= 3/0 70?0:107- S3/6<@;:E/2? E:;:44041 2672?:30 3/:3D

26 : E;0V267H13;2:4 1<?203PD 3/0 E<3326@ A:1 O<13 =;0QH0634P : =2;01270 <; 10:1<6:4

:?32C23P =<; A<O06 GM;6<47D I+^)K-



S7$-&5 ,-3*&$2*

[<H; 1O:44 ?;P13:41D 270632=207 :1 QH:;3T A0;0 ;0?<C0;07 =;<O 3/0 ?;0O:32<6 O:30;2:4

26 ];6 *D =2@H;0 J*- ./0P :EE0:; 3< 50 H65H;607- R2F0 @<47 <5U0?31D QH:;3T ?;P13:41D <;

E055401D :;0 ;:;04P 26?4H707 26 ?;0O:32<6 H;61 <; =<H67 :??<OE:6P26@ 26/HO:32<61-

M E20?0 <= A/230 ?;P13:44260 QH:;3T A:1 =<H67 :1 3/0 <64P 5H;2:4 <==0;26@ A23/ :

?<44:;07 H;6 :3 ;26@ ?:2;6 <6 L:6621270 a<<;D 9<6213<6 G9<4426@A<<7 I+IXD 9icJ IXK

:67 : ;<?F ?;P13:4 :;32?40 :4<6@ A23/ * 5:;507 :67 3:6@07 :;;<A/0:71 :67 : 3;2OO07

=4263 :??<OE:6207 : ?<44:;07 H;6 :3 q24O:;6<?FD MP;1/2;0 G!<- I+W)D R<6@A<;3/

I+^,K-\6 \;04:67 :3 9:;;<AO<;0D &42@< A/230 QH:;3T E055401D 6<3 6:3H;:4 3< 3/0 :;0:D

:??<OE:6207 : ?;0O:307 5H;2:4 26 : 3HOH4H1 :67 :6@H4:; E20?01 <= A/230 QH:;3T

A0;0 =<H67 26 : ?213 :3 L:;6:1;:@/PD &42@< GL<;7DI+(^K-

ZH:;3T 1<O032O01 <??H;1 A23/26 <; :;<H67 ;23H:4 5H;2:4 12301- M =0A QH:;3T ?;P13:41

A0;0 ;0?<C0;07 =;<O 3/0 0N?:C:32<61 :3 a<140P Y02@/3D LH;640P GL066033D I+)XK :67

: 4:;@0 QH:;3T E05540D A/230 :67 =2;0V?;:T07 A23/ : 5:330;07 067 <??H;07 26 3/0 :1/01

504<A :6 H;6 0N?:C:307 26 : ;26@VA<;F :3 .<340P a<<; 26 '0;5P1/2;0 G#:740P I+W(K-

9<61270;26@ 3/0 F6<A6 E;<E0;3201 <= QH:;3T :67 231 :6?2063 A<;47VA270 :11<?2:32<6

A23/ /0:426@ :67 72C26:32<6 :67 H10 :1 : O072HO =<; ?<OOH62?:326@ A23/ 1E2;231 <=

5<3/ 3/0 42C26@ :67 3/0 70:7D 231 E;0106?0 <6 L;<6T0 M@0 ;23H:4 5H;2:4 12301 21 A<;3/P

<= : ?4<10; 0N:O26:32<6 3/:6 ?:6 50 :==<;707 /0;0-

T'67-. AD@ S7$-&5 #-3*&$2*

0(7)9 L'&< &<. #-.F$&'()

') I-) D

excavations at carrier's croft

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