evolution. evolution the process of change through time. the process of change through time....
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EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION
EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION
The process of change through time.The process of change through time.
Evidences of EvolutionEvidences of EvolutionFossils-the remains of a once living Fossils-the remains of a once living
organismorganismTypes of fossilization:Types of fossilization:
Petrification Petrification ImprintImprintTar/Ice/AmberTar/Ice/Amber
FOSSILSFOSSILS
Fossils always form in sedimentary Fossils always form in sedimentary rock with the older organisms in the rock with the older organisms in the deeper layers.deeper layers.
FOSSIL LAYERSFOSSIL LAYERS
PETRIFIED FOSSILPETRIFIED FOSSIL
PETRIFIED WOODPETRIFIED WOOD
TARTAR
AMBER AMBER
IMPRINTIMPRINT
COMPARATIVE STUDIESCOMPARATIVE STUDIES
Evidence for evolution is also found Evidence for evolution is also found by by comparingcomparing::EmbryologyEmbryologyBiochemistryBiochemistryCytologyCytologyAnatomyAnatomy
COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGYCOMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY
COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGYCOMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY
Animals go through similar stages of Animals go through similar stages of embryological development.embryological development.This may show that they are related and This may show that they are related and
may share may share common ancestrycommon ancestry
COMPARATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRYBIOCHEMISTRY
Organisms have similar chemicals, Organisms have similar chemicals, which may show common ancestry.which may show common ancestry.Ex. Ex.
Hormones are similar in many species.Hormones are similar in many species.Everything contains DNA.Everything contains DNA.Similar protein structure and construction.Similar protein structure and construction.Use ATPUse ATP……..
COMPARATIVE CYTOLOGYCOMPARATIVE CYTOLOGY
The study of cells is The study of cells is CYTOLOGYCYTOLOGY..All living things are made of cells, All living things are made of cells,
therefore, they may share a common therefore, they may share a common ancestor.ancestor.
COMPARATIVE ANATOMYCOMPARATIVE ANATOMY
Comparing the structures of different Comparing the structures of different animals to find similarities.animals to find similarities.Homologous StructuresHomologous StructuresAnalogous StructuresAnalogous StructuresVestigial StructuresVestigial Structures
HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURESHOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
Structures having a similar origin, Structures having a similar origin, but are adapted for different but are adapted for different purposes.purposes.Ex. Human arm and whale flipperEx. Human arm and whale flipper
Same structure-Different functionSame structure-Different function
HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURESHOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES
Structures are different but have the Structures are different but have the same basic function.same basic function.Ex. Bee wing and Bird wingEx. Bee wing and Bird wing
Different structure-Same functionDifferent structure-Same function
VESTIGIAL STRUCTURESVESTIGIAL STRUCTURES
Structures that presently have no Structures that presently have no known function, but may once have known function, but may once have been needed.been needed.Ex. Tonsils, appendix, whale, snake Ex. Tonsils, appendix, whale, snake
THEORIES OF EVOLUTIONTHEORIES OF EVOLUTION
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (early 1800Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (early 1800’’s)s)Theory of use and disuseTheory of use and disuseHe said that characteristics which are He said that characteristics which are
acquired are inherited.acquired are inherited.Ex. Giraffes & Human MusclesEx. Giraffes & Human Muscles
THEORIES OF EVOLUTIONTHEORIES OF EVOLUTION
August Weismann (late 1800August Weismann (late 1800’’s)s)Disproved LamarckDisproved Lamarck’’s theorys theoryHe said that acquired characteristics are He said that acquired characteristics are
NOT inherited.NOT inherited.Studied miceStudied mice
THEORIES OF EVOLUTIONTHEORIES OF EVOLUTION
Hugo de Vries (late 1800Hugo de Vries (late 1800’’s)s)One of the first geneticistsOne of the first geneticistsDeveloped mutation theoryDeveloped mutation theory
Said mutations are a result of genes Said mutations are a result of genes segregating, then recombiningsegregating, then recombining
THEORIES OF EVOLUTIONTHEORIES OF EVOLUTION
Charles DarwinCharles Darwin““Father of EvolutionFather of Evolution””Observed variation in species on the Observed variation in species on the
Galapagos IslandsGalapagos IslandsFamous for his study of finches, among Famous for his study of finches, among
others.others.
DARWINDARWIN’’S THEORIESS THEORIES
Natural SelectionNatural Selection Organisms with Organisms with favorable adaptationsfavorable adaptations tend to tend to
survive and reproduce.survive and reproduce.
The 4 principles of Natural Selection:The 4 principles of Natural Selection:1. 1. OverproductionOverproduction-populations overproduce-populations overproduce2. 2. CompetitionCompetition-struggle for existence-struggle for existence3. 3. VariationVariation-leads to new generations that are better -leads to new generations that are better
adapted to environmentadapted to environment4. 4. Survival of the FittestSurvival of the Fittest - the ones best adapted, - the ones best adapted,
survive.survive.
VARIATIONVARIATION
A bell curve shows variation within a A bell curve shows variation within a population.population.
VARIATION OF HEIGHTVARIATION OF HEIGHT
GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATIONGEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION
Species that are separated from one Species that are separated from one another by natural barriers another by natural barriers (mountains, ocean, desert) can cause (mountains, ocean, desert) can cause new species to develop.new species to develop.Ex. Emu, Ostrich, RheaEx. Emu, Ostrich, Rhea
GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATIONGEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION
SPECIATIONSPECIATION
SpeciationSpeciationOver time, new species will develop due Over time, new species will develop due
to their isolation.to their isolation.Ex. Emu and Ostrich cannot interbreedEx. Emu and Ostrich cannot interbreed
ADAPTATIONSADAPTATIONS
An adaptation is a characteristic of An adaptation is a characteristic of an organism that helps it to function an organism that helps it to function in itin it’’s environment.s environment.
ADAPTIVE RADIATIONADAPTIVE RADIATION
The process by which a single The process by which a single species evolves into several different species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways. forms that live in different ways.
Causes diversity amongst the group Causes diversity amongst the group of organisms.of organisms.
ADAPTIVE RADIATIONADAPTIVE RADIATION
GRADUALISMGRADUALISM
Slow steady change over time Slow steady change over time (gradually)(gradually)
PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUMPUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM
Stable population makes a sudden Stable population makes a sudden and rapid change into something and rapid change into something new.new.
Punctuated equilibrium vs. Punctuated equilibrium vs. gradualismgradualism
ORIGIN OF LIFEORIGIN OF LIFE
In the beginning…In the beginning…______________, which happened about ______________, which happened about
_____________ years ago._____________ years ago.Then…Then…
Molten earth cooled, forming a Molten earth cooled, forming a ___________.___________.
Then…Then…Volcanoes erupted, spewing gases, Volcanoes erupted, spewing gases,
forming the ____________.forming the ____________.
ORIGIN OF LIFEORIGIN OF LIFE
The first gases in the The first gases in the primitive primitive environment were:environment were:NHNH
44- Methane- Methane
COCO22-Carbon Dioxide-Carbon Dioxide
NHNH33-Ammonia-Ammonia
HH22S-Hydrogen SulfideS-Hydrogen Sulfide
These gases combined to form These gases combined to form primordial primordial soupsoup
ORIGIN OF LIFEORIGIN OF LIFE
Early Earth was being bombarded by Early Earth was being bombarded by lightning and comets.lightning and comets.
Lightning caused molecules in the Lightning caused molecules in the primordial soup to reassemble into primordial soup to reassemble into CHON.CHON.Therefore, an organic molecule is born! Therefore, an organic molecule is born!
ORIGIN OF LIFEORIGIN OF LIFE
Simple organic molecules began to Simple organic molecules began to combine to form more complex combine to form more complex molecules.molecules.Ex. Simple proteins, carbohydrates, Ex. Simple proteins, carbohydrates,
lipids and nucleic acids.lipids and nucleic acids.This occurred around 3 billion years ago.This occurred around 3 billion years ago.
ORIGIN OF LIFEORIGIN OF LIFE
Simple archaebacteria are formed Simple archaebacteria are formed about 2.5 billion years ago.about 2.5 billion years ago.Archaebacteria evolved and adapted Archaebacteria evolved and adapted to the environment, forming simple to the environment, forming simple monera, which then evolved monera, which then evolved into____________, which then evolved into____________, which then evolved into____________.into____________.
Miller and Urey ExperimentMiller and Urey Experiment
In the 1950In the 1950’’s, the scientists s, the scientists conducted an experiment to re conducted an experiment to re create the formation of life. create the formation of life.
ExperimentExperiment