evidences of evolution

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EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION Fossil Record Biochemical Comparative Anatomy Observable Events

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Evidences of evolution

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Page 1: Evidences of evolution

EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION

Fossil RecordBiochemical

Comparative AnatomyObservable Events

Page 2: Evidences of evolution

EVOLUTION IS

Genetic change in a population through time.

Genetic change in a population through time.

Page 3: Evidences of evolution

Charles DarwinOn his journey around the world, Darwin found evidence of gradual change (evolution).

Darwin cited evidences he found in fossil records, geographic distribution and homologous structures.

Page 4: Evidences of evolution

Evidences of EvolutionToday most evidences for evolution are grouped into four main categories:

BiochemicalFossil RecordComparative AnatomyObservable Events

Page 5: Evidences of evolution

1 - FOSSIL RECORD Paleontology – study of fossils Fossil – remains or traces of an

organism that lived long ago

Remains: ex. bone, tooth, or shell

Traces: ex. burrow, footprint, or imprint

Page 6: Evidences of evolution

1 - FOSSIL RECORD Most fossils are found in

layered sedimentary rock

Oldest fossils are on the lowest layer

Page 7: Evidences of evolution

1 - FOSSIL RECORD

Comparing fossils from different layers shows:

Life on Earth has changed

Increased number of life forms

Page 8: Evidences of evolution

2 - BIOCHEMICALTHE GENETIC CODE Triplets of DNA nitrogen-base

sequences that code for specific amino acids The amino

acid triplet is the same in almost all organisms.

Page 9: Evidences of evolution

2 - BIOCHEMICAL

The similarity of triplet DNA codes making-up amino acids shows:

A probable common ancestor for all life on Earth

Page 10: Evidences of evolution

2 - BIOCHEMICAL

“Universal” GENETIC CODE Similar genes Over the ages, the genetic code

has passed unchanged (or nearly so) from parent to offspring.

Page 11: Evidences of evolution

2 - BIOCHEMICALAMINO ACID SEQUENCING The amino

acid sequence in a particular protein is compared between organisms. Number of differences

from human hemoglobin

45

167

8

27

125

Page 12: Evidences of evolution

2 - BIOCHEMICAL Comparing amino acid sequence

shows: Closeness of

relationship A probable

common ancestor

Species DifferenceGorilla 1Rhesus Monkey

8

Mouse 27Chicken 45Frog 67Lamprey 125

Amino Acid Difference in Hemoglobin

Compared with Human

Human hemoglobin has 146 amino acids

Amino Acid Sequencing is probably the STRONGEST evidence for relationships among organisms.

Page 13: Evidences of evolution

What organism belongs at

each branch?

2 - BIOCHEMICAL CLADOGRAM: diagram that

shows the evolutionary relationship among a group of organisms.

Species Difference

Gorilla 1Monkey 8Mouse 27Chicken 45Frog 67Lamprey

125

Amino Acid Difference in Hemoglobin

Compared with Human

Number of Amino Acid Differences150

10050

040 2030 10

G

FE

DCBA

Common ancestor

Where would the common ancestor be?

Page 14: Evidences of evolution

3 COMPARATIVE ANATOMYHOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES structures with similar structure

but different function ex: limbs of vertebrates (turtle,

alligator, bird, mammal)

TurtleAlligator

BirdMammal

Page 15: Evidences of evolution

3 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

Homologous structures show

Similar genes Descent from a common ancestor

TurtleAlligator

BirdMammal

Ancient lobe-finned fish

Page 16: Evidences of evolution

3 COMPARATIVE ANATOMYVESTIGIAL STRUCTURES organs so reduced in

size that they are nonfunctioning remnants of similar organs in other species

ex: human tailbone, appendix, whale pelvis

Page 17: Evidences of evolution

3 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

Vestigial structures show:

an organism’s evolutionary past

a common ancestor with species that have similar structures that are still functioning

Page 18: Evidences of evolution

3 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

EMBRYOLOGY Embryos of different species

may appear similar in early stages of development

ex: vertebrate development

Page 19: Evidences of evolution

3 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

Comparison of similarities in embryos can show:

Relationship to a common ancestor

Page 20: Evidences of evolution

4 - OBSERVABLE EVENTS

Some changes in species have been observed and studied:

Peter & Rosemary Grant’s Study of Beak Size Shift in Darwin’s Finches

H. Kettlewell’s Study of Peppered Moth Color Shifts

Page 21: Evidences of evolution

4 - OBSERVABLE EVENTS

Observable events show that evolution is an ongoing process

Peter & Rosemary Grant’s Study of Beak Size Shift in Darwin’s Finches

H. Kettlewell’s Study of Peppered Moth Color Shifts

Page 22: Evidences of evolution

Works Cited

“Geographic Distribution of Organisms” photo: Miller, Kenneth and Levine, Joseph. (2004). Biology. Prentice Hall.