ETIOLOGY OF CANCERPATHOLOGY

2013

DEFINITION OF CANCER

•diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues.

• Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph  systems.

TYPE OF CANCER

•Carcinoma: cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs

•Sarcoma: cancer that begins in bone, cartilage

•Leukemia: cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue

•Lymphoma and myeloma: cancers that begin in the cells of the  immune system

•Central nervous system cancers :•cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord.

ETIOLOGY OF CANCER

Genetics Cancer Tobacco Radiation Exposure

TREATMENT

SurgeryRadiation therapy Chemotherapy

Biologic therapies

CHEMOTHERAPY

•What is chemotherapy!?

•The word chemotherapy means the use of any drug (such as aspirin or penicillin) to treat any disease, but to most people chemotherapy refers to drugs used for cancer treatment. It’s often shortened to “chemo.” Two other medical terms used to describe cancer chemotherapy are antineoplastic (meaning anti-cancer) therapy and cytotoxic (cell-killing) therapy.

DIFFERENT BETWEEN CHEMOTHERAPY AND RADIOTHERAPY

Treatments like radiation and surgery are considered local treatments

Chemotherapy differs from surgery or radiation in that it’s almost always used as a systemic treatment

Chemotherapy is used to treat many cancers

CHEMOTHERAPY DRUGS

•1 -Alkylating agents

Alkylating agents directly damage DNA to prevent the cancer cell from reproducing

Examples: :Nitrogen mustards

e.g. cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), ifosfamide, and melphalan

Alkyl sulfonates: busulfan:

SURGERY

•How is surgery used for cancer? •Preventive (prophylactic) surgery:

surgery is done to remove body tissue that is likely to become cancer

•Diagnostic surgery

is taking out a piece of tissue and testing it to find out if cancer is present and what type of cancer it is

•Debulking (cytoreductive) surgery

Debulking or cytoreductive (sy-toe-re-DUK-tiv) surgery is done to remove some, but not all, of the cancer

RADIOTHERAPY

•is the use of radiation to treat cancer and other problems

SIDE EFFECT OF RADIATION THERAPY

•Feeling very tired (fatigue)•Skin changes

•Not wanting to eat (appetite loss)

TARGETED THERAPY

•are technically considered “chemotherapy.” But targeted therapy drugs do not work in the same ways as standard chemotherapy drugs. They are often able to attack cancer cells while doing less damage to normal cells by going after the cancer cells’

TREATMENT OF STEM CELLS

•Types of stem cell transplants for treating cancer

•These stem cells are given into a vein, much like a blood transfusion. Over time they settle in the bone marrow and begin to grow and make healthy blood cells. This process is called engraftment.

•ALAA HUSSAIN ABO ALGADAYEL •60016

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