environmental decisions

Environmental Decisions

Efficiency of common heat engines

U.S. Emits Nearly Half World's Automotive Carbon Dioxide

WASHINGTON, DC, June 28, 2006 (ENS) - The United States has five percent of the world's population and 30 percent of the world's automobiles, but

the country contributes 45 percent of the world's automotive emissions of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, according to a report released today by the advocacy group Environmental Defense.

Kilogram-force

Weight is usually expressed in kilogram-force or pound-force.

1 kg-force = force of gravity on 1 kg of mass. 1 lb-force = force of gravity on 1 lb of mass.

These are not SI units but they have the advantage that the magnitude of the weight is identical to the magnitude of the mass.

1 kg-force = 9.8 NewtonsWhen you say I weight 200 lbs you are indirectly saying: I

have a mass of 200 lbs and the force of gravity on me is 890 N.

In the next examples all weights are expressed either in in lb-force or in kg-force and in order to calculate rolling resistance they will need to be converted to Newtons

Force to move a car at a certain speed

speedv

densityairrho

areafrontalA

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gravityofonacceleratig

massM

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forceF

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Energy in Gasoline

1 Gal Gasoline = 132,000,000 J

One passenger 60 mph

lbs kg 1 Gal GasolineM 2,500.00 1,132.50 132,000,000.00 JCar 2,300.00 Useful 15%Occupants 200.00 19,800,000

Asphalt F= 593.51Crr 0.03 W = Fd = 22,919,091.24

m/(s 2̂) Gals 1.16g 9.80

ft 2̂ m̂ 2CdA 6.50 0.60

rho kg/m̂ 31.20

milesph kmph mpsv 60.00 96.54 26.82

miles km md 24.00 38.62 38,616.00

This is what you spend when you break1/2Mv 2̂ 407,209.41

speedv

densityairrho

areafrontalA

tcoefficiendragC


massM


forceF

vrhoACgMCF

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Car weight reduced 10 times

lbs kg 1 Gal GasolineM 430.00 194.79 132,000,000.00 JCar 230.00 Useful 15%Occupants 200.00 19,800,000

Asphalt F= 317.83Crr 0.03 W = Fd = 12,273,172.09

m/(s^2)g 9.80

ft^2 m^2CdA 6.50 0.60

rho kg/m^31.20


miles km md 24.00 38.62 38,616.00

This is what you spend when you break1/2Mv^2 70,040.02

speedv

densityairrho

areafrontalA

tcoefficiendragC


massM


forceF

vrhoACgMCF

d

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Speed Reduced to 40 mph


Asphalt F= 448.76Crr 0.03 W = Fd = 17,329,257.37

m/(s^2)g 9.80

ft^2 m^2CdA 6.50 0.60

rho kg/m^31.20


miles km md 24.00 38.62 38,616.00

This is what you spend when you break1/2Mv^2 180,981.96

speedv

densityairrho

areafrontalA

tcoefficiendragC


massM


forceF

vrhoACgMCF

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Carpool (4 passengers)


Asphalt F= 673.42Crr 0.03 W = Fd = 26,004,864.91

m/(s 2̂) Gals 1.31g 9.80 Compare to 4.64

ft 2̂ m̂ 2CdA 6.50 0.60

rho kg/m̂ 31.20


miles km md 24.00 38.62 38,616.00

This is what you spend when you break1/2Mv 2̂ 504,939.67

speedv

densityairrho

areafrontalA

tcoefficiendragC


massM


forceF

vrhoACgMCF

d

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Toyota Priushttp://privatenrg.com/

Temperature: 87º F Elevation: 400’ feet above sea level Humidity: 67% Barometer: 30.03 in/hg Load: 350 lbs (driver & gear) Auto AC: OFF Climate Control: 72º F Wind: NONE Wind Dir: 235º (tail wind/crosswind – slightly detrimental) Fuel: 114,500 BTU (avg Summer Blend) -- see: http://www.epa.gov/otaq/rfgecon.htm kWh: 33.5568 kWh (energy available per gallon/US) RRR: .001144 Road Rolling Resistance (smooth asphalt roads) TRR: .007 Tire Rolling Resistance Cd: .26 Aerodynamic Coefficient of Drag FA: 2.16m^2 Frontal Area in meters squared cwCd: 1.4e-5 (crosswind correction for Cd) cwFA: 8.5e-5 (crosswind correction for FA)

Toyota Priushttp://auto.howstuffworks.com/hybrid-car6.htm

The Prius mainly relies on two features to optimize efficiency and reduce emissions:Its engine only runs at an efficient speed and load - In order to

reduce emissions, the Prius can accelerate to a speed of about 15 mph (24 kph) before switching on the gasoline engine. The engine only starts once the vehicle has passed a certain speed. And once the engine starts, it operates in a narrow speed band.

It uses a unique power split device - Gasoline engines can be tuned to run most efficiently in certain speed and load ranges. The power split device on the Prius, allows the engine to stay in its most efficient load and speed range most of the time.

How MPG is calculated? http://www.caranddriver.com/features/09q3/the_truth_about_epa_city_highway_mpg_estimates-feature

The first test cycle, which sought to mimic rush-hour traffic in downtown Los Angeles with an average speed of 21 mph, is called the FTP, or city cycle.

This test is 11 miles long, takes just over 31 minutes to complete, involves 23 stops, reaches a top speed of 56 mph, and has maximum acceleration equivalent to a lazy, 18-second 0-to-60-mph run.


A second cycle to measure highway driving was added in the late 1970s as part of the introduction of corporate average fuel-economy (CAFE) regulations.

This 10.3-mile cycle with an average speed of a paltry 48 mph and acceleration no more severe than in the city test, may have been somewhat realistic in the days of the national 55-mph speed limit but doesn’t come close to approximating the highway behavior of today’s drivers.


As a result, and even though the test figures were adjusted downward starting in the early 1980s in an attempt to produce more realistic sticker values (by 10 percent for the city test and 22 percent for the highway), the EPA numbers gave drivers too optimistic an expectation of fuel economy for decades.

CdA ft² Automobile model2.31 (around 1.46 m² × 0.15) 2008 Aptera Typ-12.5 1986 Twike [3]3.95 1996 GM EV15.1 1999 Honda Insight5.4 1989 Opel Calibra5.71 1990 Honda CR-X Si5.74 2002 Acura NSX5.76 1968 Toyota 2000GT5.8 1986 Toyota MR25.81 1989 Mitsubishi Eclipse GSX5.88 1990 Nissan 240SX hatchback / 200SX / 180SX5.92 1994 Porsche 911 Speedster5.95 1990 Mazda RX76 1970 Lamborghini Miura6.08 2008 Nissan GTR6.13 1991 Acura NSX6.17 1995 Lamborghini Diablo6.24 2004 Toyota Prius6.27 1986 Porsche 911 Carrera

Prius

Aptera

Insight

CdA ft² Automobile model7.57 1992 Toyota Camry7.69 1994 Chrysler LHS7.72 1993 Subaru Impreza8.02 2005 Bugatti Veyron8.7 1990 Volvo 740 Turbo8.7 1992 Ford Crown Victoria8.71 1991 Buick LeSabre Limited9.54 1992 Chevrolet Caprice Wagon10.7 1992 Chevrolet Blazer11.6 2005 Ford Escape Hybrid11.7 1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee16.8 2006 Hummer H317.4 1995 Land Rover Discovery26.5 2003 Hummer H2

Hummer H2

Escape

Are this images familiar to you?

Hard to improve old technologies

1807: Swiss engineer François Isaac de Rivaz built an internal combustion engine powered by a hydrogen and oxygen mixture. [3]

1824: French physicist Sadi Carnot established the thermodynamic theory of idealized heat engines. This scientifically established the need for compression to increase the difference between the upper and lower working temperatures.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_internal_combustion_engine

Hard to improve old technologies

1838: a patent was granted to William Barnet (English). This was the first recorded suggestion of in-cylinder compression.

1854-57: Eugenio Barsanti & Felice Matteucci invented an engine that was rumored to be the first 4-cycle engine, but the patent was lost.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_internal_combustion_engine

It does not mean “do not use old technologies”, it means use the best ones

Cell Phone Evolution

Ferdinand Porsche(3 September 1875 – 30 January 1951

1898, System Lohner-Porsche

Volkswagen Beetle. From 1938 until 2003.

What to do?

InnovateFollow good examples

New Technologies

EDF (Electricite de France)http://energy.edf.com/edf-fr-accueil/edf-and-power-generation-122160.html

EDF, one of the European leaders in the energy field, operates the largest electricity generation capacity, 95% of which does not emit any greenhouse gases. The competitiveness of EDF’s generation facilities is based on diversity, performance and safety of its means of generation.

http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf40.html

France derives over 75% of its electricity from nuclear energy. This is due to a long-standing policy based on energy

security.

France is the world's largest net exporter of electricityDue to its very low cost of generation, and gains over

EUR 3 billion per year from this.

http://energy.edf.com/edf-fr-accueil/edf-and-power-generation-

122160.html

EDF, the world’s leading nuclear power utility, operates a French nuclear fleet consisting of 58 reactors spread over 19 different sites

http://energy.edf.com/edf-fr-accueil/edf-and-power-generation-122160.html

Due to be commissioned in 2012, the EPR plant will constitute the first version of a new generation of reactors.

Preparing for the replacement of EDF’s nuclear power plants, as the oldest ones could be decommissioned in around 2020.

http://energy.edf.com/edf-fr-accueil/edf-and-power-generation-122160.html

Since 1996, the EDF Group has operated the first and only geothermal power plant in the world to generate electricity on a commercial basis. The power plant is located at Bouillante in Guadeloupe.

In 1964, Kardashev defined three levels of civilizations

Type I: "Technological level close to the level presently attained on earth, with energy consumption at ≈4×1019 erg/sec[1] (4 × 1012 watts.)

Type II: "A civilization capable of harnessing the energy radiated by its own star (for example, the stage of successful construction of a Dyson sphere), with energy consumption at ≈4×1033 erg/sec

Type III: "A civilization in possession of energy on the scale of its own galaxy, with energy consumption at ≈4×1044 erg/sec.

Michio KakuType 0 civilization

Extracts its energy, information, raw-materials from crude organic-based sources (i.e. food/wood/fossil fuel/books/oral tradition); pressures via natural disaster, selection, and societal collapse creates extreme (99.9%) risk of extinction; it's capable of orbital spaceflight.

Being Green can be Cool

Being Green can be Cool

Renault Fluence EV to Cost Significantly Less Than Gasoline Version

http://allworldcars.com/wordpress/?p=15654

The BMW i3

Humanity, Nature, and Technology: The Hannover Principles

The City of Hannover, Germany, was designated as the site of the world exposition in the year 2000.

The city decided to directly address the difficult issue of imagining and encouraging a sustainable future.

THE HANNOVER PRINCIPLES

1. Insist on rights of humanity and nature to co-exist in a healthy, supportive, diverse and sustainable condition.

2. Recognize interdependence. The elements of human design interact with and depend upon the natural world, with broad and diverse implications at every scale. Expand design considerations to recognizing even distant effects.

3. Respect relationships between spirit and matter. Consider all aspects of human settlement including community, dwelling, industry and trade in terms of existing and evolving connections between spiritual and material consciousness.

4. Accept responsibility for the consequences of design decisions upon human well-being, the viability of natural systems and their right to co-exist.

5. Create safe objects of long-term value. Do not burden future generations with requirements for maintenance or vigilant administration of potential danger due to the careless creation of products, processes or standards.

THE HANNOVER PRINCIPLES

6. Eliminate the concept of waste. Evaluate and optimize the full life-cycle of products and processes, to approach the state of natural systems. in which there is no waste.

7. Rely on natural energy flows. Human designs should, like the living world, derive their creative forces from perpetual solar income. Incorporate this energy efficiently and safely for responsible use.

8. Understand the limitations of design. No human creation lasts forever and design does not solve all problems. Those who create and plan should practice humility in the face of nature. Treat nature as a model and mentor, not as an inconvenience to be evaded or controlled.

9. Seek constant improvement by the sharing of knowledge. Encourage direct and open communication between colleagues, patrons, manufacturers and users to link long term sustainable considerations with ethical responsibility, and re-establish the integral relationship between natural processes and human activity.

environmental decisions

Documents

force of gravity

efficient speed

average speed

speed range

narrow speed band

worlds automotive emissions

worlds population

worlds automobiles