ENDOCRINESYSTEMCLASSNOTES

Theendocrinesystemisacollectionofglandsthatsecretehormonesdirectlyintothecirculatorysystemtobecarriedtowardadistanttargetorgan.Thesehormoneswillbereceivedbyspecificreceptorsonthetargetcellsintheorganism.Themajorendocrineglandsincludethepituitarygland,pancreas,ovaries,testes,thyroidgland,parathyroidgland,hypothalamus,andadrenalglands.

Theendocrinesystemisthe__________________systeminthebody.Isuseschemicals

(_____________________________)thatarereleasedintothe______________________.Hormonescontrol:

•

•

•

•

•

Hormonesareproducedby______________________cellsandsecretethehormonesintothe

_____________________________fluid.The____________________willtransferthehormonesaroundthe

bodyto_____________________sites.Thesehormonescan_____________________othercells.Notall

hormoneswillaffecteverycell.

Hormonesare________________________based.Theyinclude:

•

•

•

Steroidsaremadefrom_________________________andprostoglandinsaremadefrom

highlyactive____________________.

Asstatedearlier,hormonesonlyaffectcertain____________________or___________________

Thetargetcellmusthaveaspecific____________________receptor.Hormonebindinginfluencesthe

______________________ofthecell.

Hormonescanhaveseveraleffectsonthecell:

• Changesinplasmamembrane______________________or____________________________

• Synthesisof______________________suchas______________________

• Activationorinactivationof___________________________

• Stimulationof__________________________

STEROIDHORMONEACTION

Diffusethroughthe_______________________________

andenterthe____________________.Oncethere,they

bindtospecificsitesonthecell’s___________and

activates______________thatresultinthesynthesis

ofnew_____________________.

NONSTEROIDACTION

Hormonesbindtoamembrane

______________________________.Thehormonesdonot

enterthe______________.Theysetofaseriesofreactions

thatactivates___________________.Nonsteroidhormones

________________________areactionthatproducesa

secondmessengermoleculeand_____________________

additionalintracellularchangestopromotedaspecific

_____________________

Thehormonelevelsinthe____________________aremaintainedbya

__________________feedback.Astimulusor__________hormonelevelsin

thebloodtriggersthereleaseofmore_________________________.

Hormonerelease______________oncetheappropriatelevelinthe

bloodisreached.

Endocrineglandsare__________________byotherhormones.

Changingbloodlevelsofcertain__________stimulate

_____________________release.

Nerveimpulses___________________hormonerelease.Mostareunder

thecontrolofthe_______________________nervoussystem.

PITUITARYGLAND

ThePituitaryGland

• Sizeofa____________________

• Hangsfromthe_______________________

• Protectedbythe___________________

bone

• Hastwolobe

o

o

Thehormonesoftheanteriorpituitarygland

• Sixanteriorhormones

o _______affectnon-endocrinetargets

o _______stimulateotherglands(_______________________)

• Allanteriorpituitaryhormonesare:

o _______________________(or______________________)

o actthrough_________________________________

o regulatedby_______________________stimuli,mostly____________________feedback.

GrowthHormone

• General_______________________hormone

• Majoreffectsonthegrowthof________________________musclesand__________

bones

• Causes__________________tobebuiltintoproteins

• Causesfattobebrokendownasasourceof____________________.

Prolactin(PRL)

• _________________andmaintainsmilkproductionfollowingc_________________

• Functioninmalesis_________________

Adrenocorticotropichormone(ACTH)

• Regulatesendocrineactivityofthe__________________________________

Thyroid-stimulatinghormone(TSH)

• Influencesgrowthandactivityofthe_________________

Gonadotropichormones

• Regulatehormonalactivityofthe_________________

• Follicle-stimulatinghormone(FSH)

o Stimulatesfollicledevelopmentin_________________

o Stimulatesspermdevelopmentin_________________

• Luteinizinghormone(LH)

o Triggers_________________

o Causesrupturedfollicletobecomethe__________________________________

o Stimulates_________________productioninmales

o Referredtoasinterstitialcell-stimulatinghormone(ICSH)

PITUITARY-HYPOTHALAMUSRELATIONSHIP

• Releaseofhormonesiscontrolledbyreleasingandinhibitinghormones

producedbythe_________________

• _________________producestwohormonesthataretransortedto

neurosecretorycellsoftheposteriorpituitary

• Theposteriorpituitaryisnotstrictlyan_________________gland,butdoes

releasehormones

• Oxytocin

o Stimulatescontractionsofthe_________________duringlabor

o Causes_________________ejection

• Antidiuretichormone(ADH)

o Caninhibit_________________production

o Inlargeamounts,causesvasoconstriction

leadingtoincreased

bloodpressure(_________________)

THEGLANDS/ORGANS

THYROID

Foundatthebaseofthe_____________________

Consistsoftwolobesandaconnectingisthmus

Majormetabolichormone

Composedoftwoactive____________________-containinghormones

• __________________________(T4)–secretedbythyroidfollicles

• _____________________________(T3)–conversionofT4attargettissues

FUNCTIONSOFTHETHYROIDHORMONES

l Controlstherateatwhichyourbody___________________calories(________________________)

l Sloworspeedup____________________________

l Raiseorlowerbody___________________________

l Regulatethespeedatwhichfoodmovesthroughthe____________________________

l Affectmusclestrength

l Regulatethespeedatwhichbodyreplaces________________________cells

THYROIDANDPITUITARY

l Thepituitaryandthethyroidwork____________________________.

l Thepituitaryglandproduces________

(thyroidstimulatinghormone).Thisinturncauses

thethyroidtoreleasemore_______and_______.

l BloodtestscanrevealiflevelsofTSHareadequate.

TSHLEVELS

l IfbloodtestsrevealtheTSHlevelsaretoohigh,thatmeansthethyroidisnot

producingenoughT3orT4.Thatisbadbecausethepituitarycanbecome

___________________________and_______________.

l Thiscanbepreventedbytakingmedicationslike_______________________________.

ThismedicationincreaseslevelsofT3andT4whenthethyroidisnot

producingenoughonitsown.

DISORDERSOFTHETHYROIDGLAND

Goiters-Enlargementofthethyroidglandduetoalackof____________________.Iodineis

necessarybecauseT3andT4areiodinecontaininghormones.Iodinecanbefoundinthesoil

inmostareasoftheworld.However,someareasoftheworldhavesoillowiniodine.This

ledtomanypeopledevelopinggoiters.WehaveanarearighthereintheUSAneartheGreat

Lakes.Tocombatthisproblem,iodineisaddedto______________(iodizedsalt)

PARATHYROIDGLAND

l Locatedinthenecklocated_________________thethyroidgland.

l Humanshave_____ofthem,roughlythesizeofagrainof_____________________.

l Theyregulatethelevelsofcalciuminthebloodconstantlyusingahormone

calledPTH(_______________________________________).

l Regulationisdoneusing________(parathyroidstimulatinghormone)

PARATHYROIDSTIMULATINGHORMONE

l Ifbloodcalciumistoo___________,PTHisreleasedandcalciumisremoved

fromthe_________________toincreasecalciumlevelsintheblood.

l Ifbloodcalciumistoohigh,theparathyroidshutsdownandstopsmaking

PTH.Ahormonecalled_______________________alsohelpsreducebloodcalcium.

IMPORTANCEOFCALCIUM

l Provides___________________________energyforournervoussystemsbyhelping

theimpulsetravelalongthenervecells.

l Provideenergyformusclecellsto_____________________________.

l Helpsprovide________________________________totheskeletalsystem.

DISORDERSOFTHEPARATHYROIDGLAND

Hyperparathyroidism-Toomuch_______________ispresentandbloodcalciumlevels

rise.Thiscancause__________________________________and/or____________________________.

Hypoparathyroidism-Youwillnothaveenoughbloodcalciumandtoomuch

phosphorous.Thisis___________,butcancausedamagetootherendocrineglands.

Calcitonin

• Decreasesblood________________________levelsbycausingitsdepositiononbone

• Antagonisticto________________________hormone

ADRENALGLANDS

Sitsontopofthe_________________________andiscomposedof______glands.Cortex-Medula-

HOMONESOFTHEADRENALCORTEXMineralocorticoids(mainlyaldosterone)

o Producedinouter______________________________

o Regulatemineralcontentinb________________,__________________,andelectrolytebalance

o Targetorganisthe__________________

o Productionstimulatedbyreninandaldosterone

o Productioninhibitedbyatrialnatriureticpeptide

Glucocorticoids(includingcortisoneandcortisol)

o Producedinthe_________________layeroftheadrenalcortex

o Promotenormal_______________________________

o Helpresistlong-termstressors

o ReleasedinresponsetoincreasedbloodlevelsofACTH

Sexhormones

o Producedintheinner_________________oftheadrenalcortex

o __________________________(male)andsome___________________(female)

HORMONESOFADRENALMEDULLA

Producestwosimilarhormones(catecholamines)

o

o

Thesehormonespreparethebodytodealwith_______________________stress

PINEALGLAND

Foundonthe__________________ventricleofthebrain

Secretes________________________

o Helpsestablishthebody’swakeand

____________________cycles

o Mayhaveotheras-yet-unsubstantiatedfunctions

THYMUS

Locatedposteriortothe___________________

Largestin___________________and_________________________

o Produces________________________

o Maturessometypesof___________________bloodcells

o Importantindevelopingthe___________________________system

PANCREAS

Thepancreasisamixedglandabout_________incheslong.

l Foritsdigestivefunction,itisconnectedviaaducttotheduodenumand

providesenzymesneededtobreakdownfoodonitswaytobeabsorbedby

thesmallintestines.

l Asanendocrinegland,itregulatesbloodsugarwiththeproductionofinsulin

andglucagon.

Theisletsofthepancreasproducehormones

o _______________–allowsglucosetocrossplasmamembranesintocellsfrombetacells

o ___________________–allowsglucosetoenterthebloodfromalphacells

o Thesehormonesareantagoniststhatmaintain_________________________homeostasis

NORMALBLOODSUGAR

l Bloodglucoseisnormallybetween__________mg/dland__________mg/dl.

l Whenlevelsdropbelow70youareconsidered___________________________.

l Whenlevelsareabove180youareconsidered_____________________________.

DIABETES

l eIdiabetes-Thebody’simmunesystemdestroysinsulinproducingcells.

Lifelonginsulininjectionsareneededtomaintainbloodsugarlevels.

l TypeIIdiabetes-Thebodymakesinsulinitsjustnotenoughorthebody

cannotuseitwellenough.SomepeoplecancontroltypeIIdiabeteswithdiet

andexercise.

HORMONESOFTHEOVARIES

Estrogens

o Stimulatesthedevelopmentof_______________________________characteristics

o Maturesfemalereproductiveorgans

o Helpspreparetheuterustoreceivea__________________________egg

o Helpsmaintain___________________andpreparesthebreaststoproduce____________

Progesterone

o Producedbythe______________________________

o Actswithestrogentobringaboutthe______________________cycle

o Helpsinthe___________________________ofanembryointheuterus

HORMONESOFTHETESTES

Interstitialcellsoftestesare_________________-producing

Produceseveralandrogens

Testosteroneisthemostimportantandrogen

o Responsibleforadultmale______________________________________________

o Promotes__________________and____________________ofmalereproductivesystem

o Requiredfor____________________cellproduction

FUNCTIONOFTHEPLACENTA

o Produceshormonesthatmaintainthe_______________________________

o Somehormonesplayapartinthe____________________________ofthebaby

o ProducesHCGinadditiontoestrogen,progesterone,andotherhormones

DEVELOPMENTALASPECTS

o Mostendocrineorgansoperatesmoothlyuntil__________age

o Menopauseisbroughtaboutbylackofefficiencyofthe__________________

o Problemsassociatedwithreducedestrogenarecommon

o ________________________________productiondeclineswithage

o Manyendocrineglands_______________________outputwithage