ENDOCRINESYSTEMCLASSNOTES
Theendocrinesystemisacollectionofglandsthatsecretehormonesdirectlyintothecirculatorysystemtobecarriedtowardadistanttargetorgan.Thesehormoneswillbereceivedbyspecificreceptorsonthetargetcellsintheorganism.Themajorendocrineglandsincludethepituitarygland,pancreas,ovaries,testes,thyroidgland,parathyroidgland,hypothalamus,andadrenalglands.
Theendocrinesystemisthe__________________systeminthebody.Isuseschemicals
(_____________________________)thatarereleasedintothe______________________.Hormonescontrol:
•
•
•
•
•
Hormonesareproducedby______________________cellsandsecretethehormonesintothe
_____________________________fluid.The____________________willtransferthehormonesaroundthe
bodyto_____________________sites.Thesehormonescan_____________________othercells.Notall
hormoneswillaffecteverycell.
Hormonesare________________________based.Theyinclude:
•
•
•
Steroidsaremadefrom_________________________andprostoglandinsaremadefrom
highlyactive____________________.
Asstatedearlier,hormonesonlyaffectcertain____________________or___________________
Thetargetcellmusthaveaspecific____________________receptor.Hormonebindinginfluencesthe
______________________ofthecell.
Hormonescanhaveseveraleffectsonthecell:
• Changesinplasmamembrane______________________or____________________________
• Synthesisof______________________suchas______________________
• Activationorinactivationof___________________________
• Stimulationof__________________________
STEROIDHORMONEACTION
Diffusethroughthe_______________________________
andenterthe____________________.Oncethere,they
bindtospecificsitesonthecell’s___________and
activates______________thatresultinthesynthesis
ofnew_____________________.
NONSTEROIDACTION
Hormonesbindtoamembrane
______________________________.Thehormonesdonot
enterthe______________.Theysetofaseriesofreactions
thatactivates___________________.Nonsteroidhormones
________________________areactionthatproducesa
secondmessengermoleculeand_____________________
additionalintracellularchangestopromotedaspecific
_____________________
Thehormonelevelsinthe____________________aremaintainedbya
__________________feedback.Astimulusor__________hormonelevelsin
thebloodtriggersthereleaseofmore_________________________.
Hormonerelease______________oncetheappropriatelevelinthe
bloodisreached.
Endocrineglandsare__________________byotherhormones.
Changingbloodlevelsofcertain__________stimulate
_____________________release.
Nerveimpulses___________________hormonerelease.Mostareunder
thecontrolofthe_______________________nervoussystem.
PITUITARYGLAND
ThePituitaryGland
• Sizeofa____________________
• Hangsfromthe_______________________
• Protectedbythe___________________
bone
• Hastwolobe
o
o
Thehormonesoftheanteriorpituitarygland
• Sixanteriorhormones
o _______affectnon-endocrinetargets
o _______stimulateotherglands(_______________________)
• Allanteriorpituitaryhormonesare:
o _______________________(or______________________)
o actthrough_________________________________
o regulatedby_______________________stimuli,mostly____________________feedback.
GrowthHormone
• General_______________________hormone
• Majoreffectsonthegrowthof________________________musclesand__________
bones
• Causes__________________tobebuiltintoproteins
• Causesfattobebrokendownasasourceof____________________.
Prolactin(PRL)
• _________________andmaintainsmilkproductionfollowingc_________________
• Functioninmalesis_________________
Adrenocorticotropichormone(ACTH)
• Regulatesendocrineactivityofthe__________________________________
Thyroid-stimulatinghormone(TSH)
• Influencesgrowthandactivityofthe_________________
Gonadotropichormones
• Regulatehormonalactivityofthe_________________
• Follicle-stimulatinghormone(FSH)
o Stimulatesfollicledevelopmentin_________________
o Stimulatesspermdevelopmentin_________________
• Luteinizinghormone(LH)
o Triggers_________________
o Causesrupturedfollicletobecomethe__________________________________
o Stimulates_________________productioninmales
o Referredtoasinterstitialcell-stimulatinghormone(ICSH)
PITUITARY-HYPOTHALAMUSRELATIONSHIP
• Releaseofhormonesiscontrolledbyreleasingandinhibitinghormones
producedbythe_________________
• _________________producestwohormonesthataretransortedto
neurosecretorycellsoftheposteriorpituitary
• Theposteriorpituitaryisnotstrictlyan_________________gland,butdoes
releasehormones
• Oxytocin
o Stimulatescontractionsofthe_________________duringlabor
o Causes_________________ejection
• Antidiuretichormone(ADH)
o Caninhibit_________________production
o Inlargeamounts,causesvasoconstriction
leadingtoincreased
bloodpressure(_________________)
THEGLANDS/ORGANS
THYROID
Foundatthebaseofthe_____________________
Consistsoftwolobesandaconnectingisthmus
Majormetabolichormone
Composedoftwoactive____________________-containinghormones
• __________________________(T4)–secretedbythyroidfollicles
• _____________________________(T3)–conversionofT4attargettissues
FUNCTIONSOFTHETHYROIDHORMONES
l Controlstherateatwhichyourbody___________________calories(________________________)
l Sloworspeedup____________________________
l Raiseorlowerbody___________________________
l Regulatethespeedatwhichfoodmovesthroughthe____________________________
l Affectmusclestrength
l Regulatethespeedatwhichbodyreplaces________________________cells
THYROIDANDPITUITARY
l Thepituitaryandthethyroidwork____________________________.
l Thepituitaryglandproduces________
(thyroidstimulatinghormone).Thisinturncauses
thethyroidtoreleasemore_______and_______.
l BloodtestscanrevealiflevelsofTSHareadequate.
TSHLEVELS
l IfbloodtestsrevealtheTSHlevelsaretoohigh,thatmeansthethyroidisnot
producingenoughT3orT4.Thatisbadbecausethepituitarycanbecome
___________________________and_______________.
l Thiscanbepreventedbytakingmedicationslike_______________________________.
ThismedicationincreaseslevelsofT3andT4whenthethyroidisnot
producingenoughonitsown.
DISORDERSOFTHETHYROIDGLAND
Goiters-Enlargementofthethyroidglandduetoalackof____________________.Iodineis
necessarybecauseT3andT4areiodinecontaininghormones.Iodinecanbefoundinthesoil
inmostareasoftheworld.However,someareasoftheworldhavesoillowiniodine.This
ledtomanypeopledevelopinggoiters.WehaveanarearighthereintheUSAneartheGreat
Lakes.Tocombatthisproblem,iodineisaddedto______________(iodizedsalt)
PARATHYROIDGLAND
l Locatedinthenecklocated_________________thethyroidgland.
l Humanshave_____ofthem,roughlythesizeofagrainof_____________________.
l Theyregulatethelevelsofcalciuminthebloodconstantlyusingahormone
calledPTH(_______________________________________).
l Regulationisdoneusing________(parathyroidstimulatinghormone)
PARATHYROIDSTIMULATINGHORMONE
l Ifbloodcalciumistoo___________,PTHisreleasedandcalciumisremoved
fromthe_________________toincreasecalciumlevelsintheblood.
l Ifbloodcalciumistoohigh,theparathyroidshutsdownandstopsmaking
PTH.Ahormonecalled_______________________alsohelpsreducebloodcalcium.
IMPORTANCEOFCALCIUM
l Provides___________________________energyforournervoussystemsbyhelping
theimpulsetravelalongthenervecells.
l Provideenergyformusclecellsto_____________________________.
l Helpsprovide________________________________totheskeletalsystem.
DISORDERSOFTHEPARATHYROIDGLAND
Hyperparathyroidism-Toomuch_______________ispresentandbloodcalciumlevels
rise.Thiscancause__________________________________and/or____________________________.
Hypoparathyroidism-Youwillnothaveenoughbloodcalciumandtoomuch
phosphorous.Thisis___________,butcancausedamagetootherendocrineglands.
Calcitonin
• Decreasesblood________________________levelsbycausingitsdepositiononbone
• Antagonisticto________________________hormone
ADRENALGLANDS
Sitsontopofthe_________________________andiscomposedof______glands.Cortex-Medula-
HOMONESOFTHEADRENALCORTEXMineralocorticoids(mainlyaldosterone)
o Producedinouter______________________________
o Regulatemineralcontentinb________________,__________________,andelectrolytebalance
o Targetorganisthe__________________
o Productionstimulatedbyreninandaldosterone
o Productioninhibitedbyatrialnatriureticpeptide
Glucocorticoids(includingcortisoneandcortisol)
o Producedinthe_________________layeroftheadrenalcortex
o Promotenormal_______________________________
o Helpresistlong-termstressors
o ReleasedinresponsetoincreasedbloodlevelsofACTH
Sexhormones
o Producedintheinner_________________oftheadrenalcortex
o __________________________(male)andsome___________________(female)
HORMONESOFADRENALMEDULLA
Producestwosimilarhormones(catecholamines)
o
o
Thesehormonespreparethebodytodealwith_______________________stress
PINEALGLAND
Foundonthe__________________ventricleofthebrain
Secretes________________________
o Helpsestablishthebody’swakeand
____________________cycles
o Mayhaveotheras-yet-unsubstantiatedfunctions
THYMUS
Locatedposteriortothe___________________
Largestin___________________and_________________________
o Produces________________________
o Maturessometypesof___________________bloodcells
o Importantindevelopingthe___________________________system
PANCREAS
Thepancreasisamixedglandabout_________incheslong.
l Foritsdigestivefunction,itisconnectedviaaducttotheduodenumand
providesenzymesneededtobreakdownfoodonitswaytobeabsorbedby
thesmallintestines.
l Asanendocrinegland,itregulatesbloodsugarwiththeproductionofinsulin
andglucagon.
Theisletsofthepancreasproducehormones
o _______________–allowsglucosetocrossplasmamembranesintocellsfrombetacells
o ___________________–allowsglucosetoenterthebloodfromalphacells
o Thesehormonesareantagoniststhatmaintain_________________________homeostasis
NORMALBLOODSUGAR
l Bloodglucoseisnormallybetween__________mg/dland__________mg/dl.
l Whenlevelsdropbelow70youareconsidered___________________________.
l Whenlevelsareabove180youareconsidered_____________________________.
DIABETES
l eIdiabetes-Thebody’simmunesystemdestroysinsulinproducingcells.
Lifelonginsulininjectionsareneededtomaintainbloodsugarlevels.
l TypeIIdiabetes-Thebodymakesinsulinitsjustnotenoughorthebody
cannotuseitwellenough.SomepeoplecancontroltypeIIdiabeteswithdiet
andexercise.
HORMONESOFTHEOVARIES
Estrogens
o Stimulatesthedevelopmentof_______________________________characteristics
o Maturesfemalereproductiveorgans
o Helpspreparetheuterustoreceivea__________________________egg
o Helpsmaintain___________________andpreparesthebreaststoproduce____________
Progesterone
o Producedbythe______________________________
o Actswithestrogentobringaboutthe______________________cycle
o Helpsinthe___________________________ofanembryointheuterus
HORMONESOFTHETESTES
Interstitialcellsoftestesare_________________-producing
Produceseveralandrogens
Testosteroneisthemostimportantandrogen
o Responsibleforadultmale______________________________________________
o Promotes__________________and____________________ofmalereproductivesystem
o Requiredfor____________________cellproduction
FUNCTIONOFTHEPLACENTA
o Produceshormonesthatmaintainthe_______________________________
o Somehormonesplayapartinthe____________________________ofthebaby
o ProducesHCGinadditiontoestrogen,progesterone,andotherhormones
DEVELOPMENTALASPECTS
o Mostendocrineorgansoperatesmoothlyuntil__________age
o Menopauseisbroughtaboutbylackofefficiencyofthe__________________
o Problemsassociatedwithreducedestrogenarecommon
o ________________________________productiondeclineswithage
o Manyendocrineglands_______________________outputwithage
