endocrine system by debra kuhn & katrine viscaya
TRANSCRIPT
Endocrine System
By Debra Kuhn & Katrine Viscaya
What is the endocrine system?
• The word Endocrine derives from Greek origin• The endocrine system is the collection of
glands in which each gland secretes a different type of hormone that regulates:
• Metabolism • Growth & Development• Tissue Function• Sexual Function• Reproduction• Sleep & Mood • Ect.
What are hormones? What do they influence?
Hormones: They are substances secreted by endocrine glands into the internal environment.
Influences: They diffuse from the interstitial fluid into the bloodstream and then act on target cells. They regulate physical and chemical processes. They may act on several organs throughout the body.
Exocrine vs. EndocrineExocrine
• These glands secrete products into ducts that
open onto surfaces (outside environment)
• They have ducts to carry hormones
• Sub-classifications: Multicellular and Unicellular• Multicellular glands
include:• Holocrine Glands• Apocrine Glands• Merocrine Glands
Endocrine• Glands from this system
secrete their products into tissue or blood (Inside the Body).
• These glands are ductless• The response is slower
because hormones travel through blood
• The duration of the response in motion is
longer because kidneys filter blood.
What makes up the Endocrine System
• Hypothalamus• Pituitary Gland• Thyroid• Parathyroid• Adrenal Glands• Pineal Body• Reproductive (Ovaries and Testes)• Pancreas• Thymus
Regulation of Hormone Secretion
Every time a Hormone is secreted, it is due to Negative Feedback Mechanisms. These mechanisms include
1.1. The Hypothalamus: The Hypothalamus: The Hypothalamus regulates anterior pituitary glands release of hormones that tell other Endocrine glands to release their hormones.
2.2. The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System
3.3. The Changing level of substance in plasma: The Changing level of substance in plasma: Another group of glands responds directly to changes of the composition of the internal environment
Nervous System Explained
• The Nervous System stimulates some glands directly which then release hormones to the target cells that cause the action of hormone response.
Steroid vs. Non-steroidSteroid
• Soluable (Soluable to Lipids so they can diffuse into cells easily)
• The Steroid Hormone binds a specific Hormone Molecule which is the receptor for that Hormone
• Hormone Receptor Complex binds within the Nucleus to particular regions of the target cells DNA
• This activate Transcription • RNA molecules leave the Nucleus and enter cytoplasm• mRNA associate with Ribosomes to direct the synthesis
of specific proteins
Steroid Vs. Non-SteroidNon-Steroid
• A hormone binds its receptor• This hormone receptor complex activates a protein
called “G” Protein• The “G” Protein activates the enzyme Adenylate
Cyclase • Activated Adenylate Cyclase catalyses the
circularization if ATP in the Cytoplasm into cAMP• cAMP activates another set of enzymes called Protein
Kinases which transfer Phosphate group from the ATP to their substrate molecule
1. The Hypothalamus
• Location: Above the brain stem• Controls the release of the 8 major hormones• Controls body temperature, Food and Water
intake, hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, daily cycles in psychological state, and the meditation of emotional responses
2. Pituitary Gland
• Location: Beneath the Hypothalamus• “Master Gland” – Most important gland of the
Endocrine System• Hormone production• Divided into two parts (Anterior and
Posterior)• Controls secretion of Endorphins• Also controls Ovulation & Menstrual Cycle for
women
3. Thyroid Gland
• Location: Frontal part of Lower neck (Butterfly Shape)
• Produces Thyroxine & Triiodothyronine = controls rate of cell burning of food (energy)• Metabolism
• Helps kids/teens bone grow and develop• Develops the brain and nervous system in
kids
4. Parathyroid Gland
• Location: Attached to Thyroid • Releases Parathyroid Hormones =
regulates level of calcium in blood with help of calcitonin (produced in Thyroid)
5. Adrenal Gland (Two Parts)
Outer (Adrenal Cortex)
• Produces Corticosteroids = Regulates salt and water balance in the body, its response to stress, metabolism, immune system, and sexual development and function
Inner (Adrenal Medulla)
• Produces Catecholamines = (Adrenaline), this increases blood pressure and heart rate when the body experiences stress
Location: On top of each Kidney
6. Pineal Gland
• Location: Middle of the Brain• Secretes Melatonin = Regulates sleeping
Schedule (when you sleep at night and when you wake up in the morning)• Involved in daily biological cycles
7. Reproductive Glands
Males• Gonads are main
source of sex hormones
• Location: Testes in Scrotum
• Secrete hormones called androgen
Females• Gonads are main
source of sex hormones
• Location: Ovaries in the Pelvis
• Secrete hormones estrogen and progesterone
8. Thymus
• Location: Behind Sternum & Between lungs• This Gland is only active until puberty, and
after puberty it starts to shrink and is replaced by fat
• This gland stimulates the development of T cells =
• T cells are a type of white blood cells which helps protect the body from infection and viruses
9. The Pancreas
• Location: Behind the Stomach• Two main functions: • exocrine function - helps in
digestion • endocrine function - regulates
blood sugar
Hormones Released by Glands
Regulation of Hormone Secretion
• Hypothalamus regulates the anterior pituitary gland’s release of hormones that stimulate other glands to release.
• Nervous system stimulates some glands directly (i.e. the adrenal medulla which secretes hormones in response to sympathetic nerve impulses)
• Other glands respond directly to changes in the internal environment (i.e. blood glucose level so pancreas secretes insulin or glucagon)
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Cycle:1. Stimulus (ex. Blood
Glucose)2. Receptors (ex. Beta
Cells)3. Control Center (Nerve
cells in Brain)4. Effector (Insulin)5. Response (Blood
Drops)
Diseases• Diabetes
• Body does not process glucose properly, due to lack of insulin or the body is not working effectively with the insulin
• Hypothyroidism• Thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone,
which may cause many body functions to slow or shut down completely
• Hypoglycemia• Low blood glucose or low blood sugar, occurs when blood
glucose drops below normal. Typically happens as result to diabetes treatment because too much insulin is taken
• Hormones can also impact bones, in diseases such as osteoporosis and osteomalacia (rickets) in which bones soften