Ending the WarHWH UNIT 9

CHAPTER 14.3 and 14.4

By the End of 1916…

Stalemate on all fronts Low morale

French troops mutiny Russia on the verge of collapse Economic hardships on the homefront

Millions already dead

AT THIS POINT, WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO END THE WAR AND ENSURE A LASTING PEACE?

Blockade and Economic Warfare

The US Joins the War

Post-War plans Furthered colonial and imperial interests

Allies agreed to divide Ottoman Empire and Germany’s colonies

Germany had plans of colonial expansion The Zimmerman Telegram

US Declares War (April, 1917)

WAR ON THE HOMEFRONT

Propaganda

The Role of Women

French Munitions Workers

More French Munitions Workers

The Red Cross

Filling the Roles of the Men

Nearly half of the labor force became female

Female Russian Soldier

The Russian Revolution (1917) and the Treaty of

Brest-Litovsk (1918)

The Final German Offensive

Spring, 1918

Hindenburg and Ludendorff

US Troops Arrive…

The Collapse of the Central Powers

Germany Civilian government vs. military

Austria-Hungary Ethnic minorities

November 11, 1918

The Paris Peace Talks, 1919

The “Big Four”Lloyd George, Orlando, Clemenceau, and Wilson

Wilson’s Fourteen Points vs. Revanche

Differing Agendas Britain: a nation “fit for heroes,”

maintain empires France: Punish Germany Italy: Land on the Adriatic US: Lasting peace, collective

security

The Treaty of Versailles

Stipulations of the Treaty

1. Germany military reduced2. Rhineland permanently demilitarized

Occupied for 15 years

3. Saar region controlled by League of Nations for 15 years

4. Reparations $30 Billion

5. Germany forfeits all colonies6. Article 231: The War Guilt Clause

Implications of the Treaty

1. Self Determination for some…• Colonies were redistributed

2. Germany humiliated• Diktat• The “Stab in the Back”

3. No foundation for lasting peace4. New Map

Global Implications The Middle East

Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) Divided the Middle East between France and

Britain New nations were arbitrarily created (Iraq, Syria,

Lebanon, Jordan) The Balfour Declaration (1917)

Britain promised the created of a Jewish state in Palestine

NO SELF-DETERMINATION FOR ARABS Africa

Colonies and Mandates NO SELF-DETERMINATION FOR AFRICANS

Humanitarian Implications