ending the war to end all wars - constitutional rights ... ending the war to end all wars overview...

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EndingtheWartoEndAllWars

OverviewStudentswilllearnaboutthearmisticethatendedofWorldWarIandtheParisPeaceConference,whichdecidedthefateofpost-WWIGermany.AshortPowerPointcentereddiscussionintroducesstudentstothearmisticeandvariousnationalreactionstoit.Studentsthenassumetherolesofoneofthe“BigFour”leadersattheParisPeacetodebatethefateofpost-warGermanyandcreatetheirownversionoftheTreatyofVersailles.Finally,studentscomparetheirTreatyofVersailleswiththeactualTreatyandthenmakepredictionsaboutitseffectsonthepost-WorldWarIworld.Grade9NCEssentialStandardsforWorldHistory• WH.7.1-Evaluatekeyturningpointsofthemoderneraintermsoftheirlastingimpact• WH.7.2-Analyzetheincreaseineconomicandmilitarycompetitionamongnationsintermsoftheinfluences

ofnationalism,imperialism,militarism,andindustrialization• WH.7.3-Analyzeeconomicandpoliticalrivalries,ethnicandregionalconflicts,andnationalismand

imperialismasunderlyingcausesofwar• WH.8.1-Evaluateglobalwarsintermsofhowtheychallengedpoliticalandeconomicpowerstructuresand

gaverisetonewbalancesofpower• WH.8.2-ExplainhowinternationalcrisishasimpactedinternationalpoliticsMaterials• “EndingtheWartoEndAllWars”accompanyingPowerPoint,availableinCarolinaK-12’sDatabaseofK-12

Resources,here:http://civics.sites.unc.edu/files/2012/05/EndingWartoEndAllWarsPPT.pdfo ToviewthisPDFasaprojectablepresentation,savethefile,click“View”inthetopmenubarofthefile,

andselect“FullScreenMode”o TorequestaneditablePPTversionofthispresentation,[email protected]

• ParisPeaceConferenceSimulationRolesandSupplementalDocuments(attached)o USPresidentWoodrowWilsono BritishPrimeMinsterDavidLloydGeorgeo FrenchPremierGeorgesClemenceauo ItalianPrimeMinisterVittorioOrlandoo BlankTreatyofVersaillesHandouto TreatyofVersaillesSummaryHandout

EssentialQuestions:• HowdidWorldWarIend?• WhatwastheParisPeaceConference?• WhatissuesdidtheTreatyofVersaillessettle?• WhatissueswerenotsettledattheTreatyofVersailles?• HowdidtheTreatyofVersaillescontributetoWorldWarII?

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DurationOne90minuteclassperiodStudentPreparationStudentsshouldbefamiliarwiththecausesandcourseofWorldWarI.ThislessonshouldbecompletedtowardtheendoftheWorldWarIunit.Procedure

WarmUp:ArmisticeDayCartoon1. Asawarmup,projectslide2ofthe“ParisPeaceConference”PowerPointand,withoutrevealingany

information,allowstudentstosilentlyviewtheimageforafewminutes.Then,posethefollowingquestionstotheclass:• Whatfeaturesjumpedoutatyouwhenyoufirstsawthispicture?• Whatdoyouthinkthehelmetrepresents?Howcanyoutell?Whatdoyounoticeaboutthehelmet?• Whatisunderthehelmet?Whatdoyouthinkitrepresents?• Whattypeofbirdisinthisimage?Whatisthebirdholdinginitsmouth?Whatdothesesymbols

represent?• Whatdoyouthinkthedatesignifies?

TheArmistice

2. InformstudentsthatthiscartoonappearedintheCedarRapids,MichiganGazetteonNovember11,1918–thesamedaytheWorldWarIarmisticewassigned.Havetheclassbrainstormforaminutewhattheword“armistice”meansandsolicitafewstudentresponses.Movetoslide3,whichcontainsthedefinitionofarmistice-Atemporarysuspensionofhostilitiesbyagreementbetweenopponents,atruce-andcomparethestudentdefinitionstothedictionarydefinition.

3. Transitiontoslide4whichcontainsapictureofthefrontpageoftheNewYorkTimesfromNovember11,1918andposethefollowingquestionstothestudents:• WhatdoestheNYTimesheadlinetellyouaboutGermany?

o Germanyisturmoil,theyhaveanewgovernment,peopleareupsetwiththearmistice,GermanEmpireisdisbandedbecausetheKaiserhasfled.

4. Movetoslide5&6–“ArmisticeFastFacts&ArmisticeTerms”–andposethefollowingquestionstothestudents:• AsyoulookatthepaintingdepictingthesigningoftheArmistice,whatdoyounoticeabouttheGerman

delegation?o They’reallstanding

• WhatdoyounoticeabouttheAlliedpersonnel?Doyouthinkthatthey’resittingonpurpose?Whatdoyouthinkthatindicates?o They’reallsittingexceptforoneofficer.Theycouldbesittingonpurposeasasignofdisrespecttothe

Germans.• WhatdoyounoticeaboutthetermsoftheArmistice?DoyouthinkthatGermanyhadanyinputinwriting

theArmisticeagreement?• UsingwhatyouknowaboutWorldWarI,doyouthinktheArmisticeistooharsh,toolenient,or

appropriate?5. Instructstudentstotakeoutapieceofpaperandthencountoffeachstudentfrom1to9beforemovingto

slide7.Afterrevealingslide7–“AftertheArmistice”–informthemthatthispicturewastakenafewminutesaftertheArmisticewassigned.Tellstudentsthatbaseduponthenumbertheydrew,theywillassumethecharacterofthepersonintheimagelabeledwiththecorrespondingnumberandwriteafirst-personresponse

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towhattheyarethinking,feeling,seeing,hearing,etc.Oncestudentshavehadtimetoformulateandwritedowntheirthoughts,givethema1minutewarningandtellthemtoreviewwhattheyhavewritteninpreparationforsharing.Askstudentstosharetheirwritingsandthendiscussthefollowingquestions:• Whattypesofimportantinformationdidyouhearfromthesecharacters?• Didanythingsurpriseyou?Didanyoneinterpretoneofthefiguresverydifferentlythanyouwouldhave?

Explain.• Ifyouhadtogivethispictureacaptionortitle,whatwoulditbe?• HowdoyouthinkpeopleinEnglandandFrancereactedtonewsoftheArmistice?• HowdoyouthinkpeopleintheUnitedStatesreactedtonewsoftheArmistice?• Whoisnoticeablyabsentfromthepicture?Doyouthinkthiswasintentional?• HowdoyouthinkpeopleinGermanyreactedtonewsoftheArmistice?

6. OptionalActivity:Have9studentvolunteerswhorepresenteachfiguretocometothefrontoftheclassroom

andtakethesamepositionasthepeopleintheimage.Innumericalorder,havethestudentsreadtheirfirst-personmonologues.

7. Continuethroughslides8,9,&10whichshowFrench,British,andAmericanreactionstothenewsofthe

Armistice.Posethefollowingquestionstotheclass:• Whydoyouthinkeveryoneissohappy?• Whatdoyounoticeaboutthetwo“BritishReaction”images?Aretheysimilarordifferent?Whatdoes

eachonetellyouaboutthemoodinBritainafterthenewsoftheArmistice?

8. Referbacktothe“AftertheArmistice”imageonslide8andaskstudents:• Whatcountry’srepresentativesareabsentfromtheimage?

o Germany• WhatdoyouthinktheGermanreactiontotheArmisticewas?Why?Proceedtoslide11displayingthefollowingquotefromMatthiasErzberger,GermansignatoryoftheArmistice:“anationofseventymillionscansuffer,butitcannotdie.”Discuss:• WhatdoyouthinkMatthiasmeans?• Whatdoesthistellyouaboutwhathethinksaboutthearmistice?WhatisheaccusingFranceandBritain

of?• DoyouthinktheGermanpeopleagreeordisagreewithhim?Why?

9. Continueontoslide12displayingapostcarddepictingthefeelingsofmanyGermanstowardtheArmistice.

Thecaptionreads,“Germans,thinkaboutit!”• Canyouidentifyanyofthefiguresintheimage?Whoisthefatmanlookingonwithapproval?

o TheGermanArmy,MatthiasErzberger• Whatisthemanwiththeknifedoing?

o SneakingupontheGermanarmy–whiletheyarestillfighting–andstabbingthemintheback.• Canyouguesswhothemanholdingtheknifeis?

o PhilippScheidemann,theleaderoftheprovisionalgovernmentthatranGermanyaftertheKaiser’sabdication.HewasthemanthatcalledforanarmisticewiththeAlliedforces.

• WhatdoesthistellyouaboutGermanfeelingstowardstheArmistice?o TheyfeltthatthenewgovernmentstabbedtheGermanArmyandtheGermanpeopleinthebackand

acceptingsuchunfavorableterms.ThisleadstoapopularresentmentoftheWeimarGovernmentandHitlerexploitsthesefeelingswhenhebecomesleaderofGermany.

Ø TeacherNote:Thefiguressittinginthebackgroundare“wealthyJews-theallegedperpetratorsofthedeed.”The“stabintheback”theorybecomesanimportantpartofanti-JewishNazipropagandaunderHitler’s

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regime.OneofthereasonsthatGermansbelievedinthe“stabbedintheback”legendisthatmanyfeltthattheyhadbeenwinningthewarallalong–allofthemajorfightingtookplaceoutsideofGermany’sborders,theGermanshadmadepeacewiththeRussians,manyGermanleadersproclaimedtothereturningtroopsthat“noenemyhasvanquishedyou.Manyscholarsarguethatrealitywasdifferent–theGermanarmywasoutofreserves,thearrivaloftheAmericanserasedanyadvantagestheGermansmayhavehadagainsttheAllies,andincreasingoppositiontothewarfromtheGermanarmy,navy,andhomefront.ToillustratehowunpopulartheArmisticewaswithmanyGermans,informstudentsthatMatthiasErzbergerwasassassinatedin1921byanultra-nationalistgroup,OrganisationConsul,forhisroleinsigningtheArmistice.

“Peace-ing”theWorldBackTogether:TheParisPeaceConference

10. Continueontoslide13,andaskthestudentstoviewthecartoon–“TasksofPeace”–andthendiscussthefollowingquestions:• Describewhatishappeninginthiscartoon?• WhatdoesthiscartoonimplyaboutthestateofEuropeafterWorldWarI?• Whywasn’ttheArmisticeenoughtoendthewar?

o ItwasonlyatemporaryagreementtostopfightinganditonlyconcernedGermany,nottherestoftheCentralPowers.

• Howwouldyougoaboutcreatingpeaceaftersuchadevastatingconflict?• Usingtheinformationyoujustlearned,whymightitbedifficulttoachievepeace?

11. Slides14&15providebackgroundinformationabouttheParisPeaceConferenceandthelesserknown

treatiesthatemergedfromtheconference.

TreatyofVersaillesSimulation12. Placestudentsintogroupsof4,oneforeachofthefollowingroles:USPresidentWoodrowWilson,French

PremierGeorgesClemenceau,BritishPrimeMinisterDavidLloydGeorge,andItalianPremierVittorioOrlando.Informstudentsthattheyaregoingtoassumeoneofthepersonasofthe“BigFour”anddecidethefateofGermanyafterWorldWarI.Distributetheattachedhandoutsandcorrespondingdocumentsheetsandreviewtheinstructions:• Answerthequestionsyou’vebeenassignedonaseparatesheetofpaper,usingthedocumentsprovided

andyourknowledgeofWorldWarI.Next,filloutthe“PeaceTermsProposal”sectionofyourhandout.Youwillpresentyourproposaltotheotherworldleadersandattempttopersuadethemtoadoptallorpartsofyourtreaty.Aftereachofthe“BigFour”haspresented,thegroupwillvoteonwhattermstoadopt.Ifthereisatie,skipthatprovision,moveontotheothersandthen,revisittheunresolvedprovisionuntilamajorityvotecanbereached.Oncethegrouphascompletedtheirvotes,filloutthe“VersaillesTreaty”handout.

13. Allowgroups30minutestoworkontheirpeaceproposals.Providethemwithfrequentupdatesofthe

remainingtimeandcirculatethroughouttheroomtoensurethattheystayontask.

Ø TeacherNote:Toensurethatallstudentsarecompletingtheirworkwithinthegroup,assignanindividualgradebaseduponstudentresponsestotheirquestionsandagroupgradebaseduponthefinalcopyoftheVersaillesTreatyhandout.

14. Aftertheallottedtime,provideeachgroupwiththeattached“TreatyofVersailles”summaryandinstructthemtocomparetheirgroup’sversionwiththeactualtreaty.Discussthefollowingquestionstodebrief:• Howdoesyourgroup’streatydifferfromtherealTreatyofVersailles?• WasitdifficulttomakeadecisiondecidingonthefateofGermany?• Didyouagreeordisagreewiththeroleyouwereassigned?

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• Didyourgroupfinditeasyordifficulttoreachaconsensus?Whatsectionofthetreatywasthehardesttoreachaconsensusfor?

• Whatcountrywasnoticeablynotrepresentedinyourconference?Whydoyouthinkthishappened?Howdidthisimpactthedecisionmakingprocess?

• HowdoyouthinkpeopleinFrance,Britain,theUnitedStates,ItalyandGermanyreactedtotheTreaty?15. SharethefollowingquotefromDavidLloydGeorgecommentingontheTreatyofVersailles:“Weshallhaveto

fightanotherwaragainin25yearstime."• WhatdoesthisquotetellyouaboutGeorge’sfeelingstowardtheTreaty?• Doyouagreewithhim?Ifso,whodoyouthinkwillfightanotherwar?• Doyouthinkthatifthetreatywasdifferent,aSecondWorldWarcouldhavebeenavoided?

AdditionalActivities• Assignthestudentsacountry–Germany,France,Britain,theUnitedStates,orItaly–andhavethemwritea

lettertotheeditorexplainingwhytheysupportoropposetheTreatyofVersailles.• SeeCarolinaK-12’slesson,“RiseofTotalitarianism”.Resources• PBS–“TheGreatWar”:http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/

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WorldWarICasualtyFiguresOnewaytounderstandtheviolenceandslaughterthatoccurredintheGreatWaristoexaminethenumberofcasualtiesanddeaths.Exactfiguresarestillindispute,becauseofdifferentdefinitionsusedeachcategory,thequestionableaccuracyoftherecordingsystemusedandthelossordestructionofanumberofofficialdocuments.Thedatainthetablesbelowreflectnumbersfromseveralsourcesandareconsistentwithmostexperts'currentestimates.

Country TotalMobilizedForces Killed Wounded Prisonersand

Missing TotalCasualties Casualtiesas%ofForces

ALLIEDANDASSOCIATEDPOWERS

Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 76.3

BritishEmpire 8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 35.8

France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 73.3

Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 39.1

UnitedStates 4,355,000 116,516 204,002 4,500 323,018 7.1

Japan 800,000 300 907 3 1,210 0.2

Romania 750,000 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706 71.4

Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 46.8

Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 34.9

Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 1,000 27,000 11.7

Portugal 100,000 7,222 13,751 12,318 33,291 33.3

Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 7,000 20,000 40.0

TOTAL 42,188,810 5,142,631 12,800,706 4,121,090 22,062,427 52.3

ALLIEDANDASSOCIATEDPOWERS

Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 64.9

Austria-Hungary 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 90.0

Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 34.2

Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 22.2

TOTAL 22,850,000 3,386,200 8,388,448 3,629,829 15,404,477 67.4

GRANDTOTAL 65,038,810 8,528,831 21,189,154 7,750,919 37,466,904 57.5

Source:http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/resources/casdeath_pop.html

WarExpenditures&NationalIncome

Nation Expenditures NationalIncome(1914)BritishEmpire $23billion $11billion

France $9.3billion UnavailableUS $17.1billion $37billion

Germany $19.9billion $12billionSource:http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/us32.cfm

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WorldWarIMaps

Europein1914 GermanColonies

TheDisputedTerritories

Tyrol

Dalmatia

German East

Africa

German Southwest Africa

German West Africa

German New Guinea

Togoland

Treaty of London (1915)

Trieste

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USPresidentWoodrowWilson

Directions:YouareUnitedStatesPresident,WoodrowWilson.You’reaimingforthefollowingresultsattheParisPeaceConference:toendwarbycreatingaLeagueofNations,toensurethatGermanyisnotdestroyed,toobtainapeacewithoutvictory.Usingthecasualtycharts,maps,documentsbelow,answertheattachedquestionstocreateapeaceproposaltopresenttoyourfellowworldleaders.Attheconference,youmusttryconvinceyourfellowworldleaderstoadoptyourresolutiontoWorldWarI.

DocumentA:TheFourteenPointsFourteenPoints,The,asetof14principlesproposedbyPresidentWoodrowWilsonasabasisforendingWorldWarIandforkeepingthepeacethereafter.TheseprinciplesweresetforthbyWilsoninanaddresstotheUnitedStatesCongressonJanuary8,1918.GermanywelcomedthisbasisforpeacewhenonthevergeofdefeatbytheAlliessomemonthslater.Insummaryform,theFourteenPointswere:

1. Abolitionofsecretdiplomacybyadoptionofopencovenants(agreements),openlyarrivedat.2. Freedomoftheseasinpeaceandwar,exceptastheseasmaybeclosedinwholeorinpartbyinternational

actiontoenforceinternationalcovenants.3. Removalofinternationaltradebarrierswhere-everpossibleandestablishmentofequaltradingconditions

amongthenationsacceptingthepeace.4. Reductionofarmamentstothelowestpointconsistentwithpublicsafety.5. Adjustmentofcolonialclaims,takingintoaccounttheinterestsofthecolonialpopulationaswellasthoseofthe

rivalcolonialpowers.6. EvacuationofGermantroopsfromRussianterritory,andanopportunityforRussia,thenengagedinthe

Communistrevolution,todetermineitsformofgovernmentwithoutoutsideinterference.7. EvacuationofGermantroopsfromBelgium.8. EvacuationandrestorationbyGermanyofFrenchterritory,withrestorationtoFranceofAlsace-Lorraine.9. ReadjustmentofthefrontiersofItalyalongclearlyrecognizablelinesofnationality.10. OpportunityofautonomousdevelopmentforthepeoplesofAustria-Hungary.11. EvacuationbytheCentralPowersofSerbia,Montenegro,andRomania;grantingofseaportstoSerbia;and

internationalguaranteesofthepoliticalandeconomicindependenceandterritorialintegrityoftheBalkanstates.12. InternationalizationoftheDardanellesandself-determinationfornon-TurkishpeoplesunderTurkishcontrol.13. AnindependentPolandwithaccesstothesea.14. Establishmentofageneralassociationofnationstoaffordmutualguaranteesofpoliticalindependenceand

territorialintegritytolargeandsmallnationsalike.

InaspeechonJuly4,1918,WilsondescribedthespiritoftheFourteenPoints:“Whatweseekisthereignoflaw,basedupontheconsentofthegovernedandsustainedbytheorganizedopinionofmankind.”

Source:http://history.howstuffworks.com/world-war-i/fourteen-points.htm

DocumentB:TreatyofLondonandWilson’sReaction

TreatyofLondon(1915);AsecrettreatybetweenneutralItalyandtheAlliedforcesofFrance,Britain,andRussiatobringItalyintoWorldWarI.TheAllieswantedItaly’sparticipationbecauseofitsborderwithAustria.ItalywaspromisedTrieste,southernTyrol,northernDalmatia,andotherterritoriesinreturnforapledgetoenterthewarwithinamonth.Despite

oppositionofmostItalians,whofavoredneutrality,Italyjoinedthewar[..]Source:http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1381765/Treaty-of-London

Wilson’sReaction:[…]WesternPowersrefusedtograntItalytheextensivecompensationithadexpectedalongtheAdriaticCoast.TheotherswerenotimpressedwithItaly’sperformanceinthewar,andWilsonwasopposedtogivingtheItaliansterritorythatcontainedpredominantlySouthSlavpopulations.

Source:Lyons,Michael.WorldWarII:AShortHistory.4thed.UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PrenticeHall,2004.14-15.Print

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Name___________________________________ USPresidentWoodrowWilson

Directions:Answerthequestionsyou’vebeenassignedonaseparatesheetofpaper,usingthedocumentsprovidedandyourknowledgeofWorldWarI.Next,filloutthe“PeaceTermsProposal”sectionofyourhandout.Youwillpresentyourproposaltotheotherworldleadersandattempttopersuadethemtoadoptallorpartsofyourtreaty.Aftereachofthe“BigFour”haspresented,thegroupwillvoteonwhattermstoadopt.Ifthereisatie,skipthatprovision,moveontotheothersandthen,revisittheunresolvedprovisionuntilamajorityvotecanbereached.Oncethegrouphascompletedtheirvotes,filloutthe“VersaillesTreaty”handout.

Questions

1. DoesanycountrybeartheblameforstartingWorldWarI?Ifyes,whichoneisguiltyandwhy?Ifno,why?

2. DoyouthinkthatGermanyshouldpaywarreparationstotheAllies?Ifso,howmuchandhowdidyouarriveatthatfigure?

3. ShouldGermany’sarmyandnavybedisbanded?Whyorwhynot?DoesGermanyhavearighttodefenditselffromoutsideinvasion?

4. ShouldaPolishstatebecreatedoutofGermanlands?Whyorwhynot?

5. ShouldtheUnitedStatesaskforanyGermancoloniesaspartofthepeacesettlement?Whyorwhynot?

6. WhatGermanterritory,ifany,shouldgotoFranceorEngland?

7. ShouldtheRhinelandbegiventoFrance,demilitarized(noGermanarmystationedcanbestationedthere),orleftalone?Why?

8. WhymightWilsonbewillingtogiveTyrol&TriestetotheItalians,butnotDalmatia?

9. WhydoyouthinkthatthePresidentWilsonwantedtoimposeasoftpunishmentonGermany,asopposedtomanyofhisEuropeancounterparts–specificallyFrenchPremierGeorgesClemenceau?WhymighttheUnitedStatesbemoreforgivingtowardsGermany?

10. WhydoyouthinktheGermanswerequicktonegotiateafterWilsondeliveredhisFourteenPointsspeechandaftertheUSenteredthewar?

PeaceTermsProposal

WarGuiltClause

TerritorialRequests

• UnitedStates:______________________________________________________________________________________

• France:___________________________________________________________________________________________

• UnitedKingdom:___________________________________________________________________________________

• Italy:_____________________________________________________________________________________________

• Poland:___________________________________________________________________________________________

WarReparationsAmount

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ShouldThereBeaLeagueofNations?

Name___________________________________ FrenchPremierGeorgesClemenceau


Questions





5. WhatGermanterritory,ifany,shouldgotoFrance?

6. ShouldanyterritorybegiventotheUnitedStatesandBritain?Ifso,whatandwhy?


8. WhymightClemenceaubereluctanttogiveItalyalltheterritoryitrequested?

9. WhydoyouthinkthatFrancewantedtoimposeaharshpunishmentonGermany?HowdoesthiscontrastwithWilson’sproposalsforpeace?

10. HowdoyouthinkClemenceaufeelsaboutaLeagueofNations?Why?

PeaceTermsProposal

WarGuiltClause

TerritorialRequests

UnitedStates:__________________________________________________________________________________________

France:_______________________________________________________________________________________________

UnitedKingdom:_______________________________________________________________________________________

Italy:_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Poland:_______________________________________________________________________________________________


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FrenchPremierGeorgesClemenceau

Directions:YouareFrenchPremier,GeorgesClemenceau.You’reaimingforthefollowingresultsattheParisPeaceConference:punishingGermany,returnAlsace-LorrainetoFrance,opposeaLeagueofNations,hugereparationsfromGermany,andtodisbandorweakentheGermanarmy.Usingthecasualtycharts,maps,documentsbelow,answertheattachedquestionstocreateapeaceproposaltopresenttoyourfellowworldleaders.Attheconference,youmusttryconvinceyourfellowworldleaderstoadoptyourresolutiontoWorldWarI.

DocumentA:ShortHistoryofFranceandGermany“ClemenceaudesiredaharshpeacethatwouldkeepGermanypermanentlycrippledoratleastpostponeitsabilitytomakewarforaslongaspossible.TheFrenchleaderhatedtheGermansandwascontemptuousof[USPresident]Wilson.ClemenceauhadexperiencedtwoGermaninvasionsofFranceduringhislifetime–in1870and,ofcourse,in1914.Hewasdeterminedthatitshouldneverhappenagain.”–HistorianMichaelJ.Lyons

Source:Lyons,Michael.WorldWarII:AShortHistory.4thed.UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PrenticeHall,2004.14-15.Print.

DocumentB:Clemenceau’sAttitudeTowardUSPresidentWilson’sTreatyProposal“Mr.WilsonboresmewithhisFourteenPoints;why,GodAlmightyhasonlyTen!”

Source:http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau

DocumentC:PreliminariesofPeacewithGermany

“TherearethreeessentialproblemswhichmustbesolvedinordertoreconcilethenecessarystrategicguaranteeswiththeprincipleoftherightsofthePeople:(1)GuaranteesregardingtheleftbankoftheRhine(militaryneutralizationwithoutpoliticalinterference)(2)CompleterestorationofPoland(whichwilldealafinalblowtoPrussianhegemony)(3)ThefuturegovernmentofGermany(inconformitywiththerightofnationstothefreechoiceoftheirownsystemofGovernment).

Source:http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/greatwar

DocumentD:TerritorialClauses

“TheseconditionswillindicatedthenewfrontiersofGermanyundertheformofrestittuionofthosepromiseswhichPrussiahadunjustlyincorporatedeitherinherownterritoryorinthatoftheGermanyEmpire:A. RestitutiontoFranceoftheprovincesofGermanyand[Alsaceand]LorraineseizedfromFrancein1815and1871[…]B. CessiontothereconstitutedStateofPolandofthePolishdistrictsofPrussia,ofPosnanina,andofUpperSilesiaas

wellasaccesstotheBaltic.[…]F. CessionbytheGermanGovernmentofitssovereignrightsoverGermanoverseaspossessionsG. RecognitionbyGermanyoftheFrenchprotectorateoverMoroccoinitsentirety[…]H. RecognitionbyGermanyofGreatBritain’sprotectorateoverEgypt.


DocumentE:Clausesofreparationrestitutionsandguarantees“Generally,alldamageoccasionedbythewareitherinAlliedterritorieswhichhavebeenoccupiedbyGermantroopsandwhichhavebeensubjectedtobombardmentbytheGermanFleetoraeroplanes,orbyseaastheresultofGermanaction,tobemadegoodattheexpenseoftheGermanGovernment.”


DocumentF:MoreTerritorialRequests

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“AmuchmoreimportantprovisionconcernedtheRhineland.InkeepingwithFrenchwaraims,ClemenceaufavoreditsseparationfromGermanyandtheestablishmentofanindependentRhenishstate.”–HistorianMichaelJ.Lyons

Source:Lyons,Michael.WorldWarII:AShortHistory.4thed.UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PrenticeHall,2004.p.15.Print.

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Name___________________________________BritishPrimeMinisterDavidLloydGeorge

Directions:Answerthequestionsyou’vebeenassignedonaseparatepieceofpaper,usingthedocumentsprovidedandyourknowledgeofWorldWarI.Next,filloutthe“PeaceTermsProposal”sectionofyourhandout.Youwillpresentyourproposaltotheotherworldleadersandattempttopersuadethemtoadoptallorpartsofyourtreaty.Aftereachofthe“BigFour”haspresented,thegroupwillvoteonwhattermstoadopt.Ifthereisatie,skipthatprovision,moveontotheothersandthen,revisittheunresolvedprovisionuntilamajorityvotecanbereached.Oncethegrouphascompletedtheirvotes,filloutthe“VersaillesTreaty”handout.

Questions





5. WhatGermanterritory,ifany,shouldgotoEngland?

6. ShouldanyterritorybegiventotheUnitedStatesandFrance?Ifso,whatandwhy?


8. WhymightLloydGeorgebereluctanttogiveItalyalltheterritoryitrequested?

9. WhydoyouthinkthatBritainwantedtoimposeamoderatepunishmentonGermany?HowdoesthiscontrastwithWilson’sandClemenceau’sproposalsforpeace?

10. HowdoyouthinkDavidLloydGeorgefeelsaboutaLeagueofNations?Why?

PeaceTermsProposal

WarGuiltClause

TerritorialRequests

UnitedStates:__________________________________________________________________________________________

France:_______________________________________________________________________________________________

UnitedKingdom:_______________________________________________________________________________________

Italy:_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Poland:_______________________________________________________________________________________________



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BritishPrimeMinisterDavid-LloydGeorge

Directions:YouareBritishPrimeMinister,David-LloydGeorge.You’reaimingforthefollowingresultsattheParisPeaceConference:a‘just’peacethatwouldbetoughenoughto‘makeGermanypay’,butwouldstillallowGermanytotrade,anexpansionofBritain’sempire,andtosafeguardBritain’snavalsuperiority.Usingthecasualtycharts,maps,documentsbelow,answertheattachedquestionstocreateapeaceproposaltopresenttoyourfellowworldleaders.Attheconference,youmusttryconvinceyourfellowworldleaderstoadoptyourresolutiontoWorldWarI.

DocumentA:DavidLloydGeorge’sReactiontoWorkingwithPresidentWilsonandPremierClemenceau“IthinkIdidaswellasmightbeexpected,seatedasIwasbetweenJesusChristandNapoleonBonaparte.”


DocumentB:“Someconsiderations[fromDavid-LloydGeorge]forthePeaceConferencebeforetheyfinallydrafttheirterms”

“YoumaystripGermanyofhercolonies,reduceherarmamentstoamerepoliceforceandendhernavytothatofafifthratepower;allthesameintheendifshefeelsthatshehasbeenunjustlytreatedinthepeaceof1919shewillfindmeanofexactingretributionfromherconquerors.Theimpression,thedeepimpression,madeuponthehumanheartbyfouryearsofunexampledslaughterwilldisappearwiththeheartsuponwhichithasbeenmarkedbytheterribleswordofthegreatwar.Themaintenanceofpeacewillthendependupontherebeingnocausesofexasperationconstantlystirringupthespiritofpatriotism,ofjusticeoroffairplaytoachieveredress.Ourtermsmaybesevere,theymaybesternandevenruthlessbutatthesametimetheycanbesojustthatthecountryonwhichtheyareimposedwillfeelinitsheartthatithasnorighttocomplain.Butinjustice,arrogance,displayedinthehouroftriumphwillneverbeforgottenorforgiven.”


DocumentC:“Someconsiderations[fromDavid-LloydGeorge]forthePeaceConferencebeforetheyfinallydrafttheirterms”

“Ifwearewise,weshalloffertoGermanyapeace,which,whilejust,willbepreferableforallsensiblementothealternativeofBolshevism[communism].Iwould,therefore,putitintheforefrontofthepeacethatoncesheacceptsourterms,especiallyreparation,wewillopentohertherawmaterialsandmarketsoftheworldonequaltermswithourselves,andwilldoeverythingpossibletoenabletheGermanpeopletogetupontheirlegsagain.Wecannotbothcrippleherandexpecthertopay.”


DocumentD:Rhineland“Underthisagreement[proposedbyGeorgeandWilson]theRhinelandremainedpartofGermany,buttheAllieswereallowedtomaintaintroopstherefor15years.Whenthisperiodexpired,theyweretowithdrawtheirforces,andtheentireareawastoremainpermanentlydemilitarized,[…].”


DocumentE:AlliedFeelingstowardstheItalians

“TheleadersofBritainandFrance,fortheirpart,deeplyregrettedmakingsuchpromises[ofterritoryinAustria-HungaryinexchangeforItalianparticipationinWWI];theyviewedItalywithannoyance,feelingtheItalianshadbotchedtheirattacksonAustria-Hungaryduringthewar,failedtohonortheirnavalpromisesandrepeatedlyaskedforresourceswhichtheythenfailedtoputtowardsthewareffort.”

Source:http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/italian-delegates-return-to-paris-peace-conference

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Name___________________________________ ItalianPremierVittorioOrlando


Questions





5. WhatGermanterritory,ifany,shouldgotoItaly?ShouldItalyrequestmorethanwhatwaspromisedbytheTreatyofLondon?

6. ShouldanyterritorybegiventotheUnitedStates,France,andBritain?Ifso,whatandwhy?


8. WhattypeofpunishmentdoyouthinkItalywantedtoimposeuponGermany–harshorlenient?Why?

9. WhatproblemsathomedoesOrlandoface?WhatdoyouthinkwillhappenifheisunabletosecurenewlandforItaly?

10. HowdoyouthinkVittorioOrlandofeelsaboutaLeagueofNations?Why?

PeaceTermsProposal

WarGuiltClause

TerritorialRequests

UnitedStates:__________________________________________________________________________________________

France:_______________________________________________________________________________________________

UnitedKingdom:_______________________________________________________________________________________

Italy:_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Poland:_______________________________________________________________________________________________


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ItalianPremierVittorioOrlandoDirections:YouareItalianPremier,VittorioOrlando.You’reaimingforthefollowingresultsattheParisPeaceConference:increaseItalianterritorialholdingsandsecurewarreparations.Usingthecasualtycharts,maps,documentsbelow,answertheattachedquestionstocreateapeaceproposaltopresenttoyourfellowworldleaders.Attheconference,youmusttryconvinceyourfellowworldleaderstoadoptyourresolutiontoWorldWarI.

DocumentA:TreatyofLondon(1915)

“TheEntente,foritspart,offeredmuchmoresubstantialgainsofterritory—mostofwhichcurrentlyfellwithintheAustro-HungarianEmpire—anditwasunderthesetermsthatItalysignedtheTreatyofLondononApril26,1915.Italywaspromisedthefulfillmentofitsnationaldream:controloverterritoryonitsborderwithAustria-HungarystretchingfromTrentinothroughtheSouthTyroltoTrieste.Inthetreaty,theAlliesgavethemthatandmore,includingpartsofDalmatiaandnumerousislandsalongAustria-Hungary'sAdriaticcoast;theAlbanianportcityofVlore(Italian:Valona)andacentralprotectorateinAlbania;andterritoryfromtheOttomanEmpire.Carryingoutitspartofthebargain,ItalydeclaredwaronAustria-Hungary(butnotonGermany)onMay23.”

Source:http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/allies-sign-treaty-of-london

DocumentB:Thecostofvictory“Italywonthewar,therefore,butatahugecost:some600,000dead,950,000wounded,andalegacyofbitternessanddivision.Thevictoriouspatriotsandnationalistsnowdetestedparliament,wherethe[formerItalianPrimerGiovanni]Giolittianmajorityhadneversupportedthewar,althoughtheydefendedtheideaofthenationandthewarrecordoftheItalianarmy.Manyworkers,peasants,Socialists,andtradeunionistsweredisgustedbythecostsoftheconflictandwereinspiredbytherevolutionsinRussiaandGermany.Returningveteransexpectedthelandthattheyhadbeenpromisedin1917–18.TheItalianflagbecameapowerfulfocusofdivisionandhatred.Warmemorialswerecontestedalloverthepeninsula.Thesedivisionsgreatlyweakenedthepostwarpoliticalregimeandfracturedelementsofsociety.Furthermore,thepro-wargroupswerethemselvesbitterlydividedwhenthewarended.ShouldItaly,attheParisPeaceConference(1919–20),trytosecurethetermsoftheTreatyofLondon,asForeignMinisterSonninourged,orshoulditsupportU.S.PresidentWoodrowWilsonandadheretothe“principleofnationality”—thatis,bewillingtoacceptlessterritoryintheAdriaticregion,astheLeftLiberalsandRepublicansadvocated?“

Source:http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/297474/Italy/27757/World-War-I-and-fascism

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TreatyofVersaillesOnthisDayofJune28,1919,thenationsoftheUnitedStates,GreatBritain,France,andItalyproclaimthat….I. WarGuiltClause____________________________________isresponsibleforunleashingtheterribleforcesof“thewar

toendallwars”because

___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

II.TerritorialChangesTheAlliedPowershavedecidedthatthefollowingGermanlandsaretobeconcededtothefollowingpowers:FranceShallreceive___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

TheUnitedStatesShallreceive__________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

GreatBritainShallreceive______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________I

talyShallreceive____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

III.PolishQuestionOnthequestionofthecreationofaPolishStateintheEasternlandsofGermany,TheAlliedPowershave

decreedthat_______________________________________________because________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

IV.TheLeagueofNationsTheAlliedPowershave____________________________PresidentWoodrowWilson’sideaforthecreationofaLeagueofNationsbecause____________________________________________________

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_____________________________________________________________________________________

TreatyofVersaillesSummary

TheTreatyofVersaillesisthepeacetreatyattheendofWorldWarI,signedonJune28,1919,byGermanyandbytheAlliedandAssociatedPowers.InadditiontoendingthewarwithGermany,italsoestablishedtheLeagueofNations.ThepeaceconferencemetinParis,butthetreatywassignedintheHallofMirrorsinVersailles.SeparatetreatiesweremadewithGermany'sallies:theTreatyofSaint-GermainwithAustria,theTreatyofTrianonwithHungary,theTreatyofNeuillywithBulgaria,andtheTreatyofSèvreswithTurkey.

ThewarendedonNovember11,1918,withanarmisticebasedonPresidentWoodrowWilson'sFourteenPoints.ThepeaceconferencemetonJanuary8,1919,with32countriesrepresentedbutwithGermanyexcluded.Themajorrolewastakenbythe"BigFour":PresidentWilson,PrimeMinisterDavidLloydGeorgeofGreatBritain,PremierGeorgesClemenceauofFrance,andPremierVittorioOrlandoofItaly.

TheUnitedStatesSenaterejectedthetreaty,partlybecauseofobjectionstothesectionthatestablishedtheLeagueofNations.Theothernationsratifiedthetreaty,anditwentintoeffectonJanuary10,1920.TheUnitedStatessignedaseparatetreatywithGermanyin1921.

TheGermansdenouncedtheVersaillesTreatyaswickedandunjust,andtheNaziparty'spledgetorepudiateithelpedAdolfHitlercometopowerin1933.Hitlerignoredthetreaty'srestrictionsonrearmamentandsoonbuiltGermanyintothestrongestmilitarypowerintheworld.

TermsoftheTreatyThetreatyhad15parts.PartIwastheCovenant(constitution)oftheLeagueofNations.ProvisionwasmadeforthePermanentCourtofInternationalJustice.PartXIIIcreatedtheInternationalLaborOrganization.TheotherpartsdealtwiththeboundariesofGermany,theestablishmentofnewcountriesinEurope,warreparations,andothermatters.

GermanLossofTerritoryGermanycededAlsace-LorrainetoFrance,theEupenandMalmèdydistrictstoBelgium,WestPrussiaandmostofPosenprovincetoPoland,andadistrictinSilesiatoCzechoslovakia.ThetreatyprovidedforplebiscitesinSchleswigandUpperSilesia.Afterthevoting,northernSchleswigwenttoDenmarkandsouthernSchleswigremainedinGermany.InUpperSilesiathemajorityvotedinfavorofGermany;theAlliesthendividedtheterritorybetweenPolandandGermany.

ThetreatyplacedtheSaarBasinunderLeagueofNationscontrolfor15yearsandturnedthecoalminesovertoFrance.(GermanDanzig(nowGdańsk,Poland)becameafreecityundertheLeague.GermanygaveuptheMemeldistricttotheAllies,anditwaslatergiventoLithuania.

Germanylostabout25,000squaremiles(65,000km2)ofterritory,includingareaswithsomeofitsrichestmineralresources.IntheeastastripofPolishland,the"PolishCorridor,"separatedEastPrussiafromtherestofGermany.

Germanysurrendereditscolonies,andtheyallbecamemandatedterritoriesunderLeagueofNationssupervision.GermanEastAfrica(nowpartofTanzania)wenttoGreatBritain,UrundiandRuandatoBelgium,andSouth-WestAfrica(Namibia)toSouthAfrica.Kamerun(Cameroon)andTogolandweredividedbetweenGreatBritainandFrance.GermanNewGuineawasawardedtoAustralia,GermanSamoatoNewZealand,NauruIslandtoGreatBritainandtheGermanPacificislandsnorthoftheEquatortoJapan.GermanrightsinShantungprovince,China,weregrantedtoJapan.

OtherPenaltiesOnGermanyTheGermanarmywasrestrictedto100,000officersandmenandthenavytoafewsmallships;airforceswereforbidden.AlliedtroopsweretooccupythewestbankoftheRhinefor15years.EastoftheRhine,German

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fortificationswereforbiddenwithin50kilometers(about31miles)oftheriver.ThetreatyprovidedthatKaiserWilliamIIshouldbetriedasawarcriminal.ButtheformeremperorhadfledtotheNetherlands,andtheDutchgovernmentrefusedtoturnhimovertotheAllies.

Underthefamous"warguilt"clause,Germanywascompelledtoacceptresponsibilityforallthelossanddamagecausedbythewarandtopayreparationsfordamagesdonetocivilians.Germanymadetheirfinal reparations payment in 2010.