Ending the Civil WarEnding the Civil War

Vicksburg/GettysburgVicksburg/Gettysburg

•Grant captures

Vicksburg, splits the CSA

in half.•USA controls the Mississippi

River.

On July 4, 1863On July 4, 1863 30,000 Confederate troops defending Vicksburg 30,000 Confederate troops defending Vicksburg

surrendered their arms.surrendered their arms. Grant captured 260 cannons, 60,000 stand-of-arms, Grant captured 260 cannons, 60,000 stand-of-arms,

and more than 2 million rounds of ammunition. and more than 2 million rounds of ammunition. Former slaves celebrated Independence Day for the Former slaves celebrated Independence Day for the

first time.first time. 4 days later, the Mississippi River was in the hands 4 days later, the Mississippi River was in the hands

of the Union armyof the Union army Effectively cutting the Confederacy in two.Effectively cutting the Confederacy in two.

DATE BATTLE VICTOR RESULTDec. 1862 Fredericksburg South Lee stops

Burnside from taking Richmond

Jan. 1863 Chancellorsville South Lee stops Joe Hooker from taking Richmond

*July 1863 Gettysburg North George Meade stops Lee from moving into Washington, D.C.

*Turning point battle Battles in East 2Battles in East 2

General Lee orders a frontal assault on Union lines to break through, surround and destroy the North.

General George Pickett

Gettysburg Casualties

•The defeat of Lee at Gettysburg would be the last time Lee would invade the North and try to take Washington, D.C.

•Lee’s retreat at Gettysburg on July 3rd and Grant’s defeat of the South at Vicksburg on July 4th would lead to the eventual

surrender of the South by 1865.

President Lincoln appointed General Grant as the

Commanding General of all Union troops.

Grant commanded the Army of the Potomac in the East and

was instructed by Lincoln to force General Lee to surrender.

Grant appointed his 2nd in command General William T. Sherman to head up the Army of the

West. It is here that Lincoln, Grant and Sherman devise a new strategy of “total war” or bring the civilian population into the war, destroy the South and free

the slaves.

William T. ShermanWilliam T. Sherman

Tactic of war where the Union marched through the South and destroyed all

resources the civilian population needed to survive.

GoalGoal: To make war as horrible and destructive as possible to force your enemy

to surrender.Total war brings the civilian population into the war to demoralize the enemy and

force them to surrender.It is “in your face warfare” or you (South) started this war and until you surrender, we

will destroy you.

Summer of 1864Summer of 1864 Both sides are strugglingBoth sides are struggling War was a part of everyone’s lifeWar was a part of everyone’s life Lincoln was seeking re-electionLincoln was seeking re-election Lincoln needed victoriesLincoln needed victories Atlanta must be captured for the Atlanta must be captured for the

Union to end the warUnion to end the war Union army is not winningUnion army is not winning First election held during a civil warFirst election held during a civil war

Theater/Battles 1864Theater/Battles 1864

William T. ShermanWilliam T. Sherman

Grant’s right hand general.Fought with Grant in the West.

Most noted for this saying;

““War is hell and the worse you War is hell and the worse you make it the sooner it will be make it the sooner it will be

over.”over.”Put in charge of the Army of the West after Lincoln appoints Grant

as head of all Union troops.Responsible for the March to the

Sea and using “total war” in destroying the South.

William T. Sherman

Sherman’sSherman’sMarchMarch

throughthroughGeorgiaGeorgia

to theto theSea, 1864Sea, 1864

Election of 1864Election of 1864

Republican (Union Party) Coalition of Republican Party

and War Democrats nominated Lincoln

Slogan “ Don’t Swap horses in the middle of the river.”

Lincoln needed military victories to win

the electionElection would be a mandate on how to finish the war.

Democratic Party – Democratic Party – McClellanMcClellan

Slogan “McClellan, the Union and the Slogan “McClellan, the Union and the Constitution”Constitution”

Pressed to end the warPressed to end the war Invented the term miscegenationInvented the term miscegenation The interbreeding of what are presumed to beThe interbreeding of what are presumed to be

distinct human races, especially marriage distinct human races, especially marriage between white and non-white persons.between white and non-white persons.

The Peace movement The Peace movement CopperheadsCopperheads

BORDER COPPERHEAD.BORDER COPPERHEAD. "Glad to see you and your men, General. I've allus stood up for the South, and cussed the "Glad to see you and your men, General. I've allus stood up for the South, and cussed the Yankees. I'm your friend, and allus has been. You won't take nothin' of mine, will you, General?" Yankees. I'm your friend, and allus has been. You won't take nothin' of mine, will you, General?"

REBEL GENERAL.REBEL GENERAL. "Of course, we won't take any thing from you. But, as you're our friend, you'll be glad of a chance to "Of course, we won't take any thing from you. But, as you're our friend, you'll be glad of a chance to help us. We want all your Cattle, and Horses, and Grain, and we'll pay you in Confederate Notes for all you have. Here, help us. We want all your Cattle, and Horses, and Grain, and we'll pay you in Confederate Notes for all you have. Here, boys! be lively, and take along whatever our friend has that will help the Cause." boys! be lively, and take along whatever our friend has that will help the Cause."

(COPPERHEAD thinks himself sold.) (COPPERHEAD thinks himself sold.)

Soldiers were given absentee ballotsSoldiers were given absentee ballotsResultsResults Electoral VotesElectoral Votes Lincoln 212Lincoln 212

Had 55% of the popular voteHad 55% of the popular vote McClellan 21 (KY, DE, NJ) McClellan 21 (KY, DE, NJ)

Had 45% of the popular voteHad 45% of the popular vote

Election resultsElection results

The war continuesThe war continues Lincoln’s election Lincoln’s election Crushing defeat for the SouthCrushing defeat for the South

Total war policy would continueTotal war policy would continue

Last real hope for Confederate Last real hope for Confederate victoryvictory

Confederate desertions Confederate desertions increased sharplyincreased sharply

Sherman’s march to the seaSherman’s march to the sea Atlanta to SavannahAtlanta to Savannah PurposePurpose

– Split the southSplit the south– Destroy Confederate suppliesDestroy Confederate supplies– Bring the south to its kneeBring the south to its knee

62,000 soldiers split in two columns62,000 soldiers split in two columns

Total War 1Total War 1

Total War 3Total War 3

Path of DestructionPath of Destruction 425 miles long425 miles long 30 – 60 miles wide30 – 60 miles wide $100 million in damage$100 million in damage

Picture: RichmondPicture: Richmond

March 4, 1865March 4, 1865 Civil War was almost overCivil War was almost over Sherman had destroyed the SouthSherman had destroyed the South Sheridan had destroyed the Sheridan had destroyed the

Shenandoah ValleyShenandoah Valley

Second Inaugural addressSecond Inaugural address ““With malice toward none, and charity for With malice toward none, and charity for

all”all” 703 word speech- six minutes in length703 word speech- six minutes in length Asked the audience to think about the Asked the audience to think about the

cause and meaning of the warcause and meaning of the war Laying the groundwork for a Laying the groundwork for a

reconstruction of compassion and reconstruction of compassion and reconciliationreconciliation

Lincoln was looking forward to be a peace Lincoln was looking forward to be a peace president.president.

Letter Grant to Lee

5 PM, April 7, 1865…..To: General R. E. Lee, Commanding CSAThe results of the last week must convince you of the hopelessness of further resistance on the part of the Army of Northern Virginia in this struggle. I feel that it is so, and regard it as my duty to shift from myself the responsibility of any further effusion (spilling) of blood by asking of you the surrender of that portion of the Confederate States army known as the Army of Northern Virginia……

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, U.S. Grant

April 7, 1865 To: General U.S. Grant: General: I have received your note of

this date. Though not entertaining the opinion you express of the hopelessness of further resistance on the part of the Army of Northern Virginia, I reciprocate your desire to avoid useless effusion of blood, and therefore, before considering your proposition, ask the terms you will offer on condition of its surrender.

Commanding General of CSA, R. E. Lee

April 8, 1865…. To: General R. E. Lee, Commanding CSA Your note of last evening just received. In

reply would say that there is but one condition I would insist upon---namely, that the men and officers surrendered shall be disqualified for taking up arms against the Government of the United States……..I will meet you at any point agreeable to you, for the purpose of arranging definitely the terms upon which the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia will be received.

General U.S. Grant, Commanding Officer, USA

Terms of SurrenderTerms of SurrenderApril 9,1865April 9,1865

Confederate officers and soldiers Confederate officers and soldiers were free to return to their homeswere free to return to their homes

Confederate officers were permitted Confederate officers were permitted to keep their side armsto keep their side arms

Confederate soldiers could keep their Confederate soldiers could keep their gun and horse if they were personal gun and horse if they were personal propertyproperty

The Confederacy would release all The Confederacy would release all Union prisoners.Union prisoners.

Terms of SurrenderTerms of Surrender The Union army provided the soldiers The Union army provided the soldiers

with food.with food. The confederacy would not be The confederacy would not be

recognized as a nation and they recognized as a nation and they could not keep slavery.could not keep slavery.

ResultsResults 620,000 men lost their lives620,000 men lost their lives 1 million casualties1 million casualties $20 billion in damage done to $20 billion in damage done to

the nation ($2 trillion today’s $$the nation ($2 trillion today’s $$$)$)

Turning point in historyTurning point in history Balance of political power changedBalance of political power changed

– Democrats lost its influenceDemocrats lost its influence

““the United States”the United States” no longer a confederation of statesno longer a confederation of states the idea of states’ rights was deadthe idea of states’ rights was deadPower of federal government grewPower of federal government grew

End of slavery in the United StatesEnd of slavery in the United States

Dates to rememberDates to remember April 12, 1861April 12, 1861 January 1, 1863January 1, 1863 July 1-3, 1863July 1-3, 1863 July 4, 1863July 4, 1863 November 19, 1863November 19, 1863 April 9, 1865April 9, 1865

Lincoln QuotesLincoln Quotes We are not enemies, but friends. We We are not enemies, but friends. We

must not be enemies.must not be enemies. Four score and seven years ago our Four score and seven years ago our

fathers brought forth on this fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation conceived in continent a new nation conceived in liberty and dedicated to the liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created proposition that all men are created equal.equal.

Lincoln quotesLincoln quotes And that the government of the And that the government of the

people, by the people, for the people, people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.shall not perish from the earth.

With malice toward none, with With malice toward none, with charity for allcharity for all

QuotesQuotes I wish I was in the land of cotton,I wish I was in the land of cotton, old times there are not forgottenold times there are not forgotten Daniel Decatur EmmettDaniel Decatur Emmett

Mine eyes have seen the glory of the Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lordcoming of the Lord

Julie Ward HoweJulie Ward Howe

Analyze the turning points of the Civil Analyze the turning points of the Civil War, the effect on society, and the War, the effect on society, and the end of the war.end of the war.

Identify five ways that the Civil War Identify five ways that the Civil War changed the nation.changed the nation.

Why did Lincoln wait until after the Why did Lincoln wait until after the Battle of Antietam to issue the Battle of Antietam to issue the Emancipation Proclamation instead ofEmancipation Proclamation instead of

issuing it at the beginning of the war? issuing it at the beginning of the war?

What obstacles did African American What obstacles did African American soldiers face?soldiers face?

How was the Civil War different from How was the Civil War different from wars that Americans had previously wars that Americans had previously fought?fought?