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EVS28KINTEX, Korea, May 3-6, 2015
Electric freight vehicles in city logistics: challenges, barriers and success factors
T. van Rooijen1, H.J. Quak, N.N. Nesterova1TNO, PO Box 49, 2600AA Delft, NL, [email protected]
Objectives of this study
This study was carried out at the start of the FREVUE project:
• To identify current challenges and obstacles on the implementationand wider uptake of the freight EVs in city logistics worldwide
• To provide feedback and lessons learnt frompast and on-going initiatives related to the FREVUE project demonstrators
• By identification of the main technological, economic, operational,
wider systemic challenges and success factors fromthe previous and
on-going initiatives and demonstrators of freight EVs
• Show cases of how challenges are handled and success factorsof EF
V implementation2
Introduction FREVUE project
FREVUE stands for ‘validating Freight Electric Vehicles in Urban Europe’.
Within FREVUE, 127 Electric freight vehicles in 8 European cities (London, Amsterdam, Madrid, Milan, Stockholm, Oslo, Rotterdam and Lisbon) are being implemented and evaluated.
The demonstrators test different EFV sizes (from a van to an 18 tonnes truck) for different purposes.
It is an European Union funded research project that runs from 2013 to 2017.
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Approach
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• EU projects on electromobility, city logistics, freight electric vehicles
• National, regional, municipal initiatives• Private sector initiatives
FREVUE partners input
Observations from the state of art review
Identification of case studies for deeper analysis
Interviews and desk research
Conclusions on main challenges and success factors from the freight EVs implementation in city logistics and lessons to be learned from and for demonstrators
Approach cont.
Focus on the deployment of freight electric vehicles in city logistics and related services
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Initiator/fundingsource
Projects/Companies
EU EEO, EVUE, ELCIDIS, FIDEUS, ENCLOSE, Smartfusion, EFRUD, DemoEV, SUGAR, Straighstol, Bestfact I and II, TURBLOG, CIVITAS, ELTIS, CO2NeuTrAl, Staart, Green eMotion, CVP/Cleen Fleets, C-Liege, Green Post
National, regional, municipal
EVD Post, MOVELE (ES), Source for London (UK), Luccaport (IT), Going electric (EU), Electric Mobility Pilot Regions (GE), MOBI.E (PT), E-Laad (the NL)
Private sector France (Carrefour, La Poste, Deret); The Netherlands (CityShopper, Binnenstadservice, UPS, 020 stadsdistributie, Cargohopper); Germany (UPS); Spain (LechePascual, Eroski, Correos, Seur); UK (TNT, DHL, Seymour Green, Tesco); Italy (Eco-Logis), Norway (PostenNorge)
Issues and challenges on:- Technical performan
ce- Economics- Operational perform
ance- Environmental perfo
rmance and wider systemic impact
- Social and attitudinal impacts
- Local policy and governance structures
Technical performance
Range- The range promised by the manufacturer is not reached; new(er) vehicles ha
ve higher real range
- Whether the range is a limiting factor depends
- Failing batteries (and limited or late) support
- Equipment availability issues
Charging- Relatively long charging time
- Necessity to adapt charging infrastructure for fleet needs
Rapid improvement in technology- new vehicles and batteries are available in near future. Reason to wait (at the moment) to buy.
Limited availability and types of vehicles on the market6
Technical performance
Dealing with limited availability and types of vehicles on the market
Converting conventional vehicles
Before… … and after conversion.
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Economics
In the short and medium term EV total cost of ownership is high. EVs become more competitive in a long term. The operators are usually more oriented on the short term benefits, therefore wider uptake of EVs is difficult.
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Lee et al, 2013
Economics: TCO
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Source: VUB, MOBI, Macharis and Lebeau, 2013
Operational performance
Maintenance- Manufacturing companies do not provide fast maintenance serv
ices and vehicles can be out of order for couple of months
Charging points- Inconsistency in the charging point system and insufficient cha
rging infrastructure - Home-charging is being used, although the availability of publi
c charging points is seen as a confidence boosting measure- Downtime of vehicles is too big- For vehicles on the fixed routes, AC (3.5kW) charging may be
sufficient; for vehicles on variable distance routes it is necessary to consider complimentary charging methods (complimentary fast charge or battery swap technologies)
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Operational performance
Higher operational efficiency- Larger time windows allowmore efficiency in operation- More efficient routes can be achieved as vehicle can drive insid
e the environmental zones
Loading capacity- Insufficient loading capacity- Limited part of the freightoperations are suitable to betransported by the EVs
Logistics concepts need to beadapted for the usage of EVs
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Source: Comparison of payloads in electric and diesel vans. Source: Element Energy, Ultra Low Emission Vans study for the Department for Transport, UK, 2011
Environmental performance
Good environmental performance and improved air quality:- Posten Norge, Norway: savings of 1,4 – 2,1 ton CO2 per vehicle
per year by using EVs instead of fossil fuel vehicle- Bristol CC, UK: Freight consolidation scheme in combination wi
th two 9 tonnes EVs brought saving of 380.000 lorry/km, resulting in 102 tonnes CO2 reduction and 3.300 kgs NOx, 100 kg PM 10’s reduction
- Tesco, UK: operate 15 Modec EVs and each EV saves between 13 – 15 tonnes of CO2 each year
- Deret, France: 38 times less of CO2 emission per truck for the EV compared to truck of the same capacity
Wider systemic impact- Both negative and positive impacts on congestion are observed
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Social and attitudinal performance
Noise- No noise from vehicles, but from (un)loading equipment and drivers behaviour
Drivers acceptance- Drivers are very happy with vehicles having an acute tuning range, which is ver
y helpful in city’s streets
- Vehicles are very quite
- Some time is needed to get used to, therefore training with vehicle is necessary
- No long-term problems with range anxiety
General acceptance- General acceptance in the organisation important, e.g. informing the employees
during the whole implementation can be a success factor
- Very positive general acceptance from public, vehicles attract a lot of interest
Contributed to the positive image of transport operator and shipperUncertain safety level
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Policy and governance
Government policy supporting EVs or policies to limit ICE usage are a key factor of success.
The most common government support measures are:
- Purchase subsidies
- Exemption from purchase taxes (e.g. VAT on purchase)
- No charges on toll roads
- Free access on bus lanes
- Free municipal parking
Political support, procurement demands, public opinion and awareness also among private companies and surrounding municipalities are factors of success of demonstrators
National initiatives to support car industry to move into greener technologies14
Main observations
• Biggest majority of documents available are on the implementation of the private electric vehicles; the scope and the number of the projects/initiatives focused on freight is limited, but slowly growing
• Only few sources are available presenting real evaluation results; majority are focused on the pre-trial or only context description information
• Freight EVs are often bought with support of the municipality or in the framework of EU or national demonstration projects
• A lot of freight EVs implementation in postal sector, deliveries to stores, waste collection, home delivery from supermarkets.
• Within EU projects freight EVs are not seen as a single measure but usually in combination with an implementation of the urban consolidation centre, time window concept, environmental zone.
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Main observations
Adaptation of logistics concept enables EFV use in urban logisticsCases: Chronopost, Distripolis Elcidis (all FR)Lessons:
1. Weight of goods
2. Adding value on logistics facility
3. Bundling
4. Property requirements
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Main observations
Local governmental support to accelerate EFV introductionCases: London (UK), La Rochelle (FR), Utrecht (NL)
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Main observations
Image is everything…Case: Cargohopper Utrecht (NL)
Lessons1. High visibility
2. Knowledge of logistics
3. High drop density and availability of logistics facilities
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Concluding remarks study
1. Many uncertainties about EFVs and (therefore) many risks
2. Mismatch EFV characteristics and current logistics operations and concept
3. High initial investment costs
4. Equipment availability issues, service issues, and limited availability of EFVs in the market
5. Positive image for carrier / transporter
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Some FREVUE demos
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Heineken truck in Rotterdam
UPS truck in London
SEUR van in Madrid
Cargohopper in Amsterdam
Fast charger in Stockholm
Status FREVUE project
Most demonstration sites have started by now. Data-gathering for research (vehicle data, economic data, environmental, social and policies) takes place.
The demonstrations with the smaller freight vehicles (mainly vans) run well. E-vans are widely available on the market.
The market for e-trucks is more difficult: Less available, High costs, Less technical performance.The result is a delay in most of the the demonstrations with e-trucks.
Main general problem so far: increased purchase costs of electric freight vehicles.
(To be eloborated in May when more data will be available)
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