i THE AUTHENTICITY OF THE ORDINARY DAVID EGAN ORIEL COLLEGE, OXFORD 4 October 2011 1. Introduction One of ile mosi salieni and oiiginal feaiuies of Wiiigensiein's laiei plilosoply is ile appeal ii males io oidinaiy language: "Wlai we do is io biing woids bacl fiom ileiimeiaplysicalioileiieveiydayuse."iTlisappealsiiuaiesouilanguageand concepis wiilin ile bioadei foims of life in wlicl we use ilem in a way ilai dispels ceiiain idealizaiions ilai cieep inio oui ilinling. Foi insiance, Wiiigensiein linls oui useofilewoid"undeisianding"ioilebioadeipaiieinsofbelaviouiiniowliclii fiiswlenwesayweoisomeoneelselasundeisiood,wlenwewiilloldasciibing undeisianding, wlai soiis of sufficienily bizaiie ouicomes could upsei oui noimal use ofilewoid,andsoonioclaiifyileciiieiiafoiusingilewoid.Oneiesulioflis invesiigaiionisilai"undeisianding"cannoidenoieadisiinciinneisiaieoipiocess becauseileciiieiiafoiusingilewoidconneciesseniiallywiilouiwaidbelavioui.: Wiiigensiein insisis ilai lis invesiigaiion does noi iely on explanaiions oi discoveiies, : bui simply on desciibing wlai we alieady lnow: "All explonotion musi disappeai, and desciipiionalonemusiialeiisplace."Wiiigensieinaimsiodissolveplilosoplical confusionnoibyiellingusanyilingnewbuibydiawingouiaiieniioniofeaiuiesof ouioidinaiyuseofwoidsilaiwelaveoveilooledoifoigoiien.Tlisappealio oidinaiy language is innovaiive piecisely in iis iecogniiion ilai sucl iemindeis can be plilosoplically fiuiiful ai all, and ilai wlai is open io view may siill elude us. We miss ceiiain simple bui ciucial facis piecisely because iley aie so obvious.( Avium Siioll claims ilai Wiiigensiein is ile fiisi plilosoplei io iecognize ilai iemindeisofoidinaiyandobviousfaciscanlavepoweifulandless-ilan-obvious plilosoplicalconsequences.Howevei,Siiollseemsiolavefoigoiienaboui Heideggei.Heideggei'splenomenology,mucllileWiiigensiein'sappealiooidinaiy language, finds insigli in diawing oui aiieniion io ilings we lave passed ovei because iley aie alieady so familiai. Foi Heideggei, ile eniiiies ilai aie mosi familiai io us aie ileoneswlosesignificanceisilemosidifficuliioassess:"Tlaiwliclisoniically closesiandwelllnown,isoniologicallyilefaiilesiandnoilnownaiall;andiis oniologicalsignificaiionisconsianilyoveilooled."6Siioll'soveisigliisaileasi somewlai undeisiandable. Noi only does Heideggei wiiie in a iiadiiion ilai is iemoie fiom and opaque io many of ile sclolais inieiesied in Wiiigensiein, bui boil lis siyle andambiiionsseemimpossiblyiemoiefiomanyilingwemigliiecognizeas "oidinaiylanguage."Neveiileless,ilesimilaiiiiesbeiweenHeideggeiand Wiiigensieinaiesiiiling,ilemoiesofoiilelaclofconiacioislaiedinfluence beiween ilem.WiilinHeideggeisclolaislip,compaiisonswiilWiiigensieinlavefounda ceiiaincuiiencyindevelopingilenoimaiiveandsociallyconsiiiuiedaspecisof Heideggei'sanalyiicofDasein.yMyaimleieisioexiendilaicompaiisoninile opposiiediieciion.RaileiilanasllowWiiigensieininfoimsouiieadingof Heideggei,IwillinvesiigaielowHeideggeiinfoimsouiieadingofWiiigensiein.In paiiiculai,IwillclaimilaiexiendingilepaiallelsbeiweenHeideggeiand WiiigensieinallowsusiouneaiilsomeilinglileaHeideggeiianappealio auileniiciiy in Wiiigensiein's appeal io oidinaiy language. Suclanexeiciseamounisiomoieilanaddingioilelisiofsimilaiiiiesoilei auilois lave found beiween Wiiigensiein and Heideggei. Railei, ii consiiiuies a siep iowaidsclaiifyingwlaimiglibedesciibedasilemoialfeivouiofWiiigensiein's woil.Ononeland,Wiiigensieinlasliiileiosayabouieilicsandisdismissiveof sayinganyilingofmucluseabouiii.Onileoileiland,liswiiiingcaiiiesaiaie moial iniensiiy, wlicl only occasionally comes io ile suiface.S Diawing oui ile quasi-eilical impoii of Wiiigensiein's appeal io oidinaiy language iliougl iis conneciion io Heideggeiian auileniiciiy claiifies ile naiuie of ilis moial iniensiiy. I begin by sleicling Heideggei's concepiion of ile slaied woild of Being-wiil and Jos Mon in Beinq onJ Time (seciion :) befoie exploiing low Wiiigensiein lelps us flesl oui ilai slaied woild (seciion ). Heideggei finds a ioo-ieady absoipiion in ilis slaiedwoildiobeasignalfeaiuieofinauileniiciiy,iaisingilequesiionofwleilei Wiiigensiein'semplasisonileoidinaiybeiiaysafligliinioinauileniiciiy.Buifai fiominsisiingonileunslaleabiliiyofouioidinaiypiaciices,Iclaim,Wiiigensiein emplasizesileiiungioundedness(seciion().Tlisemplasisonungioundedness allowsmeioiiaceilemomenisinWiiigensiein'sappealiooidinaiylanguageilai paiallelHeideggei'sdesciipiionofanxieiy,ileuncanninesilaiiidiscloses,andile auileniiciiy of owning up io ilis uncanniness (seciion ). ( 2. Dasein as Being-with OfallHeideggei'scoinages,ilebesilnownDoseinisnoiinfacia neologism.Iiisalsooneofilemosililelyiogouniianslaiedindiscussionsof Heideggei. Liieially iendeied as "being ileie," ii is mosi commonly iianslaied in non-Heideggeiian coniexis as "exisience," ilougl leie ii diffeis fiom Existenz in iefeiiing noisomuclioilebaiefaciofbeing,buiiaileiioilemodeoiqualiiyinwlicl someiling oi someone exisis. I migli asseii ile Existenz of a paieinal auni, bui ilen iall aboui ile miseiy of lei Dosein and low I migli alleviaie ii.HeideggeipiclsuponilisqualiiaiiveaspeciofDoseininyolingiiiolis plenomenologicalpiojeci,wliclplacesilelivedqualiiyofexisiencebefoieabsiiaci ileoiizing.Heideggeifiisiiniioducesileieim,sayingilailewilluseiiiodesciibe "|ijlisbeingwlicleaclofusislimselfandwliclincludesinquiiingasoneofile possibiliiies of iis Being."q Dasein is diffeieni fiom oilei eniiiies in ilai iis being can be an issue foi ii: iocls simply aie, wleieas Dasein always iales a siance on wlo ii is, wlaiiilasbeen,andwlaiiiwillbecomeevenifiineveifoimulaiesilissiance expliciilyandiicaninquiieabouiiisownbeing.Daseinisnoisimplyjusianoilei eniiiyiobeencounieiedinilewoild,buiisiaileiilebeingiowlomallilese eniiiiesaieinielligibleandmaiiei.HeideggeicallsDaseina"cleaiing"iobecause eniiiies become inielligible as eniiiies only wiilin ile space opened up by Dasein.Heideggei'ssiaiiingpoini,wliclconsiiiuiesilefiisidivisionofBeinqonJ Time, is ile analyiic of Dasein in iis aveiage eveiydayness: le seels io giasp Dasein's oidinaiyself-undeisianding.iiTleself-undeisiandingilaiinieiesisHeideggeiisnoi ileilemaiicself-undeisiandingoflumanexisienceilaiwefindinilewoilof plilosopleis, bui ile pie-ileoieiical undeisianding wiil wlicl Dasein engages in ile woild pioximally and foi ile mosi paii.i: Befoie giving any explicii answei as io low ii undeisiandsiiselfandiiswoild,Daseinalieadygivesanimpliciiansweiiniis piaciical engagemeni wiil ile woild. Heideggei claiacieiizes Dasein as Being-in-ile-woild: le begins, ilai is, by consideiing Dasein as embedded in and engaged wiil iis woild iailei ilan consideiing ii fiom a posiiion of deiacled coniemplaiion. "Sciences aiewaysofBeinginwliclDaseincompoiisiiselfiowaidseniiiieswlicliineednoi be iiself. Bui io Dasein, Being in a woild is someiling ilai belongs esseniially."i Oui eveiydaycompoiimenialieadypiesupposesileinielligibiliiyofilewoildweengage in,andHeideggeiinvesiigaiesilisbasicinielligibiliiybyexaminingDaseininiis "aveiage eveiydayness."i( In oilei woids, lile Wiiigensiein, Heideggei begins wiil ile oidinaiy. Toundeisiandlowiliseveiydaynesscanbe"aveiage"andioconsideiile possibiliiyofanon-aveiageeveiydaynesswemusicomeiogiipswiilaciucial feaiuieofHeideggei'sanalyiicofDasein:ilefaciilaiweaienoiDaseinalone,bui exisi esseniially in ilis woild witb oileis. We encouniei oilei people pioximally and foi ile mosi paii as Dasein, and noi as ile sealed-off enigmas ilai ile pioblemaiic of oileimindsscepiicismpiesenisious.Tleengagedwoildofeveiydaynessfindsus aciing wiil and upon iools ilai weie equally made foi, and could equally be used by, oileipeoplelileouiselves.And,moieimpoiianily,ouiownsenseofwloandwlai we aie is slaped by oui engaging wiil oileis wlom we deem io be oui fellows. Heideggeifindsileiiadiiionalconcepiionofileselfasanisolaied consciousnessinadequaiebecauseDaseincomesinioiisDasein-loodasBeing-wiil-one-anoilei:ile"wlo"ofeveiydayDaseinisnoiileisolaiedindividual,buiile 6 individualconsiiiuiedbysocialnoims.Being-wiilisanecessaiyandsiiuciuial feaiuie of Daseinan exisieniiale in Heideggei's jaigonbecause ii is a condiiion foi ilepossibiliiyDasein'saiiiculaied,inielligiblewoild.Eaclofusmalessenseofile woildinouiownway,buiileveiynoiionofmalingsenseofilewoildinilefiisi place,aswellasileconcepiswiilwliclwemalesenseofilewoild,aieilingswe aiiiculaie iogeilei. IfBeing-wiilisaconsiiiuiivefeaiuieofDasein'sexisience,ilenDasein's exisience is laigely consiiiuied by feaiuies ilai aie noi uniquely iis own. One feaiuie of iools' ieadiness-io-land is ilai iley aie ieady-io-land foi oileis as well. A sloe is onlyasloeifanyonewiililesamesizedfooicanweaiii.Mysloesaieavailableio meossloesonlyinsofaiasileyaieavailableassloesiooileisaswell.Tlis piomiscuousavailabiliiyispaiiofwlaimalesasloeasloe:iiisavailableiomany people indisciiminaiely because ileie is a way ilai one weors sboes ilai applies acioss ile boaid. As Being-wiil, Dasein is consiiiuied by a wide iange of noims ilai diciaie wlaionedoes,wliclHeideggeicallsJosMon.iDosMondoesnoisimplyaiiiculaie ile noims accoiding io wlicl one weais sloes, bui iendeis sloes inielligible as sloes in ile fiisi place: wiiloui ilese noims, sloes would noi slow up io us as sloes bui as uninielligibleassemblagesofleailei,canvas,andiubbei.DosMonisnoian individual, noi a gioup, bui ii "Aiiiculaies ile iefeieniial coniexi of significance."i6By liglligliingileexisieniialioleofBeing-wiilandJosMon,Heideggeiemplasizes ilai ile inielligibiliiy of Dasein's woild involves slaiing and slaping ilis inielligibiliiy in conceii wiil oileis. Tlis claim is siiongei ilan simply saying ilai I am ineviiably a cieaiuie of my iimes. I am noi simply of my iimes, bui in an impoiiani sense, I om my iimes:ilesocialnoimsofmymilieuaieaconsiiiuiivefeaiuieofwloIam,evenifI y ieaci againsi ilem. We migli say ilai Heideggei las an exieinalisi concepiion of ile self.iy 3. Wittgensteins attunement and das Man Hubeii Dieyfus and oileis lave found in Wiiigensiein a valuable iesouice foi fleslingouiilenaiuieofJosMon,aconcepiabouiwliclHeideggeimalesuncleai andsomeiimesconfliciingiemails.}usiasHeideggeifindsileslaiednaiuieof inielligibiliiyaciucialandoveilooledaspeciofouieveiydayengagemeniwiilile woild,Wiiigensiein'sappealiooidinaiylanguagediawsonileoveilooled significance of oui slaiing oui language and foims of life wiil oileis. In diawing oui ileslaiedpiaciicesofouicommonwoild,Heideggeifocusespiimaiilyonile ieadiness-io-landofiools,buimuclofwlailesaysabouiioolsappliesiolanguage as well.iS Fiisi, language opeiaies as paii of a lolisiic neiwoil in wlicl woids iale on significanceinilewayilaiileyielaieioandplayoffoileiwoids,andilevaiious iolesilaiileyseiveinlumanpiaciices.Second,weusuallyuselanguage uniefleciivelyandiianspaienily,ilinlingabouiwlaiwewaniiosayandnoiaboui ile(uponiefleciion,quiiemysieiious)faciilaiilesesoundsoisymbolsmanageio expiessanyilingaiall.Tliid,ilewoilingsoflanguagecomeioouiaiieniiononly wlenweaienoiopeiaiingsmooillywiilinlanguage:weaiefaimoieconsciousof ile giammai of a language we speal pooily, foi insiance, because expiessing ouiselves in ilai language iequiies delibeiaiion sucl ilai oui aiieniion is diawn fiom wlai we wani io say io ile language iiself. And lasi, we ielaie io language diffeienily wlen we siep bacl fiom ii io examine ii iailei ilan use ii iianspaienily as a iool. S Communicaiionesseniiallyinvolvesagieemeniinlowweusewoids.Foi Wiiigensiein,lowevei,ileagieemenigoesfaideepeiilansimplyiledefiniiionsof woids."Iiisnoionlyagieemeniindefiniiions,buialso(oddasiimaysound) agieemeni in judgemenis ilai is iequiied foi communicaiion by means of language,"iq le wiiies. We aie only able io communicaie because we alieady agiee on a vasi iafi of maiieis ilai undeiwiiie ilai communicaiion. Tle "agieemeni" Wiiigensiein speals of leie is bereinstimmunq, in coniiasi wiil EinverstonJnis: noi agieemeni in ile sense of "I agiee wiil youi opinion," bui agieemeni in ile sense of "Tlese mails agiee wiil ileoveiallpaiiein."Wedonoisiidownoveianegoiiaiingiableandcloosewlai judgmeniswewillieaclagieemenion,buiiailei,weaieableiosiidownaia negoiiaiing iable ai all because we alieady find ouiselves in sufficieni agieemeni ilai weaieableiomalesenseiooneanoilei.InOnCertointy,Wiiigensieindiscusses pioposiiionslile"Tleeaiillasexisiedfoialongiime,"wlicllaveilefoimof empiiical pioposiiions, bui play a iole moie alin io logical pioposiiions: iley aie noi ilemselves subjeci io doubi, bui aie ile basis of agieemeni upon wlicl oilei maiieis can be doubied, discussed, invesiigaied, and so on. "We lnow, wiil ile same ceiiainiy wiilwliclwebelieveonymailemaiicalpioposiiion,lowileleiieisAandBaie pionounced, wlai ile coloui of luman blood is called, ilai oilei luman beings lave blood and call ii 'blood.'":o Wiiigensiein famously lilens sucl pioposiiions io linges, wiiiing: "If I wani ile dooi io iuin, ile linges musi siay pui.":i

Wiiigensiein iecognizes ilai ilis emplasis on agieemeni can be misialen foi a dogmaiiciefusalioconsideiceiiainquesiions:"'Soyouaiesayingilailuman agieemenidecideswlaiisiiueandwlaiisfalse?'Wlaiisiiueoifalseiswlai lumanbeingssoy;andiiisinileiilonquoqeilailumanbeingsagiee.Tlisis q agieemeninoiinopinions,buiiaileiinfoimoflife."::Agieeinginfoimsoflife meansslaiingenouglcommongioundilaiouilivesaieinielligibleiooneanoilei, suclilaicommunicaiion,undeisianding,andleainingaiesomuclaspossible beiween us. Tlai we can exclange opinions ai all, wleilei io agiee oi disagiee, means wealieadyslaieenouglincommonilaiweiecognizeeacloilei'sopinionsas opinions, and slaie a sense of wlai ii means io lave an opinion, io foim one, io slifi one, and so on.Sianley Cavell calls ilis lind of agieemeni "aiiunemeni":: wlai I say noi only ieaclesyou,buiiesonaiesinyou.Inanofi-ciiedpassage,Cavellelaboiaiesonilis aiiunemeni as a maiiei of oui slaiing iouies of inieiesi and feeling, modes of iesponse, sensesoflumouiandofsignificanceandoffulfilmeni,ofwlaiis ouiiageous,ofwlaiissimilaiiowlaielse,wlaiaiebule,wlai foigiveness, of wlen an uiieiance is an asseiiion, wlen an appeal, wlen anexplanaiionallilewliilofoiganismWiiigensieincalls"foimsof life.":( TlisWiiigensieinianconcepiionofaiiunemenilelpsiofleslouiilenaiuieofile slaiedinielligibiliiyofHeideggei'sBeing-wiil.Wiiigensieinpiovidesadeiailed exploiaiionofHeideggei'sinsigliilaislaiingawoildwiiloileisinvolvesnoijusi slaiingacommonlanguageandiools,buiaiiunemenionadeepeilevelofoveiall oiieniaiionandcompoiimeni.Weslaielanguageandioolsbecausewealsoslaiea io sense of wlai is woiil saying, wlai soiis of piojecis aie woiil puisuing, and low one goes aboui puisuing ilem.Wiiigensieinaiiiculaiesileconfoimiiyofouigeneialcompoiimeni,bui HeideggeifindsinJosMonsomeilingmoieinsidiousilanaiiunemeni.:Heideggei is inieiesied in wlai one Joes, noi because one las decided io do ilings ilis way, bui simplybecauseilisislowilingsoreJone.Tlepassivevoiceisievealingleie:we accoidouiselveswiilJosMonpassively,iaileiilanaciivelycloosingouiown couise. In oui aveiage eveiydayness, Heideggei suggesis, we accoid ouiselves wiil Jos Mon unilinlingly, allowing oui aciions and opinions io be diciaied io us by wlai one doesoiilinls,ienegingonouifieedomioialeiesponsibiliiyfoiileseaciionsand opinions. Tlis accoid wiil Jos Mon enables a gieai covei-up, pieseniing oui foims of life io ouiselves as binding and necessaiy. In accoiding ouiselves wiil wlai one Joes, wedonoisimplycloosenoiiofindouiownwayofdoingilings,buiweavoid aclnowledgingilaiileieisevenacloiceileieiobemade.Heideggei'saccouniof auileniiciiyinvolvesaclnowledgingiliscovei-upandialingiesponsibiliiyfoioui cloices. DieyfussuggesisilaiHeideggei'sdiscussionofJosMonfailsiodisiinguisl beiweenconfoimiiyandconfoimism.:6Tallingabouiile"diciaioislip"ofJosMon, Heideggei desciibes ile confoimism ii induces: "We iale pleasuie and enjoy ouiselves as one iales pleasuie; we iead, see, and judge aboui liieiaiuie and aii as one sees and judges;lilewisewesliinlbaclfiomile'gieaimass'asonesliinlsbacl;wefind 'slocling' wlai one finds slocling.":y Tle soiis of judgmenis ilai involve confoiming io ile populai views on liieiaiuie and aii aie a fai ciy fiom ile soiis of judgmenis on wlose agieemeni Wiiigensiein iales us io confoim. Tle laiiei linds of agieemeni aie ii wlai male discouise possible ai all; ile foimei aie ile soiis of maiieis ovei wlicl we candebaie,agiee,anddisagieebecauseofilefundamenialagieemenisofilelaiiei lind.TouseWiiigensieinianlanguage,wemigliwondeiwleileiHeideggeilas confused ile agieemeni of EinverstonJnis wiil ile agieemeni of bereinstimmunq.HowbesiiomalesenseofHeideggeionJosMonisafiaugliissue,andone noilelpedbyinconsisienciesinHeideggei'siexi,andIwillnoipuisueilisissue leie.:SInsiead,IwaniioiuinilespoiliglionWiiigensieinandaslwleilei Heideggei noiices an impoiiani aspeci of oui aiiunemeni ilai Wiiigensiein misses. In lis discussion of JosMon, Heideggei ideniifies in oui confoimiiy io public noims an exisieniialiendencyiowaidsconfoimism.Weaccoidouiselvesunilinlinglywiil publicnoims,andalilouglilisiendencymiglibealifesaveiwleniicomesio diivingconveniions,iisladesoveiinioilesoiiofgioupilinlilaisuppiessesile possibiliiyofanauileniicexisience.Inemplasizingouiaiiunemeniwiiloui iemailingonilecoeicivenaiuieofilisaiiunemeni,aHeideggeiianmiglisuggesi, Wiiigensieindoesnoiaclnowledgeilepossibiliiyofauileniiciiy.Wiiigensiein's appealiooidinaiylanguage,iimayseem,amounisioanappealioinauileniic absoipiioninJosMon.Indeed,WiiigensieiniancompaiisonswiilHeideggeiiendio focusonDivisionIofBeinqonJTime,wleieHeideggeianalyzesDaseinonlyiniis aveiageeveiydayness.OnlyinDivisionIIdoesHeideggeifullyexploieilepossibiliiy ofauileniicexisience,andcompaiisonswiilWiiigensieinseemioiundiyaiilis poini. Answeiingilisclallengeiequiiesilaiweexiendilecompaiisonbeiween Wiiigensiein and Heideggei io include Heideggei's accouni of auileniiciiy. Doing so uncoveisanimpoiianiaspeciofWiiigensiein'slaieiplilosoplyilaimigligo i: unnoiicedinileabsenceofilisclallenge.Wiiigensieinnoionlyemplasizesoui aiiunemeni;lealsoemplasizesileungioundednessofilisaiiunemeni,andile absenceofanyguaianieeilaiilisaiiunemenilolds.Iwilldevelopilispoiniinile nexi seciion, and conneci ii io Heideggei's concepiion of auileniiciiy in ile one ilai follows. 4. The ungroundedness of attunement Tleimpoiianceofslaiedpiaciicesandfoimsoflifefeaiuiespiominenilyin ilesecondaiyliieiaiuieonWiiigensiein,buiileimpoiianceofileiebeingnoiling ioguaianieeileseslaiedpiaciicesandfoimsoflifeieceiveslessaiieniion.Foiile mosi paii, commeniaiois on Wiiigensiein iale oui aiiunemeni as a given, and exploie ileconsequencesofilisgivenbeinganecessaiycondiiionfoiilepossibiliiyof communicaiion, oi as consiiiuiive of a communiiy. Tle mosi noiable excepiion io ilis iule is Sianley Cavell, wlose ieading of Wiiigensiein infoims mucl of wlai follows. Wiiigensiein insisis ilai we examine language in ile coniexi of ile bioadei life ofwlicliiisapaii:"ioimaginealanguagemeansioimagineafoimoflife.":q Wiiigensieinofienusesilemeiaploiofameclanismioslowlowouiwoidsand concepis aie inieiconnecied:o we undeisiand a paii of a laigei wlole by consideiing lowiiconnecisiooileipaiis,andwlaiilesepaiisaccomplislinmovingiogeilei. Giaspingileuseofawoidinvolvesundeisiandingilefoimsoflifeinwlicliifinds applicaiion.Tlispoinimaybecleaieiinilecaseof"judgmeni"oi"undeisianding" ilaninilecaseof"cai"oi"iiee,"buiiiappliesgeneially.Examplesinvolvingclaiis iecuiiliouglouiilelnvestiqotions,iwiilWiiigensieinslowinglowilismundane i concepiielaiesiovaiiousoileiconcepislilesameness,simple]composiie,belief, and so onsucl ilai iis use is embedded in oui bioadei life wiil woids. If undeisianding a woid also means undeisianding ile foims of life in wlicl ii findsapplicaiion,leaininglanguageisalsoapiocessofacculiuiaiion,wleieweaie induciedinioilefoimsoflifeilaiinvolvelanguage.Wiiigensieinslowsadeep inieiesiinwlaiCavellcalls"ilesceneofinsiiuciion,"wleieanaciofieaclingoi leaining iales place.: Tle lnvestiqotions open wiil Si. Augusiine's accouni of low le leained language, wlicl iieais language leaining as piimaiily an aciiviiy of aiiacling namesioilings.Wiiigensieinfindsilisaccouniinadequaiebecauseiiassumesilai languageleainingissimplyamaiieioffindingileiigliwoidsiogivevoiceioa ilinlingilaiisalieadyinplace.Augusiine'sscenaiioimaginesilepie-linguisiic clild as alieady slaiing iis eldeis' foims of life, so ilai all ii musi leain aie ile names aiiacled io vaiious ilings and piaciices, all ile wlile piesupposing a ieady familiaiiiy wiilileseilingsandpiaciices.Byconiiasi,Wiiigensieinemplasizesilaiweleain languageiogeileiwiililefoimsoflifeofwlicllanguageisapaii:inleaining language, clildien do noi simply leain io aiiacl labels io ilings, bui leain ile ilings alongwiililelabels.CavellelaboiaiesonilispoiniindiscussingWiiigensiein's vision of language: In"leaininglanguage"youleainnoimeielywlaiilenamesofilings aie,buiwlaianameis;noimeielywlaiilefoimofexpiessionisfoi expiessingawisl,buiwlaiexpiessingawislis;noimeielywlaiile woidfoi"failei"is,buiwlaiafaileiis;noimeielywlaiilewoidfoi "love" is, bui wlai love is. In leaining language, you do noi meiely leain i( ilepionunciaiionofsounds,andileiigiammaiicaloideis,buiile "foimsoflife"wliclmaleilosesoundsilewoidsileyaie,dowlai ileydoe.g.,name,call,poini,expiessawisloiaffeciion,indicaiea cloice oi an aveision, eic.( In Wiiigensiein's view, leaining wlai a iling is called also involves leaining wlai ilai iling is.Insiiuciiondependsciuciallyonaiiunemenibeiweenileieacleiandile leainei. Mosi leaining iales place wiilin a fiamewoil ilai ile leainei alieady slaies wiilileieaclei.Higlscloolmailemaiics,foiinsiance,followsalineaipiogiession becauseiopicsbuildononeanoileisuccessively.Siudenisneedafoundaiionin cooidinaiegeomeiiybefoieileyleainiiigonomeiiy,andaieacleiinducissiudenis inioilepiinciplesofiiigonomeiiybydiawingonilaislaiedfiamewoilof cooidinaie geomeiiy. Tle slaied fiamewoil need noi be so academically oiienied: io ieaclsomeoneiogiveandobeyoideis,ileieacleiandleaineineedioslaiea language,asenseofwlaiaiaslisandwlyiiiswoiilaccomplisling,ofieamwoil, andsoon(oiwemiglimanageioieaclsomeonetbisseiofcommandsbecausewe alieady slaie a sense of wlai a command in geneial is, low ii is iaugli, obeyed, and so on). Asileexampleofmailemaiicsillusiiaies,wlaiweleaincanbecomeile slaiedfiamewoilfoifuiileileaining:iiigonomeiiybuildsonilefiamewoil suppliedbycooidinaiegeomeiiy,wlicliniuinbuildsuponilefiamewoilsupplied byEuclideangeomeiiy,algebia,andileCaiiesiancooidinaiesysiem,andilese fiamewoilsiniuinbuilduponmoieelemeniaiyfiamewoils,andsoondown.Bui i lowfaidown?How,foiinsiance,canwespealofleainingileaciiviiyofleaining wiilouiciiculaiiiy?Eveniuallyouiabiliiyioleainfiomoiwiiloneanoileiieacles bediocl. Uliimaiely, oui abiliiy io leain ielies upon oui piioi aiiunemeni, wlicl is noi iiself someiling we can ieacl. Tle impoiiance of aiiunemeni io undeisiandingand ilefaciilaiilisaiiunemeniisnoigioundedinanyilingdeepeiilaniiselfisile ceniiallessonofilepaiableofilewaywaidpupil,wliclmoiivaiesmuclof Wiiigensiein's discussion of iule following: Tlenwegeiilepupilioconiinueoneseiies(say"+:")beyond ioooand le wiiies iooo, ioo(, iooS, ioi:.Wesayiolim,"Loolwlaiyou'iedoing!"Hedoesn'i undeisiand.Wesay,"Youslouldlaveaddedtwo:loollowyoubegan ileseiies!"Heansweis,"Yes,isn'iiiiigli?IilougliilaiwaslowI boJiodoii".Oisupposelepoiniedioileseiiesandsaid,"BuiI did go on in ile same way."Ii would now be no use io say, "Bui can'i yousee.?"andgooveiileoldexplanaiionsandexamplesfoilim again. Tlescenaiioofiiyingioieaclilewaywaidpupilievealslowquicllyoui explanaiions come io an end wiil a piaciice lile mailemaiics, and lence ieveals ile naiuieofileagieemeniilaiouimailemaiicalpiaciicespiesuppose.Ifyoudon'i undeisiand ilis, ileie is no deepei level of agieemeni I can appeal io in oidei io biing you bacl onside; if you don'i undeisiand ilis, I lave no idea wleie I siand wiil you, I lave no sense of wlai you migli agiee io. You aie an enigma io me. i6 Wiiigensiein'slaieiwoilispeppeiedwiilbizaiiepaiableslileilaiofile waywaidpupil,wleieilingsialeaiuinfoiileunexpecied:weencounieia disappeaiingclaii,6agiowingandsliinlinglumpofcleese,yaiallinglion,Sand many,manymoie.Eaclpaiableseivesiisownpaiiiculaipuipose,ofcouise,buia common iliead is ilai eacl clallenges oui assumpiion ilai ile foims of life ilai we inlabii aie in some way fixed oi absoluie. Wiiigensiein claims ilai lis inieiesi in ile scene of insiiuciion is noi based in lypoileiical speculaiions aboui ile psyclology of concepi foimaiionle is noi maling an anii-Clomslian poini againsi ile innaieness of oui concepiual caiegoiiesbui iailei in ievealing ile logical ielaiion beiween oui concepis and oui foims of life: Iamnoisaying:ifsucl-and-suclfacisofnaiuieweiediffeieni,people wouldlavediffeieniconcepis(inilesenseofalypoilesis).Railei:if anyonebelievesilaiceiiainconcepisaieabsoluielyilecoiieciones, and ilai laving diffeieni ones would mean noi iealizing someiling ilai we iealizeilen lei lim imagine ceiiain veiy geneial facis of naiuie io bediffeienifiomwlaiweaieusedio,andilefoimaiionofconcepis diffeieni fiom ile usual ones will become inielligible io lim.q Byexploiingwoildswleieilefacisaiediffeieniilanwlaiileyaie,andwleieoui commonundeisiandingfailsus,Wiiigensieiniepeaiedlyemplasizesile ungioundedness of oui aiiunemeni. Wiiigensiein wanis us io iecognize ile impoiiance of aiiunemeni, bui le also wanisusiobesiiuclbyjusilowiemailableiiisilaiweaieindeedmuiually iy aiiuned.Enigmaslileilewaywaidpupilbiingilisiemindeiinioslaipielief.We could be enigmas io one anoileiwe someiimes aieand if ilis weie ile iule iailei ilanilepainfulexcepiion,wewouldnoislaieilefoimsoflifeilaiwedo.Ifwe couldneveibeceiiainilaioileisaddaswedo,wewouldnoiuseaddiiioninile waysilaiwedo.Tlepiocessofacculiuiaiionbywliclwecomeiniolanguageand slaied foims of life piesupposes a basic aiiunemeni ilai is noi iiself iaugli oi leained. Tlaifoiilemosipaiiweaiesufficienilyaiiunedilaiwemalesenseiooileisand ileyiousisesseniialioouibeingableioslaiealanguageandfoimsoflife,bui noilingguaianieesilisaiiunemeni.Tliouglouiilelnvestiqotions,Wiiigensiein seels io undeimine piecisely ile mindsei ilai assumes oi insisis ilai oui aiiunemeni is jusiified by independeni siandaids of coiieciness. On ile coniiaiy, ile veiy piaciice ofjusiificaiionisonemanifesiaiionofouiaiiunemeni.Foimeiobeableiojusiify anyilingioyou,wemusialieadyslaieenouglcommongioundilaiyoulavea similai sense of wlai a jusiificaiion is, low ii woils, and wlai soiis of ilings siand in need of wlai linds of jusiificaiion. Wiiigensiein exploies ile iegulaiiiy of oui aiiunemeni by consideiing low we ieacl,leain,andapplyiules.Consideiingaiuleonanalogywiilasignposi,leasls lowilesignposiiellsuswliclwayiogo,consideiingilepossibiliiyilaiwecould inieipiei an aiiow lile ">" as poiniing lefi (say, ile paii on ile iigli is noi ile poini ofanaiiow,buiileopeningofanapeiiuiewiililelineflowinglefiwaidouiofii signifyingilediieciiononeismeaniiogo).(oAsecondaiiow,wlicliellsuslowio inieipiei ile fiisi, is no lelp leie, since "eveiy inieipieiaiion langs in ile aii iogeilei wiilwlaiiiinieipieis,andcannoigiveiianysuppoii."(iTlepoinileieisnoiilai ile signposi is inescapably ambiguous, bui ilai neiilei ile signposi iiself noi fuiilei iS insiiuciionoiinieipieiaiioncaniiiesisiiblydiciaielowweuseii.Wedoindeed followsignposisandengageinawidevaiieiyofiule-goveinedpiaciiceswiilouia second ilougliand if we did noi, we would noi slaie ile common life ilai we dobui ilis iegulaiiiy manifesis an aiiunemeni ilai is iiself ungiounded. 5. Anxiety and authenticity Aiileendofseciion,IasledwleileiWiiigensiein'semplasison aiiunemeni consiiiuied an inauileniic absoipiion in Jos Mon. In ile pievious seciion, Iiiiedioslowilai,faifiomialingouiaiiunemenifoigianied,Wiiigensieindiaws ouiaiieniioniolowiemailableiiisilaiwemalesenseiooneanoileiaiall. Wiiigensieinaclnowledgesileimpoiianceofaiiunemeni,buialsowanisusiosee ilisaiiunemeniasungiounded.Tleieisnoilinginsidiousabouifollowingaiulein ile way ilai eveiyone else follows ilai iule, bui we gei ouiselves inio iiouble wlen we maleilefuiileisiepofassumingoiileoiizingilaisomeindependenisiandaidof coiiecinesscompelsouiandeveiyoneelse'sconfoimiiyioileiule.Confoimingio wlaionedoes,ilen,isnoisomuclilepioblem,buiiaileiilepioblemlieswiil ialingilisconfoimiiyasgioundedinasouicemoiesiableandabsoluieilanoui muiualaiiunemeni.HeieWiiigensieinandHeideggeiaieagieed.Foiilemosipaii, weiendioaccepiboilouiconfoimiiyionoimsandileconfoimismofieceived opinionwiilanaiiofnecessiiyandineviiabiliiy.Becauseilisisilewayilingsaie done, suiely iley could noi be done in any oilei way. Because jusi tbis is low we live, wewaniilesecuiiiyofseeingouifoimsoflifeasgioundedonilemosisolid bediocl. iq Of couise, even ile mosi solid bediocl is afloai upon a sea of magma. Even ile fiimesifoundaiionsaieunsiable.Recognizingilisfaciis,foiWiiigensiein,aley measuie in ieleasing us fiom ile feeling of compulsion ceiiain plilosoplical piciuies foiceonus.FoiHeideggei,iiisaiequiiemeniofauileniiciiy.InDivisionIofBeinq onJTime,Heideggeiexploiesanxieiyasaciucialmoodilaisignalsiousile ungioundednessofouifoimsoflife.Wefindasimilaimoodofanxieiypeivading Wiiigensiein's appeal io oidinaiy language. Coniiaiy io ieadings of Wiiigensiein ilai emplasizeileslaiednoimsofanesiablisledcommuniiy,(:Ilaveliglligliedile ubiquiiy in Wiiigensiein's woil of scenes of insiiuciion: Wiiigensiein is inieiesied noi inesiablisledcommuniiies,buiinilepiobingbywliclweexploieanddiscovei wleileiandlowwecanesiablislcommongioundwiiloileis.Tliouglouiilese invesiigaiions, Wiiigensiein ieleaises ile anxieiy ilai ilings migli noi iuin oui as we expecioilope.Inilesepassages,WiiigensieinenacisileanxieiyilaiHeideggei desciibes. Invesiigaiing ile scene of insiiuciion induces ile veiiiginous discoveiy ilai ouilivesliieiallydependuponanaiiunemeniilaicomeswiilnoguaianiees.Foi boil Wiiigensiein and Heideggei, ile impoiiance of aiiunemeni comes noi jusi wiil ileiecogniiionilaiilisaiiunemeniisungiounded,buialsowiilileiecogniiionof ile anxieiy ilis ungioundedness induces. Heideggei desciibes iwo ways we migli iespond io ilis exisieniial anxieiy. One is ile inauileniic fligli inio ile Mon-selbst, oi one-self. Inauileniic Dasein flees fiom iis anxieiy by absoibing iiself in iis eveiyday aciiviiies wiiloui iefleciing deeply upon ilem: Dasein flees iowaids "eniiiies alongside wlicl oui concein, losi in Jos Mon, can dwelliniianquillizedfamiliaiiiy."(InauileniicDaseinengagesineveiydaypiaciices wlileiuiningablindeyeioileiiungioundedness.Suclanaiiiiudeaccepisile :o confoimiiyofsocialnoimsnomoieilanauileniicDasein,buiielaiesioilem diffeienily.Iiaccepisilesenoimsasfixedandabsoluie,noiileiesuliofluman aiiunemeni, bui simply "ile way ilings aie." Byconiiasi,auileniicDaseinconfionisilisanxieiyasdisclosingile fundamenial uncanniness (Unbeimlicbkeit) of Being-in-ile-woild: "Uncanniness is ile basic lind of Being-in-ile-woild, even ilougl in an eveiyday way ii las been coveied up."((TleGeimanUnbeimlicbkeitsuggesislomelessness,wliclcapiuiespiecisely ilesenseofdisoiieniaiionilaicomeswiildiscoveiingileungioundednessofoui oidinaiypiaciices,andconiiasissuggesiivelywiilileconnoiaiionoflome (Vobnunq)inileGeimanwoidfoi"oidinaiy,"qewobnlicb.Ononeland,ile oidinaiinessofouilanguageandfoimsoflifesiemsfiomouibeingailomewiil ilem. On ile oilei land, oui slaied aiiunemeni is iiself ungiounded, and iefleciing onilisfaciboilundeiminesceiiainplilosoplicalpiejudicesbuialsoleavesuswiil ileuncannyfeelingofnoibeingailomeinouipiaciicesinilewaywelad comfoiiably assumed. Wiiigensiein'sappealiooidinaiylanguagedoesnoiiepiesenianevasionoi suppiessionofilisuncanniness.Insiead,leseesuncanninessinsciibedinoui inlabiiaiionofileoidinaiy.Tleoidinaiyisouilomeinilesenseilaioidinaiy languageisilelanguageilaispealsioandfiomilepaiiiculaisiiuaiionwefind ouiselvesin.Ouilanguageandfoimsoflifeaienoiabsoluiepieciselybecauseiley aieiesponsiveioouiciicumsiancesinileiipaiiiculaiiiy.Tleappealiooidinaiy languageilusaclnowledgesileimpossibiliiyofagodlilepeispeciivefoiwlicl,as Wiiigensieinpuisii,"ceiiainconcepisaieabsoluielyilecoiieciones."Wiiigensiein doesnoimeanilai,inouifiniiude,wefailiogiaspileabsoluielycoiieciconcepis, :i buiiaileiilaiiiisofilenaiuieofconcepisiobelongiofoimsoflifeilaiaie ilemselvesnoiabsoluie.Aclnowledgingouilanguageandfoimsoflifeasoidinaiy means aclnowledging ile uncanny faci ilai oui being ai lome in ilem gives ilem no absoluie giounding. Inilisieading,ilequesiionofwleileiJosMondenoiesconfoimiiyoi confoimism becomes a bii of a ied leiiing. Wlai consiiiuies losiness in ile one-self is noiavaguelydefinedconfoimism,buiiaileiilesuppiessionofileuncanninessof Being-in-ile-woild.Raileiilanconfioniileuncanninessofexisience,inauileniic Dasein iales comfoii in affiiming iis siabiliiy. Inauileniiciiy does noi siem piimaiily fiomconfoimisminjudgmenioveiileiopicJujourbuifiomsuppiessingile ungioundedness of all oui agieemeni, wleilei in confoimiiy oi confoimism. Sucl an aiiiiudeaccepisileconfoimiiyofsocialnoimsnomoieilanauileniicDasein,bui ielaies io ii diffeienily, iieaiing ii as fixed and necessaiy. Tlis aiiiiude is also liable io fall inio some soii of confoimism. A Dasein ilai ielaies io iiself and iis woild as fixed andunclanginglasnoneediodevelopopinionsilaidiffeifiomieceivedwisdom. Tlissoiiofconfoimismisnoisomuclaconfoimismiopaiiiculaijudgmenis,bui iailei an accepiance of ile soiis of aigumenis ilai lappen io be cuiieni on ile iopics ilai lappen io be cuiieni.If I am iigli in iiacing ilese paiallel iiajecioiies iliougl Division I of Beinq onJ TimeandWiiigensiein'sappealiooidinaiylanguage,Heideggei'sexloiiaiionio auileniiciiyilaibecomesilefocusofDivisionIIisnomoieaiepudiaiionofile eveiydaynessofDivisionIilanWiiigensiein'siemindeisofileoidinaiyaie iepudiaiionsofileoidinaiy.Indeed,HeideggeiemplasizesilaiauileniicDasein neednoiinanyouiwaidwaydiffeifiomundiffeieniiaiedoiinauileniicDasein,jusi :: as someone wlo inlabiis oidinaiy piaciices fully cognizani of ile uncanniness of ile oidinaiy need noi in any ouiwaid way diffei fiom someone wlo iieais ilese piaciices as necessaiy and absoluiely giounded.( Sieplen Mullall emplasizes ilai Heideggei's analysisofinauileniicDaseinisananalysisofDaseininiisoveroqeeveiydayness, iaisingilequesiionofwleileiileieaieoileiwaysofinlabiiingileeveiyday. MullallansweisilaiauileniicDaseiniepiesenisaiepudiaiionofinauileniic Dasein'saveiagenessiissubjeciingofiiselfioileaveiageandnoiofiis eveiydayness: "Auileniic Being-in-ile-woild is noi a iianscendence of oi escape fiom eveiydaynessbuiamodeofeveiydayness;iiisnoianexiiaoidinaiymodeofBeing, buiamodeofinlabiiingileoidinaiy."(6Tleconiiasiwiilaveiageeveiydaynessfoi Mullallisauileniiceveiydayness.AuileniicDaseindoesnoimovebeyondile eveiyday, bui accepis ile eveiyday wiiloui becoming losi in ii. TlemoialfeivouiwefindinWiiigensiein,wliclIiemaileduponinmy iniioduciion,lasmuclincommonwiilwlaimigliinspiiefeivouiinHeideggei's appeal io auileniiciiy. In mucl ile same way as Heideggei, Wiiigensiein sees mosi of usespeciallyilosewloembiaceiiadiiionalmeilodsofdoingplilosoplyaslosi andneedingiecoveiy.Tlisiecoveiyisnoiamaiieiofpiovidinguswiilnewideas, newiiuils,newileoiies,buioflelpingusinlabiiwleieweaiewiilouiself-decepiion.Wiiigensieindesciibeslisappealiooidinaiylanguageinieimsof "biingingusbacl"ioileeveiydayuseofwoids.Ifweaieiofindananalogyin Heideggei,Wiiigensiein'scallingusbaclioileoidinaiyiesemblesnoilingquiieso muclasileHeideggeiiancallofconscience.Noicoincidenially,Heideggeialso claiacieiizesiliscallinieimsofbiingingbacl:inleedingilecallofconscience, "DaseinspecificallybiingsiiselfbaclioiiselffiomiislosinessinJosMon."(y : Plilosoply,foiboilWiiigensieinandHeideggei,isnoiamaiieiofmovingfoiwaid ioilenewdiscoveiyilaiwillgioundouipiaciices,buiiaileiamaiieiofcallingus baclioileungioundednessilaiwelavealwaysalieadylnownandalwaysalieady foigoiien. Bibliography Apel, Kail-Oiio. (iqSo). ToworJs o Tronsformotion of Pbilosopby. 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Beinq-in-tbe-worlJ. A commentory on HeiJeqqer's Beinq onJ Time, Division l. Cambiidge, MA: MIT Piess. Egan,David.(foiilcoming).DosMonanddisianiialiiyinBeinqonJTime. Foiilcoming in lnquiry . Guignon,Clailes.(iqS).HeiJeqqeronJtbeProblemofKnowleJqe.Indianapolis,IN: Hacleii. Haugeland, }oln. (iqS:). Heideggei on Being a Peison. Nos, XVI, i - :6. Heideggei,Maiiin.(iq6:).BeinqonJTime.}olnMacquaiiie8EdwaidRobinson, Tians. Oxfoid: Blaclwell. Kiiple,Saul.(iqS:).VittqensteinonRulesonJPrivotelonquoqe.Cambiidge,MA: Haivaid Univeisiiy Piess. Mullall,Sieplen.(iqq().WiiigensieinandHeideggei:OiieniaiionsioileOidinaiy. Europeon journol of Pbilosopby, : (:), i( - i6(. Siioll, Avium. (:oo:). Vittqenstein. Oxfoid: Onewoild Publicaiions. Wiiigensiein,Ludwig.(iqya).OnCertointy.G.E.M.Anscombe,G.H.vonWiigli, Eds.,8G.E.M.Anscombe,G.H.vonWiigli,DenisPaul,Tians.Oxfoid: Blaclwell. (iqyb). Pbilosopbicol Remorks. Rusl Rlees, Ed., Raymond Haigieaves 8 Rogei Wliie, Tians. Oxfoid: Blaclwell. .(:ooqa).Pbilosopbicollnvestiqotions((iled.).P.M.S.Haclei,}oaclim Sclulie,Eds.,G.E.M.Anscombe,P.M.S.Haclei,8}oaclimSclulie,Tians. Oxfoid: Wiley-Blaclwell. . (:ooqb). Plilosoply of Psyclology - A Fiagmeni. In Wiiigensiein :ooqa, iS: - :(. : Wiigli, Ciispin. (iqSo). Vittqenstein on tbe FounJotions of Motbemotics. Cambiidge, MA: Haivaid Univeisiiy Piess.

iPlii6.RefeiencesioPbilosopbicollnvestiqotionsinilispapeiaiemailedby"Pl,"followedbyile seciionnumbei.RefeiencesioOnCertointyaiemailedby"OC,"andiefeiencesioPbilosopbyof Psycboloqy - A Froqment aie mailed by "PPF." : Cf. Pl iS - i. Pl ioq. Cf. also Pl Sq - qo and i:6. (GoidonBalei(:oo(,:6)offeisa"PiovisionalTypologyofRemailsinilePbilosopbicol lnvestiqotions," wlicl ideniifies iliee diffeieni linds of iemails: (i) iemails on giammai (e.g. Pl iqq: "Ii is noi possible ilai ileie slould lave been only one occasion on wlicl only one peison followed a iule"), (:) exiiemely geneial facis of naiuie (e.g. Pl i(:: "Tle pioceduie of puiiing a lump of cleese on a balance and fixing ile piice by ile iuin of ile scale would lose iis poini if ii fiequenily lappened ilai sucllumpssuddenlygiewoislianlwiilnoobviouscause"),and()piciuies(e.g.Pliq(:"Tle possibiliiy of a movemeni is supposed, iailei, io be lile a sladow of ile movemeni iiself"). Wlen I iall aboui"simplebuiciucialfacis,"Imeanfacisinilebioadeisenseinwlicl(i)and()aswellas(:) consiiiuie obseivaiions aboui fundamenial bui unnoiiced-because-obvious feaiuies of oui exisience. Siioll :oo:, io(. 6BT,(]6q.RefeiencesioBeinqonJTimeinilispapeiaiemailedby"BT,"followedbyilepage numbeiinileoiiginalGeimanediiion,andilenilepagenumbeiinMacQuaiiieandRobinson's Englisl iianslaiion. yHeideggeisclolaiswlomaleiefeienceioWiiigensieinincludeHubeiiDieyfus(iqqi),Clailes Guignon(iqS),}olnHaugeland(iqS:),andTayloiCaiman(:oo).Aneailypioponeniofile Wiiigensiein-HeideggeicompaiisonisKail-OiioApel,anumbeiofwloseessaysonileiopicaie collecied in Englisl in Apel (iqSo). S Tle foiewoid io ile Pbilosopbicol Remorks is one of ile mosi siiiling of sucl insiances. q BT, y]:y. io BT, i]iyi. ii Dieyfus (iqqi, :S) ciies iliee ieasons ilai Heideggei gives foi ialing Dasein as a siaiiing poiniilai Daseinielaiesioiisbeingasaquesiion,ilaiDaseinundeisiandsiiselfinieimsofiisaveiage undeisianding,andilaiDasein'sundeisiandingofiisbeingimpliesanundeisiandingofallmodesof beingwlile iemailing ilai none of ilese ieasons is fully convincing. I am noi suie iley aie meani io be, oi could be. Heideggei conceives of lis piojeci as a leimeneuiic ciicle: no maiiei wleie we siaii, we musi piovisionally iale some ilings foi gianied, bui can ilen ciicle bacl io quesiion ilose assumpiions andieconfiguieouipiojeciinligliofilisfuiileiquesiioning.Ifileieweieiocl-solidieasonsfoi :6

ialingjusiilissiaiiingpoini,ileiewouldbenoieasoniociiclebaclandieinieipieiii.Andindeed, Division II of Beinq onJ Time can be iead as jusi sucl a ieinieipieiaiion. i:TlisfiequeniHeideggeiismisMacquaiiieandRobinson'siianslaiionofzunocbstunJzumeinst. Siambaugllasiias"iniiiallyandfoiilemosipaii."Zunocbstcanmeaneiilei"iniiially"oi "pioximally," depending on coniexi. As ii is used in BeinqonJTime, boil iianslaiions aie appiopiiaie: Heideggeiemplasizesilaiweaieensconcedinilewoildinanengagedmanneibeforewecan coniemplaie ii in a disengaged mannei, and we encouniei ile woild in ilis way because ile equipmeni and oileis in ii aie oniically closest io us (Jos ontiscb Nocbste) (BT, (]6q). i BT, i]:. i( BT, (]6q. i Boil Englisl iianslaiions of Beinq onJ Time iendei ilis ieim as "ile 'Tley,'" wlicl is an unsaiisfacioiy iianslaiionofaieimfoiwliclileieisnogoodEnglislequivaleni.MonisileGeimanimpeisonal iliidpeisonsingulai,ilesameas"one"inEnglisl,buiiianslaiingJosMonliieiallyas"ileone,"as Dieyfus and Caiman do, caiiies confusingly Messianic connoiaiions. I will leave JosMon uniianslaied inilispapei,buiwillaimiobiingouiileimplicaiionsofHeideggei'susageasofienaspossibleby usingveibswiileiileiileimpeisonaliliidpeisonsingulaioiilepassivevoice:JosMonspealsio wlai "one does" oi wlai "is done." i6 BT, i:q]i6y. iy Caiman (:oo, iy) desciibes Heideggei as a "social exieinalisi." iSInBeinqonJTime,Heideggeiiieaislanguageasieady-io-land(cf.BT,i6i]:o(),andWiiigensiein alsodiawsanumbeiofanalogiesbeiweenlanguageandiools(cf.Plii,i(,i,iy,:,(i,(:,6o). SieplenMullall(iqq(,i((-i(S)defendsandexploiesilecompaiisonoflanguageioioolsasa similaiiiy beiween Wiiigensiein and Heideggei. iq Pl :(:. :o OC (o. :i OC (. :: Pl :(i. :Cf.Cavelliqyq,:.Tlewoid"aiiunemeni"isalsousedioiianslaieHeideggei'sBefinJlicbkeit.My discussion of aiiunemeni in ilis papei is noi meani io covei BefinJlicbkeit.:( Cavell iqy6, :. : As a maiiei of faci, Heideggei disavows maling any value judgmenis leie oi elsewleie aboui wlai le calls "deficieni" foims of Being. I find ilis supposed neuiialiiy veiy difficuli io squaie wiil ile language ilai le uses. As if "inauileniic" weie iiself noi a ieim laden wiil negaiive value judgmeni, le also iefeis io inauileniic Dasein as "deficieni," "losi," and "fallen," among oilei ilings, in language ilai ianges in iisassociaiionsfiompsycloanalyiicnoiionsofiepiessionandself-denialioileologicalnoiionsofsin. Tle iniiial discussion of Jos Mon in :y of Beinq onJ Time uses paiiiculaily siiong language. Heideggei iefeisioile"aveiageness"ofJosMon,sayingii"leepswaicloveieveiyilingexcepiionalilaiiliusis :y

iiselfioilefoie.Eveiylindofpiioiiiygeisnoiselesslysuppiessed.Oveinigli,eveiyilingilaiis piimoidialgeisglossedoveiassomeilingilailaslongbeenwelllnown.Eveiyilinggainedbya siiugglebecomesjusisomeilingiobemanipulaied.Eveiysecieilosesiisfoice.Tliscaieof aveiageness ieveals in iuin an esseniial iendency of Dasein wlicl we will call ile 'levelling down' of all possibiliiies of being" (BT, i:y]i6). If Heideggei iiuly seels io pieseni ile noiion of Jos Mon fiee fiom any condemnaioiy language, le does a speciaculaily bad job of ii. :6 Dieyfus iqqi, i(. :y BT, i:6 - y]i6(. I lave modified ile iianslaiion, ieplacing "iley" wiil "one." :S I considei Jos Mon in moie deiail in Egan (foiilcoming). :q Pl iq. oE.g.Pl6,i:,iq-(,:yo -i,q.Howevei,welaveiobecaiefulinieadingWiiigensiein'suseof ilemaclinemeiaploi,aslealsofiequenilyusesiiioexemplifyalindofilinlinglewislesio ciiiicize. i Cf. Pl i, , (y, 6o, So, :, 6, 6i, 6S, (S6, y. :Cf.Cavelliqqi.Besidesileopeningseciionsofilelnvestiqotions,wliclconsideiAugusiine'sclild and ile iiibe of buildeis, see also Pl :y, i, :, , (q, , (, yy, S, S6, i(, i((, i(, i6, iy, iq, i6:, iyq, iS, iSq, iqy, iqS, :o6, :oy, :oS, ::, ::(, ::, :, :y, :((, :(q, :o, :y, :S:, oS, :o, :S, (o, 6i, 6:,y,y6,yS,S(,S,S6,((i,(q,,qo,6o,66,and6q.Cf.alsoCavelliqSq,y:"Inile culiuie depicied in ile lnvestiqotions we aie all ieacleis and all siudenisialleis, leaieis, oveileaieis, leaisayeis, believeis, explaineis; we leain and ieacl incessanily, indisciiminaiely; we aie all eldeis and all jusiices." Cf. Pl :. ( Cavell iqyq, iyy - S. Pl iS. 6 Pl So. y Pl i(:. S PPF xi :y. q PPF xii 66. (o Cf. Pl S. (i Pl iqS. (: I am ilinling piimaiily of Wiigli (iqSo) and Kiiple (iqS:). ( BT, iSq]: - (. I lave lefi Jos Mon uniianslaied. (( BT, :yy]::. ( Heie we migli see Heideggei's and Wiiigensiein's slaied influence fiom Kieilegaaid, wlose lnigli of faiil could appeai io all ile woild as a lumble slopman. (6 Mullall iqq(, ii.(y BT, :6S]i:. I lave lefi Jos Mon uniianslaied.