welcome

Seminar on

Effect of Nitrogen and Sulphur on Growth, Yield, Nutrient Uptake

and Quality of Sunflower Grown on Inceptisol

Seminar inchargeDr. P. H. Vaidya

Research GuideDr. B.S. Indulkar

Presented byWaghmare S.S.

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OBJECTIVES To study the effect of nitrogen and sulphur on growth parameters of

sunflower.

To study the effect of nitrogen and sulphur application on nutrient availability and nutrient uptake of sunflower.

To study the effect of nitrogen and sulphur application on grain and

straw yield of sunflower.

To study the effect of nitrogen and sulphur on quality viz. protein content and oil content of sunflower.  

INTRODUCTION Sunflower ( Helianthus annus L.) is a one of the most

popular member of family compositae/Asteraceae. native of sunflower is Southern Mexico.

Sunflower introduced in India 1965 as an edible oilseed crop sunflower seed oil content is 48-53% ,protein content of seed is 14-19%.

India is the largest producer of oilseed in the world in terms of output and in terms of area. Sunflower is a all season crop, ranks third next to groundnut and soybean in the total production of oilseed in the world.

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Nitrogen is the important part of chlorophyll and all protein it is responsible for dark green colour of leaves, vigorous growth, tillering, leaf production and enlargement of leaf surface.

Plant deficient in nitrogen are leaves become a yellowish in colour this yellowish colour appears on older leaves that is lower leaves.

Nitrogen fertilization is one of the important factor stopping a sunflower yield. Split application is most common and widely accepted practices for all crops, the basic approach is to apply nitrogen to sunflower in two or more split to coincide with peak period of nitrogen requirement of crop.

Sulphur is also needed by crop in large amount compare to ‘P’ and in some crop even more than ‘P’ sulphur requirement per tonne yield production can be taken 3-4 kg for cereals, 8kg for legume crop, 12 kg for oilseed crops.

Among the crops oilseed are more responsive to sulphur, each unit of fertilizer sulphur increase grain yield. Sulphur increases oil content of oilseed by 8.5% in mustard, 5.1% in groundnut and 3.6% in sunflower.

Sulphur is the part of amino acid (cystine and methionine) hence essential for protein production. Sulphur is involved in formation of chlorophyll, activation of enzymes, vitamins, formation of glycosides.

Oilseed crop deficient in sulphur produce low yield with less quality and less oil content in seed.

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FUNCTION OF NITROGEN IN PLANTS N is biologically combined with C, H, O, and S to create amino

acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Amino acids are used in forming protoplasm, the site for cell division and thus for plant growth and development.

Since all plant enzymes are made of proteins, N is needed for all of the enzymatic reactions in a plant.

N is a major part of the chlorophyll molecule and is therefore necessary for photosynthesis.

N is a necessary component of several vitamins. N improves the quality and quantity of dry matter in leafy

vegetables and protein in grain crops.

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SYMPTOMS OF NITROGEN IN PLANTS Stunted growth may occur because of reduction in cell division. Pale green to light yellow colour (chlorosis) appearing first on older

leaves, usually starting at the tips. Depending on the severity of deficiency, the chlorosis could result in

the death and/or dropping of the older leaves. This is caused by the translocation of N from the older to the younger tissues.

Reduced N lowers the protein content of seeds and vegetative parts. In severe cases, flowering is greatly reduced.

N deficiency causes early maturity in some crops,which results in a significant reduction in yield and quality.

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SYMPTOMS OF NITROGEN DEFICIENCY IN SUNFLOWER

Function of sulphur

Activate a number of protealytic enzyme such as papinases Increase root growth and oil content in oil seeds Formation of amino acids, cystine, and methionine and chlorophyll. Synthesis of proteins. Increase uptake of N, P, K nutrients. Promote nodules formation on root of leguminous plant and thereby

promoting N fixation. Stimulate seed formation. Formation of chlorophyll.

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Deficiency symptoms of S in Sunflower plants

Leaves become light green colour.Chlorosis in young leaves.Shoot growth is restricted. Stems are stiff, woody and thinner in diameter. Sulphur deficiency can seriously affect the yield and

quality. Growth rate is retarded and maturity is delayed.

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SULPHUR CONTAINING FERTILIZER

Material S Content (%)

Ammonium sulphate 24

SSP 16

Potassium sulphate 18

Gypsum 18

Iron pyrites 22-24

Elemental sulphur 85-100

Magnesium sulphate 13

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TABLE NO. 16: EFFECT OF SULPHUR ON GROWTH, YIELD ATTRIBUTES AND YIELD OF SUNFLOWER TABLE NO. 1 : EFFECT OF NITROGEN ON GROWTH ,YIELD ATTRIBUTE AND YIELD OF SUNFLOWERSulphur level (kg/ha)

Plant height (cm)

Dry matter (t/ha)

Achenes/capitulum Test weight(g)

Achene yield (t/ha)

Oil yield(t/ha)

30 110.24 6.59 336.4 58.17 2.24 0.88

60 112.70 7.40 355.7 60.06 2.42 1.00

SE± 0.93 0.080 1.85 0.37 0.06 0.009

CD(p=0.05) 2.70 0.243 5.35 1.08 0.17 0.025

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Assam Agriculture university, Assam . Gaurav Kaushik et. al 2009

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TABLE 2 : GROWTH PARAMETER OF SUNFLOWER AS INFLUENCED BY NITROGEN AND SULPHUR LEVELS

Treatment Plant height(cm)

Leaf area index Dry matter(t/ha)

Nitrogen levels (kg/ha)40 106.4 0.50 6.580 112.0 0.82 6.89120 115.9 0.96 7.20SE m± 1.14 0.04 0.103CD (p=0.05) 3.31 0.11 0.298Sulphur levels (kg/ha)

30 110.24 0.68 6.5960 112.70 0.84 7.40SE m± 0.93 0.03 0.084CD (p=0.05) 2.7 0.09 0.243

S.K.University, Kashmir Faisul-ur-Rasool (2010)

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TABLE NO. 3 : EFFECT OF NITROGEN ON GROWTH ,YIELD ATTRIBUTE AND YIELD OF SUNFLOWERNitrogen level (kg/ha)

Plant height (cm)

Dry matter (t/ha)

Achenes/capitulum Test weight(g)

Achene yield (t/ha)

Oil yield(t/ha)

40 106.4 6.15 318.4 57.6 2.03 0.83

80 112.2 6.89 356.5 59.9 2.43 0.97

120 115.9 7.20 363.3 60.0 2.55 1.02

SE± 1.14 0.103 2.27 0.46 0.06 0.01

CD(p=0.05) 3.31 0.298 6.56 1.33 0.18 0.03

Assam Agriculture university, Assam . Gaurav Kaushik et. al 2009

TABLE NO. 4: EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVEL OF NITROGEN AND SULPHUR ON GROWTH, YIELD ATTRIBUTES AND YIELD OF SUNFLOWERTreatments Plant

Height(cm)

Dry matter accumulation(g plant ¹ˉ )

Stem girth(cm)

Head diameter(cm)

Number of filled seeds head ˉ¹

Seed yield(kg ha ˉ¹)

Stalk yield (kg ha ˉ¹ )

NITROGEN Kg ha ˉ¹

60 160.8 97.9 9.63 16.83 654.0 1663 3638

90 171.9 107.3 10.39 19.13 738.7 1930 3897

120 181.1 113.3 10.85 20.67 783.0 2108 4072

SE m± 0.9 0.4 0.14 0.22 1.1 10 7

CD at 5% 2.9 1.3 0.43 0.66 3.2 29 21

SULPHUR (Kg ha ¹ˉ )

0 163.1 100.5 9.87 17.43 680.3 1732 3696

15 172.2 106.7 10.33 18.93 728.3 1921 3882

30 178.5 111.4 10.67 20.27 767.0 2048 4028

SE m ± 0.9 0.4 0.14 0.22 1.1 10 7

CD at 5 % 2.9 1.3 0.43 0.66 3.2 29 21

N x S Interaction

SE m ± 1.7 0.7 0.24 0.38 1.8 17 12

CD at 5 % 5.0 2.2 NS NS 5.5 50 36

ANGRAU ,Rajendranagar,Hyderabad. Pavani et. al (2012)

Table 5 : Plant height (cm) and dry matter (g plant ¹) at harvest of sunflower as ⁻influenced by N x S interaction.

Treatments Plant height (cm)

Dry matter accumulation

Nitrogen(kg/ha)

S₀ S₁₅ S₃₀ S₀ S₁₅ S₃₀

N₆₀ 154.2 158.0 170.1 92.6 96.7 104.5

N₉₀ 160.0 976.0 179.8 100.8 108.8 112.4

N₁₂₀ 175.2 182.6 185.6 108.0 114.8 117.2

SE m ± 1.7 0.7

CD at 5 % 5.0 2.2

ANGRAU ,Rajendranagar,Hyderabad Pavani et. al (2012)

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Table 6 : Number Of Filled Seeds Head ¹, seed Yield (Kg/ha) And Stalk Yield (Kg/ha) Of ⁻Sunflower As Influenced By N X S Interaction Treatment Number of filled seeds

head ¹⁻Seed yield Stalk yield

NitrogenKg/ha

S₀ S₁₅ S₃₀ S₀ S₁₅ S₃₀ S₀ S₁₅ S₃₀

N₆₀ 621 635 706 1536 1629 1824 3451 3596 3867

N₉₀ 680 752 784 1710 1977 2104 3734 3940 4017

N₁₂₀ 740 798 811 1951 2157 2216 3904 4112 4200

SE m ± 1.8 17 12

CD at 5 % 5.5 50 36

ANGRAU ,Rajendranagar, Hyderabad Pavani et. al (2012)

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TABLE 7:EFFECT OF SULPHUR ON THE GROWTH , YIELD AND OIL CONTENT OF SUNFLOWERSulphurlevels (kg/ha)

Plant height (cm)

Stem girth (cm)

Seed yield (kg ha-1)

Test weight (g)

Head diameter (cm)

Oil %

0 130.80 5.03 2384 44.80 19.7 37.3

15 131.78 5.13 2452 45.50 20.1 37.3

30 132.37 5.17 2497 47.70 20.4 37.5

SEm ± 0.296 0.06 65 0.12 0.3

CD(p=0.05) 0.628 0.14 139 0.25 0.6

Agricultural Institute, Allahabad U .P. Satish Kumar and Singh (2005)

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Table 8 : Nitrogen Content (%) And Its Uptake (Kg/ha) In Different Plant Part At Harvest As Influenced By Nitrogen And Plant Population Level In Sunflower

Nitrogen content (%) Nitrogen uptake (kg/ha)Treatment Leaf Stem Head Leaf Stem Head Whole

plantNitrogen level (kg/ha)

40 0.852 1.588 0.910 4.09 34.62 62.46 101.1760 0.8975 1.759 2.109 5.46 43.81 75.25 124.2280 1.081 1.847 2.291 7.73 54.02 98.31 164.87SE m± 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.23 1.78 1.33 3.03Population level37,500 0.996 1.793 2.207 4.96 33.83 67.68 111.5855,000 0.939 1.726 2.110 5.87 42.56 76.60 125.0383,000 0.896 1.674 1.993 6.45 56.05 91.76 154.23SE m± 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.23 1.78 1.33 3.03C D at 5% 0.007 0.010 0.007 0.68 5.32 3.99 9.08

University of Agril.Sci. Dharwad. Hulagur and Prabhakar 1991

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Table 9 : Effect Of Nitrogen And Sulphur On Nitrogen And Sulphur Uptake (Kg/ha) By Sunflower S levels (kg/ha)

Nitrogen uptake by plantNitrogen levels (kg/ha)

Sulphur uptake by plantNitrogen levels (kg/ha)

0 40 80 120 Mean 0 40 80 120 Mean

0 33.22 45.09 57.06 69.74 51.28 2.66 3.21 3.72 4.11 3.42

20 37.43 53.62 67.03 81.08 59.79 3.29 4.58 5.74 7.17 5.20

40 40.10 60.23 77.14 92.67 67.54 3.89 5.63 7.05 8.69 6.32

60 42.50 66.68 85.14 100.46 73.69 4.47 6.53 8.16 9.69 7.21

Mean 38.31 56.41 71.59 85.99 63.08 3.58 4.99 6.17 7.42 5.54

Source N S N x S N S N x S

C D (p=0.05)

2.25 2.25 4.51 0.29 0.29 0.58

S.K.Univesity, Shalimar, Jammu Kashmir. Sayed et. al 2002

Table 10 : Effect Of Different Treatment Of Sulphur On Seed Yield Of Sunflower Treatments Seed yield kg/ha

2006 2007 2008

Treatments

T₁ Control 649 715 652

T₂ - S₂₀ kg/ha 775 926 848

T₃ -S₂₀ kg/ha through SSP

759 937 860

T₄ -S₂₀ kg/ha through Gypsum

878 984 913

T₅ -S₂₀ kg/ha through elemental sulphur

810 1050 976

T₆ -S₄₀ kg/ha through Ammonium sulphate

804 1066 1014

T₇ -S₄₀ kg/ha through SSP

870 1123 1054

T₈ -S₄₀ kg/ha through Gypsum

915 1248 1172

T₉ -S₄₀ kg/ha through elemental sulphur

849 1141 1061

SE m± 44.84 80.25 69.37

CD at 5% 134.44 240.60 207.97 Agricultural Research Station ,Junagadh. 22 Vala et. al 2006

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TABLE 11: EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND SULPHUR ON STALK AND SEED YIELD OF SUNFLOWER

S levels(kg S /ha)

Stalk yield (q/ha) Seed yield (q/ha)

Nitrogen levels (kg N/ha) Nitrogen levels (kg N/ha)

0 40 80 120 Mean 0 40 80 120 Mean

0 21.35 25.32 28.63 31.58 26.72 8.14 9.97 11.60 12.61 10.58

20 22.76 27.95 31.94 34.71 29.34 9.19 11.72 14.15 14.38 12.36

40 23.87 29.96 34.29 37.60 31.43 9.87 12.90 15.64 15.59 13.50

60 24.94 31.61 36.22 40.07 33.21 10.04 13.89 16.73 15.86 14.13

Mean 23.23 28.71 32.77 35.99 30.18 9.31 12.12 14.53 14.61 12.64

Source N S N x S N S N x S

CD (p=0.05) 2.25 2.25 4.51 0.29 0.29 0.58

S.K.Univesity, Shalimar, Jammu Kashmir. Sayed et. al 2002

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TABLE 12: EFFECT OF SULPHUR ON GROWTH, YIELD ATTRIBUTES AND YIELD OF SUNFLOWER

Sulphur levels (kg/ha)

Plant height(cm)

Dry matter(t/ha)

Achenes /capitulum

Sterility percent

Test weight (g)

Achenes yield (t/ha)

Oil yield (t/ha)

30 110.24 6.59 336.4 6.81 58.17 2.24 0.88

60 112.70 7.40 355.7 7.48 60.06 2.42 1.00

SE m± 0.93 0.084 1.85 0.32 0.37 0.06 0.009

C D(p=0.05) 2.70 0.243 5.35 NS 1.08 0.17 0.025

S. K. University, Srinagar. Faisul-ul-Rasool et. al 2009-2010

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TABLE 13 : EFFECT OF NITROGEN ON GROWTH, YIELD ATTRIBUTES AND YIELD OF SUNFLOWER Nitrogen levels (kg/ha)

Plant height(cm)

Dry matter(t/ha)

Achenes /capitulum

Sterility (%)

Test weight (g)

Achenes yield (t/ha)

Oil yield (t/ha)

40 106.4 6.15 318.3 6.38 57.6 2.03 0.83

80 112.0 6.89 356.5 6.82 59.9 2.43 0.97

120 115.9 7.20 363.3 8.15 60.0 2.55 1.02

SE m± 1.14 0.103 2.27 0.39 0.46 0.46 0.01

C D (p=0.05)

33.31 0.298 6.56 1.14 1.33 0.18 0.03

S. K. University, Srinagar. Faisul-ul-Rasool et. al 2009-2010

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TABLE 14 : YIELD ATTRIBUTES AND YIELD OF SUNFLOWER AS INFLUENCED BY NITROGEN AND SULPHUR LEVELS

Treatment Plant height(cm)

Leaf area index

Dry matter(t/ha)

Seed yield(t/ha)

Stalk yield(t/ha)

Nitrogen levels (kg/ha)

40 106.4 0.50 6.15 2.o3 4.2180 112.0 0.82 6.89 2.43 4.78120 115.9 0.96 7.20 2.55 5.20SE m± 1.14 0.04 0.103 0.06 0,07CD (p=0.05) 3.31 0.11 0.298 0.18 0.21Sulphur levels (kg/ha)30 110.24 0.68 6.59 2.23 4.6360 112.70 0.84 7.40 2.45 4.84SE m± 0.93 0.03 0.084 0.05 0.06CD (p=0.05) 2.7 0.09 0.243 0.14 0.17

S.K.University, Kashmir Faisul-ur-Rasool (2010)

TABLE 15. SEED PROTEIN AND OIL CONTENT (%) AND OIL, SEED ENERGY YIELD AS INFLUENCED BY NITROGEN AND PLANT POPULATION LEVELS IN SUNFLOWER

Treatment Seed protein content (%)

Oil content(%)

Seed yield(q/ha)

Oil yield(q/ha)

Energy yield(Gega Joules /ha)

Harvest index

Nitrogen level kg/ha40 19.80 35.33 15.54 5.50 33.76 0.27

60 21.39 34.03 18.41 6.28 39.50 0.28

80 23.28 32.91 18.97 6.26 40.26 0.25

SE m± 0.04 0.07 0.41 0.14 0.87 0.006

CD at 5 % 0.11 0.19 1.18 0.40 2.54 0.018

Population level37,500 22.37 33.58 15.53 5.32 33.80 0.30

55,000 21.52 34.17 17.57 5.99 37.69 0.27

83,000 20.58 34.52 19.52 6.73 42.04 0.23

SE m± 0.04 0.07 0.41 0.14 0.87 0.006

C D at 5% 0.11 0.19 0.18 0.40 2.54 0.018

Hulagur and Prabhakar 1991Main Research Station,UAS, Dharwad.

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TABLE 16 : OIL CONTENT , OIL YIELD OF SUNFLOWER INFLUENCED BY NITROGEN AND SULPHUR.

Treatment Oil content (%)

Oil yield(t/ha)

Nitrogen levels (kg/ha)

2009 2010 2009 2010

40 40.83 40.96 0.83 0.82

80 40.03 40.00 0.97 0.98

120 39.86 39.48 1.02 1.01

SE m± 0.239 0.360 0.010 0.006

CD (p=0.05) 0.690 1.040 0.031 0.018

Sulphur levels (kg/ha)

30 39.64 39.70 0.88 0.89

60 40.84 40.66 1.00 0.98

SE m± 0.195 0.294 0.009 0.005

CD (p=0.05) 0.560 0.850 0.025 0.015

S.K.University, Kashmir Faisul-ur-Rasool (2010)

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CONCLUSION Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that- Application of Nitrogen increases protein content of seed, oil

content of seed, seed yield & oil yield of sunflower.

Sulphur plays an important role in increasing growth, yield and oil content of sunflower.

Among different levels of nitrogen & sulphur, resulted in highest seed yield, growth, oil yield, oil content and protein content in sunflower.

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