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Cmo citar este artculo: Solans-Domnech M, Permanyer-Miralda G. Evaluacin del impacto de la investigacin biomdica: para

quin? Med Clin (Barc). 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2015.11.031

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MEDCLI-3473; No.of Pages3

Med Clin(Barc). 2015;xxx(xx):xxxxxx

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Editorial

Evaluacin del impacto de la investigacin biomdica: para quin?

Assessing the impact of biomedical research: For whom?

Maite Solans-Domnecha,b, y Gaiet Permanyer-Miraldaa,c, en representacin del Grupo ISOR(Impacte Social de la Recerca)aAgncia de Qualitat i Avaluaci Sanitries de Catalunya (AQuAS), Barcelona, Espanab Centro de Investigacin Biomdica en Redde Epidemiologa y Salud Pblica (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Espanac Mdico Emrito, Unidadde Epidemiologa, Servicio de Cardiologa, Hospital Universitario Vall dHebron, Barcelona, Espana

Laevaluacindel impactodela investigacinbiomdica, todava

singrantradicinennuestromedio,esunaactividaden laquedebe-

ran estar implicados no solo los gestores de la investigacin, sino

tambin los investigadores y clnicos en cuanto corresponsables

de ella13. Esta actividad ha adquirido una creciente importancia

por algunas caractersticas del propio proceso de la investigacin:

el enorme crecimiento de la produccin cientfica actual, de cali-

dady validez variables, su nada simplepapel en la dinmica social,

su gigantesco consumo de recursos materiales y humanos, y su

enmaranado trayecto hasta ejercer efectos positivos y negativos

sobre la salud y el bienestar4,5. A efectos de la presente reflexin

se considera impacto de la investigacin cualquier efecto, cambio

o beneficio producidos por esta sobre la economa, la sociedad,la poltica o servicios sanitarios, la salud, el medio ambiente o la

calidad de vida6.

La heterogeneidad de mtodos y modelos conceptuales79 es

una caracterstica bsica de los estudios de evaluacin del impacto

de la investigacin. Esta heterogeneidad depende de la gran varie-

dad de tipos de impacto posibles, a veces con la consiguiente

inconmensurabilidad; pero en buena medida, la heterogeneidad

corresponde tambin a la gran variedadde objetivos de evaluacin

y colectivos sociales interesados en ella (sus destinatarios, audien-

cias diana o target audiences). No ser igual el inters que sobre la

evaluacin del impacto tengan polticos, socilogos, economistas,

gestores, sociedades cientficas, profesionales de la salud o ciuda-

danos en general, y sern distintos los tipos de conocimiento que

se busquen en ella10. Esta heterogeneidad salta a la vista con solo

considerar las preguntas que el evaluador del impacto de la inves-

tigacin puede querer responder. Son mltiples, y ningn estudio

puedepretenderdarrespuestaatodas.Laspreguntasquecadaestu-

dioplantee y el tipo de conocimientoproducido sern acordes con

la finalidad del propio estudio y la orientacin de sus potenciales

usuarios11, como por ejemplo: cmo deben analizarse los diver-

sos tipos de impacto econmico y social de la investigacin?, de

Autor para correspondencia.

Correoelectrnico: [email protected] (M. Solans-Domnech).

qumanera la estimacin delposible impacto de una investigacin

puede ayudar a la promocin o priorizacin de proyectos?, cmo

puedeusarseel conocimientode losmecanismosdegeneracin del

impacto social de la investigacin para facilitar y estimular estos?,

cmose transfieren los resultados de la investigacin a la prctica

sanitaria?

Cabe preguntarse a quin interesa la evaluacin del impacto de

la investigacin, cules son sus audiencias diana12. En el inves-

tigador confluyen las influencias de 2 rdenes sociales: por una

parte, losdistintosgestores,planificadores, polticosy economistas,

y lasgrandes industrias; son losgruposo personas situados aguas

arriba del proceso de la investigacin. Tambin sus beneficiarios

econmicos podran en parte situarse aqu. En 2 palabras, son per-sonas o gruposquepromueveno regulan el proceso. Aguas abajo

estn losprofesionales sanitarios, lospacientesy losciudadanos en

general;o sea, lamayoradelosreceptoresdelproductodela inves-

tigacin, sus llamados usuarios finales (end users). A todos ellos

puedeinteresarel estudio desu impacto. Elcarcterde losdistintos

estudios realizados reflejar los intereses y objetivos de alguno de

estos grupos, y podemos especular que ese carcter guardar rela-

cin con las circunstancias histricas, los valores y las creencias de

sumomentoy lugar.El tipodedestinatariode unestudio deevalua-

cindelimpactoy elcarcterdedichoestudioestarn ntimamente

asociados. Puede ilustrarse este punto mediante 3 estudios impor-

tantes sobre evaluacin del impacto de la investigacin y viendo

cmo susaudiencias diana influyen en el carcter y la metodologa

de estos.

El primer estudio puede interpretarse como dirigido a grandes

inversores y consiste en una estimacin de los beneficios econmi-

cos (o retornos) de la investigacin sobre cncer llevada a cabo en

el Reino Unido en trminos del valor neto de los resultados clni-

cos, realizado porRANDEurope y el Kings College de Londres13. En

l se estim el beneficio, en trminos monetarios, que ha gene-

rado la inversinen investigacin pblica y filantrpicaentre 1970

y 2009. Se identific la inversin en investigacin y se calcularon

sus beneficios monetarios netos a partir de las tasas de aplicacin

de sus resultados, estimando luego los posibles anos de vida ajus-

tados por calidad ganados. Se concluy que la tasa de beneficio

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2015.11.031

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Cmo citar este artculo: Solans-Domnech M, Permanyer-Miralda G. Evaluacin del impacto de la investigacin biomdica: para

quin? Med Clin (Barc). 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2015.11.031

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[edit] evaluación del impacto de la investigación biomedica

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