11

`ean

cr jxd umiig ÀÀÀ

ongx mya

dpere ,dlern drya .dldze dkxa lk lr mnexne ,dlecbd el xy` mya

.dl`y lk ieline ,dlnge cqge oge .dldve dvice ,dldze mye cie .dlledn

.dlebqd l`xyi rxf ,dldwpd dldwd lkle ,d"lrple m"kgl

eci xy` .onizd ux` cibp ,on`p rhp df ,on` ici dyrn ,onfd icixy epia

.dcrle ceq oiadl ,dcenv eyexite l`lkza ,dcewpe ze` lkl ,dcd z"qwa

ycewa ,zelelq mipencwd ikxck ,zelelk zekxa mr ,zelitz xcq okiz xy`e

.zelrn xyr

`ax mihtync `aq `ed `ld

epiaxe epxen ceakgl`v `igi`ad mlerd iigl epexkf (u"ixdn)

áá

dne dkk lr e`x dn ,mixn` xeviwa mixac zvwn ,jiptl jexrl izi`x ok lr

mikexr ,minid ixac x"cq lr miaezk .mzelb jeyna mizrd weva ,mdil` ribd

miven` mitpr lr mzewlgnl`.

.dca` mipan xy` dvrl oniza ,dcerz ia` dyre lrt dn ,rcz xy`k dide

jziae dz` gnyz f` ik ,jipa ipale jipal mzrcede ,jiptl xy` z` oiaz oia

.jiig ini lk

áá

`mipey ze`eanae zencwda ,minirpd oniz inkg zexewe minid mze` zexewa miaehe miax ekix`d xake

`l` o`k izilrd `le .mdil` yexci dagxda el` mipiipr rcil dvexde ,miax mixtq lre miqixhpewa

u"ixdnc `zkqn" ixeaigae .onfde rvnd xvew z`tn ,uxnp xeviwaeqitcdle enilydl 'd ipkfi (c"qn) "

.m"iqtca dpcr e`a `l xy` miyecigd on ea yi mb ,o`k aezkd lr xzei zvw izagxd ,aexwa

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . א. ענף - דע "ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

` spr

mecwd zelitzd xcq

cg` lk `l` ,reci gqep dligza mdl did `l ,zelitzde zekxad llk

j` ,hrn od ax od ezlki itke ,epeyl lbxde zegv itk lltzne jxan did

e` siqei wx `l` ,llk dkxad zpeek dpyn mc` oi`e .zg` lkd zpeek

xvpckeape aixgpq inia l`xyi elby cr ,cinz did jk .cala gqepa rxbi

,ycewd oeyla mzegv dhrnzpe mzepeyl ellape mzty dtrzqpe ,ryxd

`iapd cird xy`k(c"k ,b"i dingp)mpi`e zicecy` xacn ivg mdipae' exn`a

.'zicedi xacl mixikn

gqepa zelitzde zekxad llk epwize ecnr ,df avn epic ziae `xfr d`x xy`k

,decnli lkdy icka .rexbl oi` epnne siqedl oi` eilr ,mlerl dpzyi `ly

eidi ornl ,dpzyi `ly cg` gqep miyp`d lk itay zekxade dlitzd didze

`xfr zpwz mlek zelitzde zekxad gqepy oeike .rcei epi`ye rceid da miey

ly mceqin `edy itl ,epnn rexbl `le eilr siqedl ie`x oi` xy` ,epic ziae

`ll ,cala mzlaw it lr bedple mkxca zkll mc`d zilkz jkitl ,mi`iapd

zrxbn e` ztqeza.

did ,oniz icedi ly zekxade zelitzd gqep ,jli`e epic ziae `xfr zenine

dt lr mdita did xeby ,mipya zeax xec xg` xec mcia lylzyne jled

mpeyl lr feg`eb.ezxev z` epiy `le ,ewcwc eae mpir zaak exny eilr .

mpexkf mxnr axe oe`b dicrq epiaxk mipe`bd ixeciq mdil` eribd xy`k mb

mpn` .mixec ixec dfn mcia wfgend z` mdit lr eyhp `l ,mzlefe dkxal

mbet epi`y mzrcl d`xpd z` ,zexherne zexwi zetqez dnk mkezn exxia

mciay gqepac.

amiyelye ze`n yngk iptl) mecw l`lkza d`vnpy ziaxra dncwdn wzren ,o`k cr sprd df zligzn

dxewna (d"vxz'd ,milyexia qtcp) "dt lk zltz" execiqa l"f p"g`xd ici lr d`aed xy` ,(jxra dpy

mebxza (c"iyz'd ,milyexia qtcp) "miig spr" execiq zncwda l"f d"iyxd ici lr zipya dwzrede ,ziaxra

zeklda m"anxdn md el` mixac ceqi mpn`e .oeyl iiepiy hrn mr ,ep` s` o`k dep`ade .ycewd oeyll

.xeviw xziae oeyl iiepiy zvwa ,mipyi lil`kz dnk cera iz`vn ,ef dncwd oirk .(c"de b"d `"t) dltz

bitxeyk zekxa iazek' (:ehw sc zay) cenlzd inkg xn`nk ,dlitzd ixcq z` f` miazek eid `l oky

.[my i"yx d`xe] 'dxez

c.f"v-e"v 'nr "oniz zxrq" d`x

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . א. ענף - דע "ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

evetpe ehytzp eixeaig xy` ,l"f m"anxd `paxe `pxn ly exe` rited ,onf xg`

e`xie ea e`xwie ,`rpv xir l` mixvnn eixeaig eribd xy`ke .laz ieevw lka

,dxezd lk llek xvwe gv oeyla zeweqt zekld ,mlerd on did `l edenk ik

izlade zebedpd zeevnde`xe ,mdinkgn mdiqxhpewa ewca cine skiz .zebedp

axl mdilr edelaw f` .wwife x`iay dn l` mdiqxhpewa oeeika e`a eixac ik

dxeabd itn dynk ,eipiipr lka eixack zeyrl ,oivwle xyled.

min`ez me`vn ik ,eixack zeyrl mdilr edelaw zekxade dlitzd gqepa s`

mzgqep z`eminecwd mibdpnde ze`gqepd xg` `ed mb xwg xy`a ,z`fe .

ely zelitzd xcqa c"id xeaig extq lr mze` dlrde mipekpdfcirn `ed s`e .

mipey`x ly mzgqepn rexble zepyl oi` ik ,dxdf`a `aeg.

epizea` zleb

epifer oe`b l`xyi ly oxe`ne oced clep ea onfd mcew dpy miynge d`nk

ixeciqe jexr ogleyd iwqte dlawd zxezl l"f oniz inkg erceezd ,l"f u"ixdn

.minid mze`a ewzrpy lil`kzd itc oia s` lilra mixkp mdizeze`e ,micxtqd

yetzl elgd zeycg ze`gqepe ,mipencw mibdpn wegcl elgd miycg mibdpn

zepyid mewn z`h.

dzlert" z"eyl ezncwda l"f d"iyxd dlrd [dpnn wlg] xy` ,u"ixdnl zqgeind "oniz zlibn"a aezk ok

y"i` ipexkf" eizeaeyza l"f p"g`xdl r"iire .y"iir ,(oey`x qetc) "wicv.e"qw-a"qw 'nr b"l oniq "

ehay zgz exiard eixac z` mb mpn` .(dfae d"c) "miig ur" l`lkzl dpey`xd ezncwda u"ixdn

xn`pd "eplicad dnexz" gqep oiprk ,eixac cbp mipe`bd ixack oiicr ewifgd mixac hrnae ,zxewiad

lill "epaikyd" zkxa zgqep mb d`xpd itke ,okn xg`l zxn`pd "zl`b dz`" ztqezde gqtd lil yeciwa

.[dxrda `"t c"qn ixeaiga d`x] zay

flldd z`ixw bdpn ,l"dfa (c"i-a"id b"t dkepg) lldd z`ixw bdpn iab m"anxd azky dn d`x ,`nbecl

oiper mrd lke ,dielld xne`e ligzn ,lldd z` `xwny lecbd jxany xg` .did jk ,mipey`xd minkg inia

mdl oniq ,minrt mixyre ylye d`n ,dielld ,lldd lka oiper e`vnpy cr .xac lk lr oke ,'eke ,dielld

.'eke .'d mya mixne` mrd lke ,`ad jexa xne` `ed .'eke .oxd` ly eizepyeae ,oey`xd bdpnd `ed df

.jlil ie`xae ez`ixwa zepeyn zebdpn ,zenewnd lka izi`x ,el` mipnfa la`mdn cg` oi`e ,mrd ziipr

.l"kr .xg`l dnec

g.h"d ,my m"anx

hztv w"dira l`xyi ux`a xwia xy` ,dtewz dze` oa l"f ixdvl` `igi x"dn l` z`f miqgiin miaxÀ

z` riad onizl ezxfgae ,my dpky xy` "sqei zia"d o"xn zaiyiae f`c milaewnd ilecb epkzyd da

dfge rny xy`n dkldd zhiye dlawd zxez z` `ed uitd mzqd one ,"xqend" extq ilr myn ezenyxzd

.(.`i sc) 'xqend xtq zxagn' jxr ,"oniz ixtq xve`" l"f p"g`xd ly extqa d`x .my

z`fe ,gqepa mihrne milw miiepiy jexrl lil`kzd iazekn dnk elgd okl mcew cer d`xpd itk ,mpn`

zeipencw o`biza ep`vny enk] l`xyi ux`n xwirae onizl uegn mdil` eribd xy` i"zk mixeciqn d`xpk

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . א. ענף - דע "ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

epizea` z` rxi` myex ax rxe`n ,okn xg`l mipy zexyr dnk xeark

mteb z` dxay ,daeh dwlg lk mda dzlik xy` ,rfen zelb ef dzid ,oniza

ixeaige ixtq ,miipgexd mdiqkpn epizea` z` dpwex ,xzeia .mgex z` dyilgde

icia y` zlek`nle dfial eid xy` ,mipya ze`n miptln mdinkge mdizea`

micf mixfi.

eyxed `l ik ,ef zelb zeawra lilk dqxdp xy` ,`rpv dxiad zlidw ,xzeiae

mexira dl dveg egcip `l` ,dpnn mzelb mcew mdizepkyne mdiza l` xefgl

lk xqegae`idxez dpnn xy` l`xyia m`e xir ef dlidw dzid xy` zgze .

di`ex lk ,dvevxe dxeay daefr zr dze`a dzid ,dvx` iayei lk l` z`vei

.dexiki `l

,onizd ux` lka uetl miax qetc ixtq elgd ,mipy zexyr dnk cer xeark

ixtq ,mllka .mixtq ly mevr oeebn ,zepicn x`ye cxtqe fpky` zevx`n

miwqet zeaeyze ,mibdpne dkld dlaw ixtq ,dlitz ixeciqe mdiyexite `xwn

cere ,mipexg`e mipey`xaimcwena mcil ribd `l xy` xtq did `le hrnk .

mzqtcd onfl d`xpe jenq miycg mixtq s` mdne ,xge`naebi.

ehrnzpe ekld ,mipencwd zxeqnk zea` ikxca zefg`pd zeiqpk iza ,z`f lr

x`y bdpnk mdibdpna miycgznd zeiqpk iza eaxzp oznerle ,mei l` mein

zeiqpk iza yly m` ik ,dlidz xir `rpv w"wa da e`vnp `ly cr .zevx`

xwirae uegan mdil` e`a xy` i"zk mixtqa e`xy dnn mixac hrn epiyy ,dpy ze`n yngn xzei iptl

od el` miiepiy j` ,["miinlyexi" mya (u"ixdnl wecwcd wlgae) o`bizd zepeilb lr mixkfpd l`xyi ux`n

.mdixg` mi`ad znerl xirfn hrn

envr `ed cirn xy`k .xagnd epiax ly execa xzeia eyrp ,miizedn mitelige miiepiy ,d`xpde aezkd one

xninl jl zi` i`n `l` ,e"g mpeir ci dxvw o`ke 'eke o`bizd oeir ci dxvw ike ,(:glw sc `"g) oeyld dfa

.dpeeka eyr lkdyzr eze` lewyie jixriy dn itk lkd zeyrl df epxecl dxw xy`k ,oncfda `l

.ezrcadnke dlidwd y`x zeqga f` eyrp xy` mixacd mireci xake .l"kr .l"f md ecqiy dnn fefl oi`e

.y"iir ,(f"i 'nr) "oniz zxrq"a azkpk ,xecd eze` inkgn

i.'h 'nr z"rqe ,my "oniz zlibn" d`x

`i.a"i 'nr z"rq d`x

aiizlgzdl skze ,l"dfa f"zyl ezncwda azky itk ,l"f "mizf ilizy" axd ztewza xzeia df did

dil`e cinz zlere cec obne mdxa` obnd xeaig mi ala dip` jxc e`vi ,jxazi myl dldz ,z`fd dk`lna

exhy`w i"xdne dlela zleqe b"dpk ixiiye dlecbd zqpke ycg ixte zeceng mgle jln ipcrn xtqe `hef

mixtq ly mevrd rtyn xkip xy`k ,u"ixdn onf cr `ae jynp xacd did jke .l"kr .'eke ahid x`a ihewle

v"ert z"eyl t"nv `ean d`x) dpcr eqtcp `l xy` ,mdixagn i"zka mixtq s` mdne .eixeaiga dlrd xy`

.(f"tx dxrd 87 'nr n"cpd

bi.zenewn cerae ,(ode d"c t"w oniq) a"g v"ert eizeaeyza u"ixdn oeyln rnzynk

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ב. ענף - דע "ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

mi`xwpd mipyid oniz ixeciq it lr ,ytp zexiqna mnvr ebidpd xy` cala

"lil`kz"ci.

yecig cere yecig zazek ci lk .miycgzne mi`a zexec ,mipyd mdl etlg jk

mipencwd zhiyk `le ,etq`pe enxrp miax mixtq xy` cr ,dxqenae dklda

,oinei zwizr zxeqn dze` ,dbenpe zkrec dl cbpne .minid mze` gexk `l`

dpite zief dx`yp `ly hrnke ,mipy itl` f`n mipey`xd epizea` elgp xy`

dxenze iepiy ilan dpyep dpyieh.

a spr

ezeiyi` ,u"ixdn

gl`v x"dn lecbd eaq ikxa lr ,ezeclia u"ixdn lcb ,ef zycegn dtewza

ekxc ixene eizeax x`ye l"ffhz`xie eaxwa one` minkg zpen` xy` ,`ede .

mditn `veid lkke ,eixene eizeax ixac z` `nva dzy ,eznkgl zncew 'd

dyrifi.

eiptl jld aehd enye ,minqxetnd eixeaig z` xaig ,dlrzpe `ed dlr jk

,ez`xi lr sqep ezegwte eznkg exikd xy` exec ilecbe .d`xiae dxeza lecbk

`rpv w"w c"a`xl edepin xy` cr ,exiray lecbd oicd ziaa ynyl ede`xw

onizd ux` ixr lkegi.

xy` md .eixn` z` `nva ezye ,eiptl ecnl xy` ,cinrd miax micinlz

,mdixg` mdicinlzl ezbdpd ikxc mr ezxez exiarde ,ekxc z` ekiynd

dfd meid mvr cr ,xec xg` xec ,mdicinlzl mdicinlzehi.

zipxezd ezbdpd ik .ezxn` lr miaiywne ,ezexnl eid mitetk ,exec ipa s`

dad` rhpl eid ,ezlidw iyp`l daxd ezb`ce ezlng mr ,ezcrl zixqende

egay dbdz oeyl lke ,elldi dt lk .ezirxn o`v llk alak.

ci.f"qx 'nr ('a 'etq) a"yi zexewe ,f"i 'nr z"rqe ,(my) icrv i"xdn zncwd d`x

ehzxrq" cer d`xe ."miig ur" l`lkzd y`xa d`aed ,execiql l"f icrv dcedi x"dn zncwdn dlerd itk

.f"i-f"h 'nr "oniz

fh.my r"iire ,h"i 'nr z"rq

fiu"ixdnc `zkqn"a k"yn d`x.'a wxt seq "

gi.my c"qna k"yn cer d`xe .h"i 'nr z"rq

hi.`"k 'nr z"rq

k.my z"rq

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ב. ענף - דע "ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

eixeaig

eclg inia xaig xy` ,mirecid eixeaign dl`e`k:

`(.dxdh ixry.mrd oende miypd xear ,iaxr oeyla ,dcp zekldn wlg

a(.dcez gafzekld lr ,drc dxei jexr ogleyd aiaq mixe`iae miyecg

.zetxhe dhigy

b(.dyecw ixry.zetxhe dhigy zekld xeviw

c(.wicv zlert zeaeyze zel`yiyecig ,miax mipiipra zeaeyz llekd

.onizd ux` ibdpn wefige ,mipic

d(.miig urlkl zelitzd xcq lr ,ze`gqepe mibdpn xexiae agx xe`ia

.zexhye mipy xeaire zekxa ipiipr ,dpyd zeni

e(.wecwcd wlgdxez lr ,mwecwc illke oniz ixtq ze`gqep xexia

.miaezke mi`iap

miqgeind ,miax mixtq ipeilb lr zeax zedbd oke ,mipey miqixhpew e`vnp cer

eil` md s`ak.

ezhiy

eizekilde eizebdpna hrn dhpe ,ezlidw ipa aexk `ed s` rtyed ,etxg inia

mze` gexk ,miax mixeag `ed s` xaig ,ok enke .mipey`xd epizea` zxeqnn

.minid

,f` miiwd avnd itke .dpcr mw `l ,dcgkpe hrnk xy` dnecw zxeqnl l`eb

hly xy` ,zeycgzdd xvie swez zngn .cizra ok mewi `l mb ik did dncp

.dcrd i`iype xecd inkg ieaiba ,dpite zief lka dtika f`

,mler ini xekfie .l`eb epl ziayd `l miaxd eingxae ,l`xyi onl` `l j`

oia .mzea` zxeqn mxnya ,mtka mytp z` eny xy` ,mipey`xd epizea` ini

.zeiqpk iza oaxeg mr zeyw zeielb cre ,zeltyde zelilr ,zecnye zexifb

eiptl elbie ,elky ipir 'd xi`d ,eipya u"ixdn `a zr ,minid ztewzl idie

iptln dgkyp dnlrp xy` ,mipencw zx`tz zxitve zxhr ,dnkg zenelrz

.mipnfd sweze mizrd wev zngn ,mixec xec

`k.'e-'d miwxt c"qn ixeaiga d`x ,el` mixeaig lr xzei dagx dxiwq

ak,ziax zekldl mixe`iae ,oehw lirn xtq oke .eizeaeyz xtql sxev xy` ,htyn oyeg lr eixe`ia oebk

,o`k epipn xy` dyyd el`y `l` .mixtq cere r"eyd lre zeipynd lr zedbd ,ok enk .el md s` miqgeind

.enqxtzp xy`e ,i`ced cv lr el miwfgene mirecid md

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ב. ענף - דע "ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

eixeaig lwqle dibdl ,eipzna xteqd zqw myie ,eixerp xypk ycig f`

`lnie .mipey`xd epizea` mexry `l xy` ,miycg micbn ipin lkn ,eiqixhpewe

`ihig ixn elab xy`l ,mipzi`e mdirneyl miaxr mi`p minrha mnewn z`

.mipe`bde m"anxd md `ld ,mixteqe mixtq it lr ,miptln epizeax

mipey`xd zhiy mixzeq mpi` j` ,mipexg`d mdilr elaiw xaky mixaca mpn`

,mi`p mixehira mxhire myxit `axc` ,mgigfde execiqn mhinyd `l ,mipencw

m"ircd lk zaeg ici z`vl ,m"ixecdd miciqgd jxc `id ok ikbk.

ezrtyd

,evx` laz zevw iayei miwegxd cre eil` miaexwd ezlidw ipa lr ezrtyd

zaizkae etka dlrd xy` xeaige qixhpew lk .eiig ini lk ztenle ze`l dzid

.xac wyie mewi eit lre ,zeax zewzrda did wzrp cine skiz ,eci

eax ,ezepwfa ezhiy it lr "miig ur" eyexit mr l`lkzd mqxtzp xy`ke

mda xefgl ,eixac lr eaiywde eixn` eniiw xy` md miaxe ,ok enk eizewzrd

.mipey`xd epizea` mipencw zlylya j` feg`le ,miycgznd ikxcn

ikxca mifge`d zeiqpk iza `rpv z"ira da eaxzp ,d`lde `edd meid on

df ,ft ipc` lr eid micqein ,mzlitz zgqepe mbdpne mzekild lke ,zea`d

,dnecw zxeqn zgkya dpibnl did xy` zgze ."miig ur" eyexite l`lkzd

dzx`tz axie dzr .zeiqpk iza yly iyewa m` ik da mifge`d exzep `le

miiltkn xzei ,zea` ikxca mifge`d zeiqpk iza aex da eidie ,dceak eife

x`ya mixeftd l`xyi zia epig` x`y ibdpna jlil miycgznd lr

zevx`ck.

.zea` ly mleabl mipa eay ,u"ixdn ly eayen mewn `rpv dxiaa cal `le

dvegn s` ik .dizebdpne diqenip lr zepen`d ,dl zekenqd mixra cal `l mb

yexcle ,eiyrn xg`e eikxca zkll miayd eax enk eax ,oniz ixr lka dl

.z"ea`d l`

mnewn xy` xeaiva minqxetne mircepd mixaca xwir dzid ef drtyd ,mpn`

e` ,zqpkd ziaay dxeza d`ixwde dlitzd gqep oebk ,mc` ly ezial ueg

mixaca j` .oicd izaae yxcnd izaa mda miwqery zeklde mipic iwqt

bk.'b wxt c"qna k"yn d`x ,ef ezeciqg zhiya

ckzeiqpkd iza lk zniyx jxr my ,e"h 'nr `eana ,wecwcd wlg lr l"f d"iyxdl "mely ixac" d`x

."icla"e "in`y" mzewlgnl ,oexg`d xeca `rpv w"wa xy`

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ב. ענף - דע "ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

zeywae zekxa hrne oefnd zkxa gqep oebk ,mc` ly eziaa aexd lr mibedpd

onfl aexwn df epzydy ze`gqepa zrc ilaa miwifgn eid miax oiicr ,zeihxt

.u"ixdn

nvrl i"zk l`lkz yekxl zleki mc` lk cia oi` xy`amincd xwei cvn ,e

,u"ixdnl xy` "miig ur" l`lkzd it lr miyrpd mixacdy jk .ezaizk lr

mci xy` mze`e ,xeaivd ibidpn it lr ,zeiqpk izaa `l` minqxtzn eid `l

ziaa miniiwznd l`lkzd on mixacd el` ,ok lr .xkfpd l`lkza zfge`

.mci zgz `ed xy` mze`l `l` ercep `l ,cigid

zpya milyexia dpey`xl l`lkzd df qtcpyk ,mipexg`d zexeca mle`

,oniz lka utede ,l"f s`cp miig mdxa` iax oe`bd zelczyda d"pxz'd

.exe`l eze`p miaxe ,ea ynynl elgd lkd ci .c`n c`na ezrtyd dlcb

cqeine eilr j` did zzyen ,"icla"d gqepk qtcp xy` xeciq lk ,f` ipne

.e"ixny lr

ixr ibdpnn mipey mibdpn dnk mdly ,onizd ux` dvwa xy` ocr xira s`

ibdpna wfgzdle ,l`lkzd df zrtyda mdibdpn iyxya xikdl elgd ,fkxnd

lecbd extqa ,l"f dreyi sqei oa l`eny x"dk zecrk ,mipey`xd mdizea`

"sqei zlgp"dk.

ixeaig xcq lr miaezk md `ld ,ezelcbe ezhiy etwz dyrne yi`d ixac xzie

.myn epyxci yxc ,uetgi xy` lk ,"u"ixdnc `zkqn" ohwd

epizea` l`eb

zwizr zea` zxeqn le`bl ,axe riyenk epl cenrie ,lr mwed xy` xabd `ed

wegl dniyie ,zecrd z`e xfpd z` ozp xy` `ede .cre mler henz la ,oinei

,x"iny oxetiva miwewg ,epiptl miaezk eixac .dfd meid cr ,l`xyil htynle

.epiwcv giyn `ea cr ,epikxc z` mixi`ne

,epipir cngne epipe`b u"ixdn df ,x"irn cixy epl xized xy` ze`av 'd `lele

epiid mipezp ,epipa ipae epipae ep` oiicre .epizea` zlgpn epizlgp drxbp xak

,epi`x `l zepyid m"dizeaizk ,mi`a minid xakya .epici l`l oi`e ,xg` m"rl

.mxkf gkyp ik ,dn cr rcei epz` oi`e

dkq"yd zqxibl 'd epkify zrne ,l"dfa azk ,lldd z`ixw iab (oqip ,'c oniq) oebke .f"qxz'd ,milyexi

my miax zenewnae .l"kr .epibdpn wfgzp ,l"fpd eixaca miig ur execiqn axd epipir xi`de l"fpd wxt

.mbdpn wefigl "miig ur"a u"ixdn ixacn dlrn ,extqa

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ג. ענף - דע"ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

xy` l"f mircepd onizd ux` ipe`be inkg epeligpd xy` lk ik ,oercz z`fa

gkne egekn ,mixn` eperinyd e` mixtq lr mdixac elrde ,eixg` epl enw

cr ,ycewa dlrnle mdizeaxn elawe e`x xy`n ,mi`ae mikynp dnd ezxez

lr miaiyne mdixtqa dnd micirn xy`ke ,m"ixcdpd ei`v`ve eipae eicinlz

.el`eb dfy mrd ixW` ,el dkky mrd xy` .m"il`ey©«§

b spr

elhazp e` eyazyp ,erawpy mibdpn

epiax ztewza wx eycgzp xy` mibdpn mpyi ik ,xi`dl mewnd o`kxagnd

`l` ,xeaivd lk axwae zeiqpk izad lka f` ebdp `le ,epnf iptl jenq e`

cr ,lkd lv` el` ehytzp mipyd jyna j` .dyrn iyp`e miciqg zvw lv`

.midinznd on `l` epi` mda dpynd lky xexae mkqen xacl ektdp xy`

u"ixdn azky ,zixgya "zexinf"d mcewy "xn`y jexa" zkxaa dcinrd oebk

"miig ur"a(.eh sc)xiy `id ik ,dnirpae oebipa dxn`l jixv ef dkxa ,l"dfa

.cngpe d`pzvwemb .l"kr .l"f l"`ix`d axd it lr ,dcinra dxn`l ebdp

exn`l ebdp `ly d`xp ,zay sqen xg`l epilv` xn`pd "mler oec`" heitd

daiqd efy okzie ,eztewza edexn`y md mihrn zegtl e` ,u"ixdn ztewza f`

.l`lkzl eci lr qpked `ly

e` miax lv` m` xagnd epiax ztewza f` ebdp xy` miycg mibdpn mpyie

zgiwl oebk .okn xg`l epzyp e` elhazpe ,ehytzp `ly `l` ,miciqg zvw

ur"a aezkk ,rny zixway ziviv zyxta ezilhay zeivivd zrax` lk

"miig(.fl sc)ekzeivivd izy z` wx zgwl bdpnd hytzp ,mipyd jynae .

d`xp ,iyinge ipya iecied zxin`a epini cia eal lr d`kd ,ok enk .eiptly

"miig ur"a aezkk ,ezrya f` ok ebdpy(.gp sc)`le gkyp xak df bdpn j` .

epidl`" v"yd xne`e zqpkd ziaa mipdk oi`yk oke .mipexg`d zexeca d`xp

d`xp ,mipdk zkxan weqt lk xg` 'oevx idi ok' xeaivd mipere "epkxa 'eke

"miig ur"d on gkenk ,micigi zvw `l` dligzn ok ebdp `ly(.cp sc)hxta]

lv` bdpnd hyt xak oniza mipexg`d zexeca j` ,[m"anxa df xkfp `ly

.ok zeprl lkd

jynae ,dwegc dryd dzidyk minrtl wx oda ebdpy zebdpd opyi ,z`f znerl

,zay sqen ly dxyr dpeny zltz oebk .raw ly xacl xak ektdp mipyd

ek.('e w"q c"k oniq) f"zyd oeyl znizqn d`xp oke

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ד. ענף - דע"ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

my l`lkzd ze`xeda ritenk ,dxfge ygl dxn`l dligzkln ebdp(.`nw sc).

lltzdl ebdp ,mzlitz xeaivd ekix`dy zngn dwegc dryd dzid m` j`

mx lewa zg` dlitz sqenfkebdp xak ,oniza mipexg`d zexeca dpde .

ebdp ,dwegc dryd dzidyk ,ok enk .mx lewa zg` dlitz dxn`l dligzkln

j`' miiqle ,zay ly sqend xg`l xn`pd "zxehwd mehit" z` blcl dligza

s` ok ebdp miax ,oniza mipexg`d zexeca mle` .'eke 'jnyl ecei miwicv`lyk

jk lk mdl dwegc dryd dzidgk.

bdpn dfi` ezelrda xagnd epiaxl `vnz m` ik ,jl rc dz`e oiaz dzr

zexecd jynay iptn `ed ,bdpn `edy dfi` xikfn epi`yk e` lhazp xaky

.ody zeaiq ipin lkn ,eyazypy e` egkyp e` epzyp e` elawzpy mibdpn mpyi

,xeaiva erawpe f` bedpl elgdy miycg mibdpn mpyi xece xec lka ,recike

mireci mixacde .mzwizy jnq lr zegtl e` ,xecd eze` inkg it lr df m`

.mzxac lr jix`dl jxev cer oi` ,miwizre

c spr

l`xyi ux`a o`k dlitz ibdpn

epzyp ,dpexg`d dlecbd diilra dyecwd epivx` l` onizn epizea` elry xg`

dlitzd ixcq eyazyp mb ,zegnye dgny ipiipra zexeqne mibdpn daxd

.zefegn x`ye "in`y" gqepa oiae "icla" gqepa oia ,ze`gqep eaxrzpe

mipya ux`a o`k dlidwd ipal miie`xd miaivwzde zepridd xqeg z`tn ik

zeiqpk iza zepale zerwxw f` yekxl ozip did `l ,mzenlw`zdl zepey`xd

.xire xir lka el`n el` mzgqepa mipeyd ,zefegnd ipa lkl micxtp

bb zxew zgz cgi mlek lltzdl l`xyi ux`a o`k zeax mixra evl`p ok lr

lecb lealal mxby dn ,"icla" gqep mr "in`y" gqep illtzn elit` ,zg`

zegeka zyrzdl elgd xy` cr .xirvd xecd ipa lv` hxtae ,dlitzd gqepa

.mipeyd zefegnd ipal micxtp zeiqpk iza epae ,mnvr

fk.f"lw oniq b"g "wicv zlert" eizeaeyza u"ixdn ly epeyl weicn d`xpk

gkzaya `l` lega exn`l mibdep eid `l dligzny d`xp (rce d"c .fr sc) "miig ur"a u"ixdn ixacn

z`xeda yxetna dlrd oke ,xeaicd zligza my azky enke .lega s` exn`l elgd okn xg`l wxe ,cala

eixg`l df did ,dwegc drydyk eblcl elgdy dny xazqn ,ok m` .(.bnw sc) zay ly sqend xg`l l`lkzd

ux`a o`k s` ok ebdpe ,dwegc dryd oi`yk eze` mixne` eid miax oiicry oiivl yi j` .epnfl jenq ile`e

mibdep eid ,zay zgpna zayd meil xiy xg` xn`pd "jil` cecl" xenfn ,ok enk .[izeclia izi`x cery itk]

.l"nk`e .exn`ln erpnp miax mipexg`d zexecae ,mcwn exn`l

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ה. ענף - דע"ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

zqtcda llgd z` ze`lnl elczyd xy` miyp` dlidwd ipan f` enwy mbde

,[mzekfl z`f xn`iie] dfa `veike miynege mixeciq oebk mdl mini`zn mixtq

dn .oendd oeyla yaeynde zeernd z` owzl icka jxevd ic jka did `l

rap ile`e] dhrn `l zernyn ilra qetc ze`ibya ewl el` mixtq aexy ,mb

.zepeekn ze`ibya s` mwlge ,[f`c dqtcdd i`pz zngn df

,`"hily jiyl` l`pzp b"dxd zdbda "zea` zxez" xeciqd xe`l `vi xy` cr

`le hrnk meiky cr .oendd itn zeax ze`iby wliqe ,zexwi xe`a xi`d xy`

mcew [izeclia xirvd ikp` s`] epi`xe eprny xy`n ,`edy yeaiy dfi` rnyp

.xeciqd df zqtcd

ddk xak xy` ,mixyie mipyi mibdpne zenecw zeizin` ze`qxib opyi oiicre

oia ,ycewd ux`a o`k miigd ixcqe mipnfd iiepiy zeawra ,mxkf mrede mdbp

icri `ly ,`wizr mcw on `erx idie .zecrd x`yn l`xyi zia epig` x`y

.x"ik` .opin oeif

d spr

l`lkzd zqtcd

oizda` gex xy` yi` ,dcerze dxezl milrt ax yi` mw ,c"pxz'd zpya

fer lka `pwn ,eizenvra zcwei mdl ezad` y`e ,eiwxera znxef oiyicw

s`cp miig mdxa` x"dn `ed `eld ,d`xi lrae dxez lra ,mipencw zxeqnl

dpey`xl B`zd z`ved caln xy` .e"z milyexia mipnizd zlidw bidpn ,l"f

yexitd mr l`lkzd df z`ved z` mb enky lr lhp ,["dxez xzk" `xwpd]

.l"f u"ixdnl "miig ur"

legd zelitz z` llekd ,oey`xd ewlg .mikxk ipya l`lkzd df qtcp dligzn

xcq caln] zenev drax` xcq seqale mipyd xeair mr zekxad gqepe zayde

micrend zelitz z` llekd ,ipyd ewlge .d"pxz'd zpya qtcp ,[a`a dryz

h"pxz'd zpya okn xg`l qtcp ,mi`xep minie a`a dryzehk.

hksc) "oniz ixtq xve`" extqa oke] (h"k-f"k 'nr n"cpd `xecdna) "mdxa`l xekf" extqa k"yn d`x

zn`a j` ,qetcl edexciq day dpyd mpn` `id ,c"pxz'd zpya qtcpy `"g l`lkza aezk `vnp m`e .[(:ai

xcq seq cr oey`xd wlgd df qitcdl eayg dligza ,zn`ae .my ezecrk ,d"pxz'd zpya ezqtcd dniizqp

mzpeek lr engip seqal j` .c"pxz'd lel` ycegl e"ka dk`lnd znlyd lr oiiev seqal mye ,mipyd xeair

.d"pxz'd zpya l`lkzd df qtcpe onfd jx`zp jk meyne ,zenevd drax` xcq z` okn xg`l my etiqede ,ef

eqitcd xy` eixg`y miqitcnd `l` .dpey`xl ecin d`viy itk dppi` ,mikxk dylya `ed epiptly dne

mbd .[onwl x`eank] mitcd ixtqn z` zenewn dnka epiy jk zeawrae ,mikxk dylyl dewlig ,ef `xecdn

dryz wlge ,cxtp xetqin mr micrend wlg ,miwlg ipyl ipyd wlgd z` ewlig ,envr p"g`xd zxecdnay

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ה. ענף - דע"ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

`ll dpey`xd ezxeva ezenck milyexia zipy l`lkzd qtcp ,a"iyz'd zpya

z` ewlig ,ef dqtcda j` .l"f aeagn mely oa miig 'x ici lr ,dycg dkixr

.oey`xd jxka mcwn didy zenk xzep ,oey`xd ewlg .mikxk dylyl l`lkzd

`ede ,micrend zelitz z` llekd cg` jxk .mipyl ecixtd ,ipyd ewlg z`e

zegilqde a`a dryz xcq z` llekd xg` jxke .ipy wlg meik `xwp xy`

uaew z` etxiv eteqae ,iyily wlg meik `xwpd `ede ,mi`xep minil zelitzde

oey`xd wlgd on "miig spr" zedbddlsiqed ,mipexg`d el` mikxk ipyae .

mdipnfl ze`ixwd xcq siqed mdixg`le ,oey`xd jxkd on zenlyd mdiptl

.[l"pd "dxez xzk" B`zn meliv]

[diipyd dqtcda] `edy zenk l`lkzd df qtced ,a"kyz'd zpya okn xg`l

xcq xared ,oey`xd wlga .ezipaza mitqep miiepiy mr j` ,ziyily mrt

micenrd ixtqn iepiy jixvdy dn ,dxyr dpeny jez l` v"yd zxfgl dyecwd

zelitzd xcq ,eteqa df wlg l` sxev ,ok enk .oey`xd qetca did xy`n

ipyd miwlgae .xakn df ea didy zenevd drax` xcq lr sqep ,a`a dryzl

oey`xd wlgd on zayde legd zelitz ly miax mirhw etqezip ,iyilyde

mcrenl ze`ixwd ixcq ok mb etiqed mteqa ok enke ,dlitzd gqep znlydl

.zepey zetqez cere

ztqep mrt l`lkzd qtced ,b"lyz'd-`"lyz'd mipyd oia ,ax `l onf xeark

epiax i`v`vn] l"f gl`v oerny b"dxd oiyicw rxfn miyrn ax yi` ici lr

aezkdn dkxa ztqezae dycg dkixra ,l"f ip`iiq dnly x"d edpyne [xagnd

hxtae oniz inkgn zedbde miyexit ztqez mr ,`xza `xecdna i"zkd zepeilba

xagnd ckp l"f c"xdnl zeqgeind zedbdd`lzedbde zexrd mdl sqepe ,

.micxtp mikxk drax`a ,z`f lk .l"f v"yxd l"end z`n zeaeyg

ef `xecdn

zetqep zeiexyt` mr mincwzn miipkh mirvn`l z"iyd epkif xy` z`fd zrk

it lr uxnp weica dben ,ycgn l`lkzd lk z` ef `xecdna epkxr ,zeax

lk znlyd llek ,eirxk lre eaxwa ze`gqep iiepiy zavd mr ,epiciay i"zkd

.epekn lr xac xac miievxd dlitzd irhw

.cg` jxka micenv eid mdipy j` ,cxtp xetqin mr mi`xep minie a`a

l.dne d"c ,zncewd dxrda oiir

`l,i"zka oiicr zeievn ,oey`xd wlgl l"pd zedbdd .mipexg`d mikxkd zylya wx zeriten el` zedbd

.dpd cr eqtcp `le

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ה. ענף - דע"ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

,lltznl zehxetn ze`xed ztqeza ,zenilya o`k e`a dlitzd ixcq lk

e`a xy` mirhwd lk mebxz mr .lrye crv lk lr xeciqd df iagxa zexeftd

dyecwd epipeyll ezwzrde ,iaxr oeyla l`lkzaalzelecb zeize`a z`f lk .

.oipre xac lkl m`zda oekp weqitae ,mipir zexi`ne

ixd ,dar daizka zekxade zelitzd gqepa e`a xy` zeize`d lk ,zrc ornle

ok zeriten opi`y zexedl ,dwc daizka e`a xy`e .i"zk l`lkza ok riteny

.[zxg` oiiev ok m` `l`] oiprd znlydl epici lr etqep `l` ,i"zk l`lkza

e`a m` ,l`lkzd sebay mipicde ze`xedd lk ,ok enkeכזה okyבכתב ixd ,

i"zk l`lkza `edble`a m`e .dfk azkaepi`y zexedl `ed ,[`eand ly]

zexzekd caln ,i"zka ok zeriten zexzekd lk ,ok enk .i"zk l`lkza ok riten

.miixbeqay

mihepy zenewna xwira ,dtx ew zeaiz dnka oiiev i"zka ik ,xirdl yi cer

epiyr ef `xecdnae ,ybcdl ie`x epi`y mewna yibcdle mda zerhl xeaivd

`l j`] i"zka my miritend zenewnd mze`a dtx ew [llk jxc] ep` mb

oendd jxcy ,zeize`a ybc eyr i"zka minrte .[zexrda jk lr epxrd

mpeyl zelw zngn ozetxdlcl,ozenk epiyr ,zeirb my epiivy mewn lk ,oke .

.zexrda z`f epxrdy minrte

mb .i"zkl cnvidl eplczyd ,mirhw mirhwl dlitzd zwelga ,ok enk

zeybcdd oebk] i"zkak llk jxc epbdp ,onvr ze`wqitd jeza zeybcdd

zaiz zybcd oke ,iyinge ipyl mipepgza legl zixgya "megx `ede" zwqitay

l`lkzd on mirhw epxard zenewn daxda mpn` .["gayl epilr"ay 'epgp`e'

"dxyr dpeny" jez l` edepxard "miqpd lr" gqep oebk ,xg` mewnl mnewnn

.zexrda z`f eppiiv zenewnd el` lkae ,oiprd zenily ornl ie`xd enewnl

.eileya dhnl `le ,l`lkzd jez e`a xy` ze`gqep iiepiy yi ,lirl xen`k

ita mxewny yie i"zka mxewny odn yi ,miler od cg` dpwa `l ,el` zexrd

azkpy mewn lk .mpexzt edfe ,dfn df iepiya e`a jkitl .i"zka `lye xeaivd

i"zkp,oleka `l ,i"zkdn wlg zgqep `id oky minrte] ci zaizk zgqep epiid ,

alel ax eici xy` ,`"hily gxew qgpit iax oe`bd epxen ici lr ax weica dyrp ,iaxr oeyln mebxzd df

.dl` lk lr oeilr itn `ed jxeai .dfa

bloky e` "miig ur"a ok aezky zngn etiqedl jxev epi`x j` ,i"zk l`lkza ok riten epi`y minrte

.miraexn miixbeqa el` zetqez epavd df oebka mpn` ,siqedl oekp

cliazek jxcy `l` .onewn lr zeize`a dtxde ybcd e`a xtqd df lka ixdy ,ok epiyry heyt dfe

.xkidl ok eyr onewn edfi`a jkitl ,zeize`a dtx e` ybc oiivl `ly ,l`lkzd

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ו. ענף - דע"ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

,jk llk jxca epazk df oebkaei"zk `"pazkpy mewn lke .[b"iyi epiid ,

azkpy mewn lke .i"zka epi`e ,jk miqxebi"p.(mipyi i"zka) dpyi `gqep epiid ,

zxhr" xeciqa qtcpd gqepd `ed ,izcear zligza icil ribd xy` xeciqd gqep

i"zkd it lr ie`xk ezgqep izkxre izdbd eze` ,("oniz gqep" z`ved) "zea`

xac lkl m`zda oekpl eizdbde ,eay weqitd lr izxar ,ok enk .onwl mixkfpd

cer ea iztqede ,aexl ea mirweynd lltznl ze`xeda s` iziyr ok .oipre

.zekxvp ze`xed hrn

on l"pd qtcpd l`lkzdn ehnyed ,i"zk l`lkza miritend zexhyd ipiipr

oey`xd wlgd seqa my xkfedy mrhddlj`] ef `xecdna epbdp mpn` jke ,

`ed riteny mpn` s`d ,mipyd xeair xcq z` mle` .[mewnd wgec z`tn mb

wgec zngn ,l"end zywal mephnyd ef `xecdna ,qtcpay l"pd zexecdna

hrnke ,dpy zegel dnk yi ziae zia lka ,ep` epixeca meiky mbd .mewnd

qetcd zexecdn oiicr mrcil utgd lke ,el` mipiipra weqrl dptpy in oi`

.mgwi myne eiptl l"pd

e spr

"miig ur"

xkfpk eixg` miqitcnde l"f p"g`xd ici lr ezwelge ezqtcd ,l`lkzd oiprk

aaeqd ,l"f u"ixdn epifer oe`bl "miig ur" dfd yecwd xeaigd oipr ok ,lirl

.dlitzd y"x` lk z` aaeq

z` p"g`xd dibd epnn xy` i"zk "miig ur" l`lkzd ik ,xirdl yi mpn`

dnk ea exqg s`e ,zilkza wiiecn did `l ,qtcpd l`lkzd ly oey`xd ewlg

miizernyn mipiipreleizedbd ick jez ,l"f p"g`xd ezrc dlib xak z`f lr .

dlxy` wzrda ik zeidl ,dibnd xn` ,my mpeyl dfe .zenev drax` xcq mcew ,mipyd xeair xcq xg`

wlga mqitcdl mepgpd okl ,zeakyde oihbde zeaezkdn zvwn lr miig ur yexit ea `vnp `l epici zgz

myexit caln ,zeakydl j` .zexhyd xcql yexitd mlyed `l epiptly i"zkd lka zn`ae .l"kr .c"qa ipy

my oiire ,(:nw sc) "miig ur"a xagnd epiax z`fl fnx mpn`e] i"zka miriten mpi` mnvr md mb ,epi`y

mdy zenk mqitcdl f` miqitcnd icia riizqp `l ,mzghad s` lr ,d`xpd one .[l"f d"ig` axd zdbda

.l`lkzd dfn ipyd wlga

elu"ixdn oc (oyi `ly in d"c .i sc) zixgya dlitzd mcew xn`pd "minlerd oeax" yexit mcew ,`nbecl

d`xp okye jxal mz epiax zrcy ,my dlrde .xweaa dxezd zekxa jxal jixv m` dlild lk oyi `ly ina

aiigzpy in itn mrnyi `l` jxai `ly xaeqd ycg ixtd zrc `iadle ,df zegcl xfgy `l` .r"eyd zrcl

sqep ,['` i"zk llek] i"zkd lka mle` .p"g`xd qetca my df oipr miizqn jkae .ezaeg ici z`vl oiekie

,mz epiaxk mibdepy epibdpn itle ,l"dfa okn xg`lcr wx xehtl `ly dzid dpeekdy oeik ,jxai dfa mb

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ו. ענף - דע"ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

myfllr mzelvpzd elrd xake .xzei wiiecn i"zkn edibd ,ipyd ewlg z` j` .

`nw `xecdn i"zkn dbed oey`xd wlgd ik ericed my ,ipyd wlgd seqa jk

`xza `xecdn i"zkn dbed xy` ipyd ewlg ok oi`y dn ,"miig ur"d lygl.

miyeaiy hrn `l eltp ,ef epizxecdnl zencewd zexecdnd lka ,z`f caln

eixiag x`y lr `le ,e"g epizepelz l"f p"g`xd lr `l mpn` .dqtcd zeierhe

dlklkd i`pz lr sqep ,f`c dqtcdd zhiya rceie xiknl oky .dfa eiriiqne

dyry ixd ,mirceil recik eizexew xzie zenevrd eizecxh calne ,mztewza

.ietvl xarne lrn ezlkiay dn

ef `xecdn

wiiecn gqep milltznde micneld ipta yibdl epizlkiae ,`nxb onfdy meik j`

zeaeh zelrn dnka ,lretd l` xacd ep`vede jk myl epipvg epxrip ,mlyene

.zeltkene zeax

ze`gqep iiepiy mr .i"zk dnk it lr epici lr dbede ,ycgn jxrp xeaigd df

zeize`a z`f lk .mpiipra zex`d e` zexrde ,odipia i"zkd ewlgpy zenewna

weqitae ,oekp xcqa mirhw mirhwl yexitd zwelg mr ,miipir zexi`ne zelecb

.oiirnd lr lwdl ,wiiecn

mdn yi xy` ,xeaigd dfa e`ay zeaiz iy`xd lkk aex z` epgzt ,z`f caln

.zexewnd jezn epizlki ahink ahid mda epwcwce ,zeiernyn dnk ilra

enk .`edy zenk edepgpd ,epexzt eprci `ly e` lkl epexzt xexay mewnae

aizka mepx`yd j`] yexitd `a odilr xy` zeybcend zeaizd z` epcwip ,ok

el` cewip oia dxizq `vniz m` ,mpn`e ."miig ur"a i"zka ritenk ,`ln

.[l`lkza ritenk xwird ,mipta l`lkza ritenl o`k zeaizd

.ycg ixtd zxnegl yegl oi` u"ixdn zrcly ixd .k"r .ipy xwea

fl.(f"n ze` legl dgpn ,miig spr) envr ezecr itk

glj` ,iyilyd wlgd seqa aeagn zxecdna ok mb dritene ,dpey`xd `xecdna driten ef zelvpzd

.ciqg zxecdna dhnyp

mixac daxd ixdy .ezxecdn zqtcd xg`l eil` ribdy d`xp ,p"g`xd oeafrn xy` '` i"zk l`lkzd ,mpn`

dxrd lirl k"yn oebk .l"pd i"zka md miriten ,qtcpd l`lkzd ly oey`xd ewlga miriten mpi` xy`

onf xg`le ,l"f mdxa` x"dn epa l`y xy` z` xagnd epiax dlrn ,eteqa mixetd xcqa ,ok enke .e"l

elrd `l (:eqw sc) qtcpa my dpde .'xn miwzrend '`e 'w i"zkae 'x i"zka d"ke ,jkl ezaeyz z` siqed

spr"a envr p"g`xde ,jenqa ok xg`l i"zka dritend ezaeyz `ll cala l"pd epa ly ezl`y z` `l`

jk m` .my xagnd epiax ly evexiz z` d`x `l ik ,epa ly eziiyew z` ayiil dqip ('n ze`) my "miig

.xzei zxge`n dtewza eiptl dribd ef i"zke ,'` i"zk eiptl f` did `ly d`xp

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ז. ענף - דע "ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

z` mb epxard ,[l"pk] mewnl mewnn l`lkzd on mirhw epxardy zenewna

jezayk minrte .zexrda z`f eppiive ,mewnd eze`l "miig ur"a mdl yexitd

edepxard ,ie`xd enewna `ly xeaic `a [i"zka] "miig ur" yexitay `wqitd

.zexrda ok eppiiv z`f lr mb j` ,el ie`xd enewnl

,xeaigd dfa mixkfpd mixtqd on daxdl zenewn d`xne mipeiv epavd ,dfl sqep

ly oyxy rcil dvexde oiirnd lr lwdl .ax yeniy mda yiy mze` xwira

cine skiz m`vni dzr xy` ,mixachlly oxewn epzi`n mlrpy zenewna j` .

.cer mkgie mkgl oze ,xewn oeiv `ll ody zenk mepx`yd ,mixac

ly mitcd ipeiv epavd "miig ur" yexitd cbpk zepeilbd lr ,ok lr xzi

mipiivn df yexit mixikfnd mixtqd ixagnn miax xy`a ,l"f p"g`xd zxecdn

zngn ,zxkfpd `xecdnay mitclitcl oeivd ,mpn` .lkd lv` dzehytzd

oda yi xy` ,[mikxk dylya] dpnn zepexg`d ze`vedd itk `id ,ef `xecdn

ici lr eyrpy miiepiy dnk zngn mitcd ixtqn epzypy zenewn dnk

mipexg`d miqitcndn.

e` ,l"f xagnd epiax ixacn `ed ,milebr miixbeqa azkpd lk ik ,oiivl yi

oiiev ok m` `l`] epnn xe`ia ztqez `edy e` my mixacd xewn oeiv `edy

.`ed epzi`n ,miraexn miixbeqa ritend lk j` .[`ed iz`n ,y"ac ,jk seqa

oniqd z` dry itl epnn mlrp j` ,`edy xtq dlrn xagnd epiaxy minrte

xewn z` ep` ep`vn m` .wlg mewnd xi`yd jkitle xtqd eze`ay wxtd e`

.[...] jk epiyr ,ok ep`vn `l m`e .miraexn miixbeqa z`f epnlyd ,mixacd

f spr

"miig spr"

lr l"f s`cp miig mdxa` x"dnl "miig spr" xeaig ,envrl ceak wleg

,"miig ur" xagnd epiax ixaca miletlte miyecige zedbd `ede ,l`lkzd

hlzayl zelitzd xcq lk oke [iyinge ipy ly iecied rvn` cr] legl zixgy xcq zligzny ,oiivl yi

odk xnzi` x"xd icici ici lr xak mwlga eyrp my zexewnd ipeive zeaiz iy`xd zgizt ,zay i`vene

.`"hily

nmicenrl mipiivny eizedbda d"iyxdl e` "miig spr"a p"g`xdl `vnz m`y jk .ciqg 'i zxecdn

xagnd k"ynl oiivy legl zixgy ly r"eny iab `"l ze` miig spra p"g`xd zxrd `nbecl d`x] miniieqn

ritenk epipiy mye .'xevp idl`'ay 'ornl dyr' iab d"iyxd zxrda oke .a"r `"p sca `ed epiptle ,a"r 'p sc

.lirl oiievnk ,mikxk ipya qetcd df ly dpey`xd zpekznl mzpeeky rc ,[epiptl

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ז. ענף - דע "ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

xge`n el ycgzpe sqezip xy`e ,eicicie eirx mr ezexgaa ltlte ycig xy`n

dvx` ezelr xg`l xzei`n.

micnere miavip dl` eizedbd eidiy l"f p"g`xd ly epevx did fr dligzn

zligza zeyrl lgd ok` jke ,dl ie`xd dnewn lr d"dbd lk ,mitcd ileya

xe`l mi`ivend ipira og xacd df `vn `l mixzqp minrhny `l` .dqtcdd

mr ,xtqd seqa cxtp uaewa okn xg`l mqitcd ok lr ,[ezncwda epeylk]

eteqay zedbdl xtqd seba mipeivanj` .l`lkzd ly oey`xd wlga df lk .

ie`xd dnewn lr d"dbd lk ,mitcd ileya mqitcdl aey xfg ,ipyd ewlga

.dl

xirdl ekxck jlede siqen did cer d`xpd itk ,l`lkzd zqtcd xg`l s`

l"f v"yxd olrd ,el` zedbd .eciay qetc l`lkzd zepeilba dibdle

ezxecdnlbn`le icil eribd `l l"f p"g`xd ly i"zka el` zedbdy oeikne]

itk "miig spr"d jez dnipt mpn` mizilrd l"end zywal ,dpd cr mizi`x

.a"ecdn' oteqa oeiv mr miixbeqa mizqpkd j` ,v"yxd zxecdna zeneyx ody

'v"yxd zxecdna sqep ok' oteqa azkpy minrte ,'v"yxdcn[.

xy` ,"jlnd zpyey" axd lr eizebyd z` l"pd exeaiga zeax xikfn p"g`xd

y"i`n zebyd" mya m`xws` ile`e ,dzr zrl epiptl ievn eppi` df xeaig ."

.ca`

y"i` ipexkf" extqa azky dnl oiivy "miig spr"a mixac yi ,mpn`oebk ,"

ezpeeky il d`xpe ,etxeg inia azky dn xikfd ,lnebd zkxa iab `"k ze`a

a"ecdna mb .jxal jixv dpkq llkn `viy mewn lkay gikedy my g"i oniql

oniqa azky dnl oiiv ,'oiyecwe dteg' zgqep iab *`l ze` "miig spr"d ly

dpey`xd ezxecdna my eixacl okl mcew `"l ze`l ezpeeke ,`"ldn.

`n.xeaigd dfl ezncwda my oiir

an.my ezncwd seqa `ed azk ok

bnoewiza p"g`xd zdbd seqa ezxecdna d`xz xy`k .ecil eribd `ly zedbdd el` on yi ,`ed s` mpn`

izazky dn ci zaizk miig spr zehnyd oiir ,l"dfa my sqepy ,'dlgp' zaiz iab (f"h ze`) zay zixgy ly

.'xac mey eiazk oia iz`vn `ly zeidn ,oica`c lr lage' v"yxd jk lr xirde .k"r .dfa

cnm` wtzqdl yiy zenewna hxtaixac jez miqpkp v"yxd ixacy minrt ik .p"g`xd ixac md mpn`

ephwp jkitl .p"g`xd ly oeyld oepbq jk lk d`xp df oi`y minrte ,miwacd oia licadl xyt` i`e p"g`xd

.zixedf oeyla

dny"i` ipexkf" xtqd jxer azk ,l"pd mixacaemipiipr eca`y ('h ze`e 'e ze` 14-13 'nr) ezncwda "

.l"pk e`vnp dpde ,el` eca` `l zn`a j` .'oica`c lr lag'e el`

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ח. ענף - דע "ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

ef `xecdn

epbvd ,epvtg wicv oevx zeyrl xy`e .oey`xd qetcd on mepdbid ,el` zedbd

.ezdbd daeqp eilr xy` ,ie`xd mewnd cbpk sce sc lka eizedbd lk z`

scd lr mnewna eaved zepey`xd eizedbd ,dpey`xd `xecdnay s` dpde

zeize`a epneq xtqd seqa eaved xy` eizedbd lk x`ye ,zeiakek mr epneqe

.ok zeyrl ezgixkd ,cxtp uaewa ozqtcd ze`ivny mbde .ycg xetqinae

dyrp xy` itk ,zeiakek oeniq mr zepey`xd zedbdd z` epx`yd ,ef `xecdna

lr ef `xecdna mepavd xy` eizedbd lk x`y z` oke .dpey`xd `xecdna

`xecdnak xetqind eze`a mepx`yd ok mb ,ie`xd mnewna sce sc lk

xetqind it lr "miig spr"a eixacl mipiivnd mpyiy meyn z`f .dpey`xd

jk eixacl oiivn envr `edy mb dn ,oyiden.

enk .ie`xk z`f eppwize ,opeivae zeize`d xetqina zerh dltpy minrt ,mpn`e

ep`e ,"miig ur"a cenrd jez enewn lr oeivd `a `l qtcpay minrt ,ok

epiyrn ephxit ,z`f lk lr .c"rl d`xpd itk el ie`xd enewn lr edepavd

.zexrda

lk ,scd lr dnipt eqpked ,zedbdd seqa qtcpa zeriten xy` zehnydd lk

lk ik ,oiivl yie .(dhnyd) dfk dteqa oeiv mr ,dl ie`xd dnewna dhnyd

xe`ia ztqez `ed aex it lre ,xagnd ixacn `ed ,milebr miixbeqa azkpd

seqa oiiev m` ,ok enke] `ed epzi`n ,miraexn miixbeqa ritend lk j` .epnn

.[`ed xirvd iz`n ,y"ac ,jk

g spr

d"iyxd zedbd

aia` lza zipnizd dlidwd ibidpnn ,l"f ield wgvi mely x"dn oiicd

d ,dizeaiaqeie`xd mbeviia ezlidw ipa ornl miyeg ulgp xy` xabd `e

dpnzp okn xg`l xy`e ,my zelidwd x`y ixene ipiic ipira mpxw znxde

ycewa ekxck xi`de xird `ed s` ,ycewd ux`a o`k oniz icedi ipax y`xl

l`lkza xagnd epiax ixaca ,el xy` qetc "miig ur" l`lkzd zepeilba

."miig spr" axd ixaca oke ,"miig ur"ae

en.zncewd dxrda oiire ,lirl x`eank

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ט. ענף - דע "ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

'e oeilb "l`xyi xe`" ipxezd uaewa dpey`xl enqxtzpe eqtcp el` zedbdfn.

`vi xy` "minkg mely ixac" oexkfd xtqa ,onlva ozenck eqtcp aeye

exkflgn.

ef `xecdn

zedbd caln] l"pd eizedbd lk z` ef `xecdna epaliy ,l"end zywa it lr

[oekp lr o`k e`a xak xy` ,qtcpa onewn edfi`a eltpy zeierh lr zeccea

oeiv epavid dteqae ,dl ie`xd dnewna dxrd lk ,"zexrde zedbd" xecn jez

(d"iyxd) dfkhn.

h spr

"zexrde zedbd"

eizexrd ze` oeniqe ,l`lkzd mipt lr aeqp cg` wlg .miipyl wlgp xecnd df

eizexrd ze` oeniqe ,"miig ur" yexitd lr aeqp xg`d wlgde .i"yx azka¥

.raexn azka

lre .i"zkl miqetcd oiay e` ,onvr i"zkd oiay miiepiyd z` epilrd df xecna

oniz inkgn dnk cer ly mdizexrd z` mb df xecna epilrd ,l"end zywa it

epilrd [l"pd] l"f d"iyxd zexrd lr sqepa ,"miig ur"d lr e` l`lkzd lr

ly zqpkd zia illtznn ,[eci zaizkn] l"f x`bp iel x"dk zedbd z` s`

,ok enk .wizrd xy` lil`kzd oeilba xirde dibd xy` ,l"f xagnd epiax

oeiv epavid ,zedbdd el` lk seqae .l"f v"yxd xi`de xirdy dnn o`k eptxiv

exn` mya xne`lp.

jk lr oiivy minrte ,'x i"zk y`xa eazkp xy` zeax zetqez opyi ,ok enk

ur"a oldl d`x ,df oebk] xtqd y`xa azky dna oiirl miig urd oeilba

.zekix`d iptn oeilbd lr my ok dlrd `le ,[ipeirx d"c mcew ,`"k cenr "miig

.dl ie`xd dnewn cbpk ztqez lk ,df xecna elld zetqezd z` epqpkd ep`e

ick jez ilv` exxerzd xy` izexrd z` iprd ip` s` izxrd zenewn dnka

fn.b"i 'nrn ,h"nyz'd oqip wxa ipa

gn.f"tx 'nrn ,b"pyz'd milyexi

hn,`"hily odk xnzi` x"xd wiice xinbc icici lr izknq j` ,ipir cbpl eid `l el` eci zaizka zedbd

.l"f mxagn i"zk jezn dpey`xl mwizrdy `ed xy`

px`bp iel x"dk zedbd ly sqep wzrd .(v"yxd .ipelt) jk eppiiv ,v"yxd zxecdna oxewn el` zedbd xy`ke

.oeilr itn jxeai jk lre ,`"hily ic`w edil` axdn eplaw ,l"f

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . י. ענף - דע"ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

yi z`f mr .c"prl d`xpd on ,dpd zg`e dpd zg` ,ef `xecdn zdbde zkixr

oiicr iziptzp `l zenewn mze`a ik ,`hdix metl eazkpy mdn yiy ,oiivl

dxrdk `l` ,dxenb `pwqnk mze`xl oi` ,jkitl .izcink oda wcwcle oiirl

.`cixb

oia zevetpd zeizernyn zeierh dnk lr izxrd xy` zexrd odn yi ,mpn`

zexecl s` elgpei `l ornl ,mcwda mpwzl yi xy`e ,miyn ilan xeaivd

mdizeceqia xikne ,cre rceid oian lkl mireci mixacd xy`a .mi`ad

.m"ixcdpd

i spr

mdn izdbdy miqetce i"zk

.lirl xen`d xack ,oniza dax dvetzl dkf "miig ur" yexitd mr l`lkzd

zeixtqa m` ,meik epizepia miievnd ,ci zaizka yi epnn miax miwzrd

.zeihxt miicia m` zeixeaiv

u"ixdnl md ik mqxetn xy` ci zeaizk dnk opyi ,el` ci zeaizk lk oian

,ode .zepey zexecdna eci lr eazkp xy` ,eycw ci zaizka envr'`i"zk

xtq jez meliv qetca xe`l `vi xy` ,l"f u"ixdn ly `nw `xecdn

"zexzie zexqg yxcn"`p.'aqetca xe`l `vi ,l"f wecv mely axd i"zk

e"id ip`exw awri 'x i"r melivap.['xw oldl dpeknd]'bgepnd oeafrn i"zk

l"f ia`vx sqei b"dxdbp.['x oldl dpeknd]'coe`bd zeyxa did xy` i"zk

l"f s`cp miig mdxa` iaxcp.['` oldl dpeknd]'dedil` axd zeyxa i"zk

u"ixdnl ok mb eze` miqgiind yi xy` ,['w oldl dpeknd] e"xp ic`w

l"fdp.

lr "miig ur" yexitd mr l`lkzd z` ycgn jexrle dibdl izyxcp xy`k

,i"zk izy it lr mdibdl izywazp ,e"xp cetgn aiby iax l"end icici ici

`p.`nwc `nw `xecdnk ,ef i"zk mipknd yie .b"pyz'd milyexi ,i"ly oekn 'ved

ap.`nw `xecdnk znqxetn ef i"zke .b"nyz'd ,oird y`x

bpyi xy` ,zepeilbd lr i"zka my etqepy zeaxd zetqezd lya ,`xza `xecdnk znqxetn z`f daizk

.dpexg`l etqepy i`ce odn

cpu"ixdn ly w"izkn ezxecdn z` qitcdy dfa ezrc dliby mewn meya l"f p"g`xdl iz`vn `l ,mpn`

.`nw `xecdnk ok mb znqxetn ef i"zk .xg` mc` ici lr df mqxtzp d`xpd one ,envr

dpef i"zka e`a xy` 'x i"zk oeilb lr etqepy zetqezd oze` lya ,`xzac `xza `xecdnk znqxetne

."miig ur" yexitd mipta xak

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . י. ענף - דע"ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

zpigaa dpexg`l oazk xy` eycw i"zkk axd oneqxt awr ,'w i"zke 'x i"zk

,ok`e .`nw `xecdnk `ed mqxtzp xy` ,'xw i"zk znerl .`xza `xecdn

.el` i"zk izy it lr ,ze`a ze` l"pd z` izdbd

eid `l xy` mixac dnka zg` `l izlwzp ,izdbd zcear ick jez ,mpn`

,jk awr .ddinz ilv` mixxern eid zehrn `l minrte ,mkxv ic il mipaen

w"ecdn i"zk l` mb minrte] 'xw i"zk l` izipt ,df oebka izlwzpy zni` lk

.zgp my `vn` ile` ,[l"pd

e`a ,'xe 'wa il miwteqnd zenewnd el` lkk aex .dzid ok izinc xy`k ,ok`e

iyilyd a"ezkd `eai ,izxn` ok lr .oekp lr 'xwa('xw i"zk)ipne ,mdipia rixkie

epnn ipir izrxb `l f`epmda xfg xagnd epiax xy` mixac mpyiy ,mb dn .

'xw i"zka mpewiz lr e`a xake ,seqalfp.

zpya dpey`xl qtcpd "miig ur" l`lkz lr mb ipir izny ,el` zeaizk caln

edibd xy` "miig spr" l`lkzde ,l"f p"g`xd oe`bd ici lr milyexia d"pxz'd

c"iyz'd milyexia qtcpe l"f ield wgvi mely iax oe`bd ekxregp.

,l"pd 'x i"zk it lr izdbd ,mi`xep mini e` micrend xcqn dlitz irhwae

u"ixdn ckp l"f gl`v cec x"dn i"zkehpur" l`lkzd ly miwzrd cerae ,

.ici zgz xy` i"zk "miig

,mciva mpexzt mr md el`e .mipniq mda izzp ,jkitl'w,ic`w i"zk -'x-

,ia`vx i"zk'xw,ip`exw zxecdn i"zk -'`,p"g`xd i"zk -'coey`x qetc -

epcre dligzn ef i"zk wecale xewgl cer ie`xd on ik m` .eit lr izrxkde izdbd zenewnd aexa ,ok lr

.df oirk mitqep mixac cer yi `ny ,seq

fpz"eya ea xfg seqale ,r"eydk wqt dligzay ,oepgz ea mixne` oi`y meia "jzwcv" zxin` oipr oebk

oewizay "zelrnl xiy" xenfn yexit ,ok enk .'xwa xak df lk hnyed j` ,'xa dligza azkp xy` ,jkn

ziaxra xenfnd izyxit xake' my azky xg` recn ,`id ddinzd one] 'xa eyexit my ltkp ,zay zixgy

dpdke .legl ziaxra obedk yxtzp xak ixdy yexitd my hinyd 'xwa j` ,[zipy df xenfn yxit ,'legc

.zenewn cera

zgzn mlek ok e`vi m`d ,el` zeaizk ly maih lr cer xxale xewgl ial zneyz z` hiqd df xac ,mle`

.mihrn `l zewitq ilv` exxere ,miywen ilv` exzepy mixg`e el` mixac zngn ,ezlef ci zgz e` ,eycw ci

idie .dzr zrl o`k mda oecl xyt`zp `l ,onxb onfdy zeaiql j` ,dfa mixac zekix` zvw inr yi mpn`

.ze`ltp aexwa eprinyie ,epipir x`i ,zenelrz rcei iptln oevx

gp."zea` zxez" xeciqd hxtae ,ipir izkyg `l ,epizcr axwa miqtcpd mixeciq x`yn mb

hpoird y`x ,e"id ip`exw awri 'x i"r meliv qetca xe`l `vi xy` ,l"f wecv mely axd i"zk `ed mb

.b"nyz'd

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . יא. ענף - דע"ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

,p"g`xd zxecdn'p,a"g u"ixdn ckp i"zk -'bmiig ur a"g i"zk wzrd -q

.[ici zgz xy`]

rax`k iptln mipyep mipyi lil`kz dnk cer ipir d`xnl eid ,z`f caln

xzeie dpy ze`n`qlr aezkd xzeia wizr l`lkz ze`xl izgkep aexwn dfe ,

dcirne dgiken ezgqep xy`e dpy ze`n rayk iptln `ed izkxrdl xy` slw

ur" l`lkzd on miwzrd dnk cer ipir cbpl eid ,ok enk .mipencw zxeqn lr

"miigaq.

`i spr

u"ixdnc `zkqn" ohwd ixeaigazekix` xziae ,mixac ly maih lr izcnr "

m`zdae ,ezepwfa ezhiyl ezeclia ezhiyn u"ixdn ly ezxfg onfl rbepy dna

dlerd lr sqep ,epiptly "miig ur"d caln eixeaig x`yl zeqgiizdd jkl

rbepy dna ,cala x"ivwd xg` yecp o`k j` .oniza dwiqtd zhiya jkn

."miig ur" eyexitle l`lkzl

(ezxfg mcew) dpey`xl eyexite l`lkzd ceqii onf

miig ur `gqtc `zcb`l ezgizta u"ixdn azkbqxirvd xn` ,oeyld dfa

xcq ici dgtihe dppek xy` dpy i"g enk il df izexega inia dpd ,azekd

daehd 'd cik ,dlild xcql mikiiyd mipicde miyexitd lka `gqtc `zcb`

.l"kr .'eke ilr

xcqle jexrl oeirxd df egena dbd ,mipy i"g oa ezeida xak ik ,dler epeyln

qu"ixdn zxiht xg`l mipy yyk ,`"rwz'd zpya wzrpy d`xp ,"miig ur"a my dritend dpyd it lr

mipy ylyk `ed xy` ,b"qwz'd zpya azkpy l`lkzn wzredy d`xp ,l`lkzd mipta my aezkd one .l"f

.u"ixdn zxiht mcew

`q,i"zkd lra ici lr meliv qetca qtcpe xe`l `vi xy` l"f `zyn l`xyi x"dn i"zka l`lkz mllkne

z` exriyy eilr m"inikqndn yi l`lkzd df y`xa ik ,xirdl jxev o`k izi`x mpn` .e"nyz'd milyexia

,g"ry'd zpya `ed azkpy d`xp c"prl j` .e"hz'd zpya ezaizk exriyy mdn yie a"z'd zpya ezaizk onf

epizpy cr mlerd zxivin ik rc ,[w"dyll wzren] l"dfa c"nxz 'nra [a"ga] my `ed azky dnn gkenk

oniq ,dpy miraye dpenye (dpy) ze`n ylye (dpy) mitl` zyng ,c"tx xefgnn dpey`xd dpyd `ide z`f

xy` ,g"qy'd zpya eci lr dxhtd zwzrdn oetelew meliv elrd zenkqda my ,z`f caln .k"r .grydÀÀÀÀ

zpyl cr g"qy'd zpyn z`f ezwzrd zwgxd ok `l .xzeia xiaq `ed g"ryl g"qyn mdipia mipyd aexiw

.enewn o`k `l j` ,epiipra oecl dn cer yie .jk lk xazqn epi`y xac `ed ,e"hz'd

aql`lkzd ly sqep wzrde .l"f x`bp dyn x"a iel x"d i"zka ,oey`x wlg "miig ur" l`lkzd wzrd

.mixrya mny rcep `l ,mitqep miwzrd cere .l"f x`bp `igi x"a iel x"d i"zka ,micrend wlg "miig ur"

bq.(:f sc) ipy wlg

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . יא. ענף - דע"ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

lr "gqt gaf" eqixhpew z` f` xaig ok`e .mdipice mdiyexit mr zelitz irhw

zepryed xcq" eqixhpew z` mb zr dze`a xaig d`xpd itke ,gqt ly dcbd

"dxez zgnye zekeqlcq.

minie micrend zelitz lk z` llekd ,ezhiy itk jexr l`lkz izi`x iz`vne

dlerd itk ,g"kwz'd zpya xak exciq xy` ,[yexit `ll] zenevde mi`xep

my a`a dryz xcqndqwlg ,l"pd zelitzd z` llekd df wlg `xwp ,minile .

ipyeq.

zpy xg`n exagl lgd d`xpd on ,ipy wlgl "miig ur" yexitd z` mpn`

xak driten ,f"lwz'd ef dpy z`vnp oky .f"lwz'd zpy zeaiaql cr ,g"kwz'd

.['x i"zka] a`a dryz xcql eyexita

ewlg z` mle`zayde legd zenil zelitzd z` llekd ,l`lkzd ly oey`xd

,f"lwz'd zpy xg`l ecqiil lgd d`xpd itk ,zexhyde xeairde zekxad xcqe

qixhpewa ef dpy driten oky .eixg`l hrn e` jxra o"wz'd zpya eniiq j`

eizepexkffqyxetna my azky ,xhne lh oze mda mixne`y minid gel ezkixra

o"wz'd zpy z`f epizpy'.'

ezncwda my epeyl dfe ,xeciqd zlrna xiy xaig ,z`f lk miiqy xg`l

xecqd yexit milydl ixvei ipkify ixg` ,xagnd xirvd card xn` ,exiyl

.l"kr .'eke eizelreze xeciqd zlrna ycg xiy xiyl ial ip`yp ,dpyd lk ly

.'mdixvga mipy xeair dnkg wewgl dpt l`le' azk ,l"pd xiyd izan cg`ae

ixdy ,dixg`ln dl jenqa e` o"wz'd zpya xzeid lkl exaig df xiyy ,o`kn

qixhpewa eixacn d`xp oky ,mipyd xeair xcqa wqer did oiicr ef dpya

eizepexkf(lirl xkfpk).

cq.'e wxt c"qn epixeaiga oiir

dq.my c"qna cer oiir ,df l`lkz iable

eqmi`xep minie zenevd wlge ,cal micrend wlg ,miwlg ipyl wlgzn `ed s` i"zka df wlg zn`a ik

.cal

fqmy etxev `l` ,mcew my dritend execiq zheihl jynd df oi`e .(517 'nr) l"pd i"eqg yxcn jez

azky (lgyke d"c :a sc) a"g "miig ur"a d`xz oky ."iqixhpew" mze` `xew xy` ,micg` miqixhpew

el` zei`x miriten ok`e .l"kr .y"r iqixhpewa mizazke mnewn o`k oi` daxd zei`x cere ,l"dfa

,yicw xne` epi`y mrh ,l"dfa oeilba azk (414 'nr) `xecdnd dze`a my ok enk .(497 'nr) l"pd `xecdna

.(467 'nr) okn xg`l my riten `ed oke .l"kr .qixhpewa izazk

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . יא. ענף - דע"ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

(ezxfg xg`l) zipya eyexite l`lkzd zkixr

,eplld` miax jezae ita c`n 'd dce` ,l"dfa azek ,l`lkzl diipyd ezncwda

iziidp z`f dpya ik .ippzp `l zenle yxcnd zia iayein iwlg my xy`

ipxf` zexe` lhae ,ipiigde ilr ecqg xabe ,zend oiae ipia rytke izilgpe

mixyi ceqa aail lka 'd dce` .'d jxa` mildwnae xeyina ,ilbx lr ipcinrie

wfgzdle ccerzdl ,ixey` opek ilbx rlq lr mwie `xtrl oadi `lc ,dcre

minrhl mbe df qple .fld xecqd yexit ,ycwd zk`ln xenbl mrta mrtk

dfd xeciqd yexit xeaig my iz`xw ,lirlcmiig urxy` qpd lr ednyie ,

x"xdn ipiwf ixen opeke gtih xy` yecwd xeaigl ekinqdl mbe ,ipniiwe ipiigd

`xwi `edd gl`vwicv ixt.l"kr .

df yexit ycewd zk`ln ezk`ln z` xnb `l oiicr ik ,dler el` eixacn

my ozp `l oiicr ,ok enke .mrta mrt icin enilyn did cer `l` ,xeciqd

.ef dncwd zaizk zra `l` ,exeaigl

my eilr aezkk ,eyexit znlyd xg`l xaig xy` [l"pd] xiyd on dpde

xiyd df xagzp eli` ik ."miig ur" myd zpizp mcew exaigy d`xp ,eziy`xa

ok xkfp `l ixde ,enya exikfn did i`ce ,"miig ur" enya e`xw xaky xg`l

exiya.

zeaiaqa dpey`xl xeciql eyexit z` oiwzdle jexrl xnb zn`ay ,d`xp `l`

o"wz'd zpy(lirl x`eank)z` s` `l` ,cala l`lkzd ly ipyd wlgd z` `le .

mipiiprd x`ye zelitzd ixcq lk z` xkfpd exiya dpn xy`k ,oey`xd ewlg

.jxre oiwzd xy` l`lkzd ly miwlgd ipya mi`ad

.ezeclia ezhiya cer cnryk df did ,execiql eyexit z` milydyk dligza ik

mr xeciqd z` aey jexrl lgd ,ef ezhiyn ea xfg xy`k ,okn xg`l j`

zrck zxxeane lka dkexr dzeidl ,ezepwfa ezhiy l` eni`zdl ,eyexit

mipe`bde m"anxdgq.

gqsiqen did `l` ,ezxfg xg`l evtg itk ezkixre execiq milydl u"ixdn witqd `ly ,c"rl d`xp mb

.micxtp mitce miqixhpew iab lr s` ,mrtl mrtn df oipra el ycgznde xxaznd on wgene dibn e` jlede

`vnp `l j` ,okn xg`l e` okl mcew xak azky dn l` oiivn didy dnn ,"miig ur"a eixaca gken ok

sc) g"ra aezky dn oebk .miqixhpewd mze` on eylzp `ny e` miccead mitcd el` eca` ile` ,epiptl ok

dlrnl izyxit xak ,'eke jln 'd ,l"dfa zixgya zexinfd on "ceak idi" zwqitay jln 'd weqt iab (.fi

gqepa epizqxib iab ,ok enk .my eixaca lirl z`f ep`vn `l mle` .l"kr .didie deede did cbp `edy

zgz opiqxbc epazk my zectqdd oipra onwl oiire ,l"dfa (:nw sc) zayl zixgy xcqa azk ,"dakyd"d

ur"a azky dn oiir ,mipt zlitp oipra mb .extq lr onwl my ep`vn `l z`f mbe .l"kr .y"r dpikyd itpk

.epiptl dfa enrh ep`vn `l j` .onwl azky mrhl oiiv mye ,(rce d"c :cp sc) "miig

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . יא. ענף - דע"ה .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

execiql `heihk dligza jxr xy` ,`nw `xecdn w"izkn ok mb gken df xac

ze`xedd mr dligzn my azkpd gqepd ik .[ezxfg mcew] dpey`xd ezxecdna

oiirnd my gkeei xy`k ,ezecli zhiya ea jxc xy` gqepd `ed ,ekezay

eilrhq.

dide ,l`lkzd dfn oey`xd ewlg z` owzne dibn did xzeiay ,d`xp cer

.ipyd ewlga dyr xy`n xzei ,miax mixac eilr siqene ea ycgne wcwcn

ewlga dyr xy`k epewize ezdbd milydl witqd `ly d`xp ,ipyd ewlgae

,oey`xd ewlgay "miig ur"a eixacn zexizq `evnl ozip jkitl .oey`xd

ipyd ewlga my eixaclr.

"miig ur" eyexitl myd zpizpe ezxfg onf

jez ,ezepwfa ezhiy it lr ,mrta mrtk siqedle owzl xfgn did cer xy`ke

.ezncwda my xikfd xy` minrhd on ,"miig ur" mya eyexit z` `xw jk ick

cr dlgp ["miig ur" enya `xwy] ef dpya ik azky l"pd ezncwda eixacn

,ef dpya c`n dleg did oky .g"pwz'd zpya df didy okzi ,hrnk zen ick

mwe ,eilr xab 'd cqgy `l` .znqxetnd ez`eev z` dpey`xl azk f` xake

mipy ray cer dige ,dlg xy` eilgn`rxg`l ax onf df didy okzi mb j` .

.okn

zpya drxi` `l ezeclia ezhiyn ezxfgy `vnp ,o`k cr x`eand it lre

s` ile`e ,g"pwz'd zpyl aexw ,okn xg`l `l` .diptl `l i`ceae ,o"wz'd

hqd`xpd itk xy`] `"cxd it lr ,dlil oiae mei oia 'oigadl' xgyd zekxaa qxb dligza (386 'nr) my

`ly] `ad scd y`xa my jk lr xirde owize wgn okn xg`le ,[eixg` daxd f` dhp ,my eixac jldn

meil xenfn xg` opaxc yicw xnel dligzn (414 'nr) my azk ,zay lil zlitza ok enk .[`"cxd zrck

xenfnd xg` `le "oiwilcn dna" xg` yicw xnel azke owiz okn xg`le ,["oiwilcn dna" xg` `le] zayd

dpiye owiz okn xg`le ,'jny iycwn' zay ly zirvn` dkxaa qxeb did (415 'nr) my cer .zayd meil

,aexd lr mpn` .l"nk`e ,okn xg`l my epwzip mipiipre ze`gqep iiepiy dnk cer dpdke .'jny iade`'l

zhiyn ixnbl u"ixdn dhp `l xy`a ,ely zelitzd xcqa m"anxd zhiyk `ed dny `a xy` gqepd

.[y"iir ,c"qna x`eank] hrna `l` ,ezeclia elit` m"anxd

rdaiz qxby ,"`aie dlri"a 'jiptl [xkfi]' zaiz iab (jnr lk d"c :e sc a"g) "miig ur"a azky dn oebk

mrh oi`y itl ,dl opiqxb `lc azke (.bpw sc) `"ga okn xg`l ea xfg j` .dfl mrh g"ra my ozpe ,ef

xzeia dbede dpexg`a df wlg xagzpy itl ,mipexg`k `"gay eixac z` wifgdl yie .minrt ipy my dxn`l

.l"pk ,ipyd wlgd on

`r.'e wxt c"qn ixeaiga dfa izhxity dn cer d`x

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . דע"ה. .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

`l ,ezeclia ezhiyn ezxfg zaiq ,mpn` .ezcewt zrl aexw aexw jkl xarn

dzr zrl dreciar.

áá

cr mipnidne mipzi` zexewnn ,mixac ly oxwir jipta bivdl izi`x o`k cr

.zbltene dax zexidfa ,m"izra xazqnd one miaezkd on ,zbyn ici xy` mewn

.mizrd weve mewnd wgec zngn ,mixacd el`a cer izkx`d `le

.mlyp `l j` ,mle` mz

áá

ereiq lr lecbd enyl dce`e ,dlrzie jxazi 'd l` itk yext` ,z`f lk lr

l ipknqe ipxfr xtqd dfa mb xy` ,icern izeid f`n icinzdok ,miiqle ligzd

jexae `ed jexa .ial zel`yn lk `lnle ici zgz inr x`zync dn lr ipxfri

.minler inlerle mlerl jxean 'd my idi ,eny

zvtde zxcdda el ax eici xy` ,dyrnde dyerd l"end icicil diihnp oeixt`

icici d"d ,diiypd medzn mzle`be `"rif onizd ux` inkg epizea` ixeaig

xtqd df zxcddl z`f lk lrt evxne eznfiay ,e"xp cetgn aiby iax irxe

ie`xk zdben dycg dkixra ,l"f u"ixdn epifer oe`b ixtql zxzekd zleb

eid eizexrd s` ,dxhnd z`f ornl epede epe`n jqg `le ,dx`etn d`vedae

dkfie ,edlivi wfpe dxv lkne ,edxnyie daeh dcn lkl 'd edikfi .dxfrl il

.dx`tze fera dxezd z`fa mibed ei`v`v lk ze`xl

ar,exiray zeiqpkd iza eaxgp a"kwz'd zpya ,recik .jkl daiq `idy efi` ,cala dxrydk il d`xp j`

,mipyd mze` lk .[a"ke g"i 'nr z"rq d`x] a"pwz'd zpy cr dpy miyely jyna ozenneya jk exzepe

iwxyn c"xdnl oiir] cg` mewna zeriaw ilan ,o`k hrne o`k hrn mizaa milltzn eide ldwd exftzp

ziipae mewiya u"ixdn lgd ,d"pwz'd zpyae .[z"iyd dpi` xake d"c `"i oniq "adfd ciax" eizeaeyza l"f

e"id ip`nib oxd` 'x ly exn`n d`x] jxrl f"pwz'd zpya eliz lr cnr xy` cr ,ezgtyn ly zqpkd zia

u"ixdn ly mlyd d`eevd xhy"z` il `ivndy lr el dce` ef zepncfdae ,(134 'nr ,d"qyz'd 'nrt) "

evawzp ,excde eceda eliz lr ezcinre zqpkd zia ziipa meiq xg`l .[d`eevd z`f meliv mr l"pd xn`nd

f` bdep did cg` lk xy`a ,dka xne` dfe dka xne` df elgd j` ,ezlidw ipan ax mr dkez l` e`ae

el` mipiipr mpn`e ,dtewzd dze` gexk ax m`e hrn m` aexwn df epiy xy` eizeax e` eizea` bdpnk

ik ,oiade eail l` ozp ,u"ixdn z`f d`x xy`k .eycgzpe f` epap xy` zeiqpk iza x`ya s` erxi`e epyip

yi`k mlek z` cg`z xy` `id cala mipey`x ly ozgqep `l` ,ezlidw ipa z` cg`i `l dpeyn gqep s`

i`w 'xeqz `l'c e`la xy`e 'jn` zxez yehz l`' aezkd xn`nk aiiegn `ed oky xzeiae ,cg` ala cg`

.xazqnk g"pwz'd zpyl aexw df dide ,mipey`xd ibdpnk bedpl fer lka xfge ,xxerzp f` .dilr

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . דע"ה. .מבוא . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

mixtq zl`yda ,df xtq oipr lr miknezde miriiqnd lkl dce`e jxa` cer

mdizex`de mdizexrda ipenikgd xy` mze`le ,maile mzia xve`n i"zke

dwyne dlecd `"hily ia`vx wgvi iax oe`bd epixen ,hxtd lre .zenikgnd

epixene ,miaeyg mihxt dnka izvrep enr xy` l"f u"ixdn lecbd epiax zxezn

xy`e miipirl il eid zenikgnd eizexrd xy` `"hily gxew qgpit iax oe`bd

xtqd dfn zenewn x`yae yexitae l`lkza ritend iaxrd oeyl lk lr xar

l"f ia`vx sqei b"dxd gepnd zgtyn ,eilr daehd 'd cik oekp lr enbxze

epli`yd xy` `"hily ic`w edil` axd ,'x i"zk meliv eplaw mci lry

odk xnzi` x"xd ,[l"f x`bp iel x"dn i"zk zedbde] 'w i"zk z` aehd exve`n

lr mixferd lkle ,[mipta xkfpk] "miig ur" yexitdn wlg ezkixr lr `"hily

.mxkf dzr zrl ipnn mlrp m` miriiqnd x`ye ,mny melira mivtgd ici¦

.oevx idi oke ,lk lkn lka mlek ekxeai

ia` ipec`l ,dkexr dceza dkxa dpynexgyn xy` ,`"hily wecv dnly ix`n

dnk izilc epnn mb ,miyecwd epizea` zxeqn zeaiyg lr ipcinrd izecli

mdxa` iax g"enle .miwcwcnd mda mifge` oiicr xy` mixwi mipyep mibdpn

,mincewd xec ipwfe inkg ibdpnn dnk ok mb izxxia elv` xy` ,`"hily s`cp

,minirpa mdizepye aeha mdini z"iyd jix`i .dxqena laiwe d`x xy`n

.x"ik` .`ilrn `xedpe dpzi` ze`ixaa

áá

izleki ahink zeyrl ddbdde dkixrd zk`ln lka izlczyp ik mpn` s`d

zlrn l`e izxvep xtrn j` ,owezne d`p d`i xac ici zgzn `ivedle

z`fa ,izirhd e` izirhy zenewn dnka xyt`d one ,iz`a `l dpcr j`ln

oiirnd icia `vniz `vnid m` ,ok lr .icra xtki aehd 'de ip` dceezn

xg`e ,dk`lnd dzid dax ik zekfl ippici dligz ,diirh e` dbby idefi`

daehl elrt lk lr mlzyi lenbd lra z`ne ,dnewne daih z` ipricei ok

.dkxale

ribie xirvd ixac dk¥©

cec`ed ,dnly ix`n `"`awecvrici (gl`v)¦©