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Update on guidelines on biological treatment of depressive disorder Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatrist in private practice

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Page 1: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

Update on guidelines on biological  treatment of depressive disorder

Dr. Henry CHEUNG

Psychiatrist in private practice

Page 2: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

• 2013 update• International Task Force of World Federation 

of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP)

• Based on 2007 guidelines (for use in primary  care based on review of all available evidence)

Page 3: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

Definition

• ICD 10• DSM IV• Depressive episode or recurrent depressive 

disorder(DSM IV: major depressive disorder  (MDD)‐single episode or recurrent);

• Dysthymia(DSM IV:

Dysthymic

disorder and other  chronic depressive disorder(MDD in incomplete 

remission and chronic MDD));• Depressive episode, unspecified, brief recurrent 

depressives (DSM IV:”sub‐threshold depressions”)

Page 4: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

• MDD: most meaning in terms of  consequences as well as socio‐economic 

implications.

• Treatment: acute phase, maintenance; focus  of this guidelines.

Page 5: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

• MDD: single or recurrent major depressive  episodes (MDE).

• Essential feature: at least 2 weeks of  depressed mood with abnormal

neuro‐

vegetative function, psychomotor activity,  cognition, anxiety, suicidal ideation.

• Symptoms: most of the day and nearly  everyday.

Page 6: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

• MDD: median lifetime prevalence of 16.1%  (range 4.4 ‐

18).

• 5‐10% of adult population during any 1 year  period of time.

• Male : female (1:2)• At least 10% of all patients presenting in 

primary care settings suffer from depression,  with 50% presenting with primarily or only 

with somatic symptoms.

Page 7: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

• 25% classify as having MDD;

• 30% classify as having minor depression;

• 45% classify as having non‐specific depressive  disorder.

• MDD cab begin at any age;

• Two peaks: 20s and 40s.• Mean age of onset: 30.

Page 8: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

• Untreated: last about 6 months or longer.

• 50‐85 % of patients will eventually have  another.

• 20‐30 % remission will be incomplete.

• Most serious consequence: suicide.

• Life time prevalence of suicide of general  population: 0.5%; 2.2 for all affective disorder 

patients, 8.6% for history of hospitalized. 

Page 9: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

Indications and treatment goals

• Comprehensive treatment plan based on  history of previous treatments, current clinical 

findings, severity and risk of suicide.

• 1) acute; 2)continuation therapy; and 3)  maintenance therapy.

Page 10: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

• Acute phase: initiation of treatment to  remission; (remission: 2 goals:

asymptomatic

and improvement in psychosocial and  occupational functioning.

• Continuation phase: follows acute phase to  preserve and stabilize remission, treatment is 

extended for a period to prevent return of  depression(relapse).

Page 11: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

• Maintenance treatment: aim at preventing  recurrence of depression and suicide and also 

full and lasting functional recovery.

Page 12: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

Acute phase treatment

• Antidepressants:

imipramine

(developed in 1957),  now about 40 available.

• Newer antidepressants: less side effects.• All produce treatment response of 50‐75%.• Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, 

concurrent medical condition, concomitant use  of other medications, drug side effects, physician 

experience on different antidepressants, first  degree relative’s response to antidepressant,  patent preference and cost.

Page 13: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

classification

• TCA(both non selective

serotonin

and norepinephrine

reuptake inhibitors), SSRI, NRI, 

SNRI, MAOI and other. 

• No clinically significant differences in efficacy  and effectiveness between TCA and SSRI.

• Mitrazapine

vs

TCA: no significant difference.

Page 14: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

• Side effect varies between classes.• SSRI generally better tolerated, lower rate of 

treatment discontinuation.• SSRI: safer and higher tolerability profile, fewer

anticholinergic

side effects and cardiovascular  toxicities.

• Most frequent side effect of TCA, tetracyclics:  anticholingeric/ antimuscarinergic, CVS, 

antihistaminergic

and

neurologic.• TCA not to be used in : moderate to severe CVS 

disorder, narrow angle glaucoma, BPH, cognitive  impairment, seizure, delirium. Nortriptyline

safer CVS 

profile.

Page 15: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

• Most freq side effect of SSRI: GI upset,  restlessness, sexual dysfunction and 

neurological.

• SSRI cab alter platelet function, SIADH.• High dose SSRI: QTc

prolongation.

• SSRI is contraindicated in combination with  MAOI,

serotonin

syndrome.

Page 16: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

• SNRI: more discontinuation as

comparted

to  SSRI. Possible BP elevation.

• Mirtazapine: discontinuation syndrome,  weight gain, sedation; less nausea and sexual 

dysfunction.

• Agomelatine: risk of liver damage.

Page 17: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

• WFSBP recommendation: SSRI first line  options, followed by

Mirtazapine, SNRI and 

tetracyclics,

bupropion, tianeptin

and  agomelatine.

• TCA considered as second line.• Small scales studies: SSRI + mirtazapine or 

SSRI + TCA are superior to SSRI alone.• Other studiers: showed no superiority of 

combination.

Page 18: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

• Paroxetine

and venafaxine

are effective in  melancholic depression.

• Clomipramine

is superior to

paroxetine, citalopram

in other study.

Page 19: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

Psychotic depression

• Benefit from combination of antidepressant  and

antipsychotics.

• Atypical

antipsychotics

are sometimes  preferred due to lower risk of extra‐pyramidal 

side effects.

• Higher risk of metabolic syndrome.

• Usually lower dose then those used in  schizophrenia.

Page 20: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

Atypical depression

• Hypersomnia, wt gain, intense fatigue,  rejection sensitively.

• Irreversible MAOI

• Lack of evidence about SSRI or newer  antidepressants.

Page 21: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

Suicidal depression

• Male: 20‐30, over 50, esp

the very old.

• Female: 40‐60.

• History of previous suicidal attempts.

• Family history

• Marital statue,

• Lack of support, substance abuse.• Lithium, ECT

Page 22: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

Suicidal depression

• Toxicity of antidepressants• TCA: most

• Venafaxine, Mitrazapine: higher than SSRI

• SSRI: lower• Recommend to prescribe a limited supply.

Page 23: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

Evaluating efficacy of initial treatment

• By rating scales• HRSD, MADRS,BDI, PHQ

• Non‐response: <25%• Partial response: 26‐49%• Response: >50%• Response with residual symptoms

• remission

Page 24: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

• First 14 days can assess.• Improvement in the early phase: predict of a 

positive final treatment outcome.

• Onset of improvement: 20% for a HAMD score  17 out of 20.

• Less than 10% non responder will become  responder or remitter in 6 weeks course.

Page 25: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

Non responder

• ?persistent psychosocial stressors• Adherence of the medications

• Therapeutic drug monitoring

• Drug drug interactions

Page 26: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

Treatment options for partial and non  responders

• At least 30% will not respond sufficiently.• 1) step up dose• 2)switch to another class• 3) switch to another in the same class• 4) combination of antidepressants• 5) augmentation (lithium, T3, atypical

antipsychotics)• 6) combination with psychotherapy• 7) combine with other bio treatment ECT, Light 

therapy and ECT.

Page 27: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

Adjunctive therapy

• Benzodiazepine: possible side effects:  sedation, psychomotor and cognitive 

impairment, dependence etc

• Duration: max 4‐6 weeks

Page 28: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

Treatment resistant depression

• 50% of non responder to first antidepressant  fail to respond to second antidepressant.

Page 29: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

Continuation‐phase treatment 

• Last at least 6 months following remission of  the acute

symptomatology.

• Prolonged to 9 months in patients with a  history of long previous episodes and even 

longer in cases of residual

symptomatology

,  until such symptoms have subsided.

Page 30: Dr. Henry CHEUNG Psychiatristcme.hkdu.org/files/symposia/handouts/symposium710-handout-201… · • Choice of antidepressant: patient’s past response, concurrent medical condition,

Special circumstances

• 1) co‐morbidity of depression with other  psychiatric disorder;

• 2) co‐morbid with OCD;

• 3) substance abuse;• 4) older age group;• 5) depression due to a general medical 

condition;

• 6) during pregnancy and breast feeding