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Structure in Schools Hoy and Miskel, 2008
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Max Weber (1947) Division of Labor
Division of labor produces specialization which increases efficiency. Impersonal Orientation Decisions are based on fact and not feelings. Hierarchy of Authority A system of superordination (superiors) and subordination (subordinates) to guarantee
compliance and discipline Rules and Regulations Ensures uniformity of behavior of the employees. Career Orientation Promotion of loyal employees based on seniority and achievement.(dispassionate
decisions) Efficiency Bureaucracy maximizes expertise, rational decisions, and administrative efficiency.
Model of Bureaucracy (Formal organization)
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Weber’s Model of Bureaucracy in Popular TV
Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce is the incarnation of Weber’s bureaucratic model MAD MEN (TV series)
rules and regulations –stable and
without personality- even when
seduced by a beautiful
woman, he remains
incorruptible
He has the office on top floor-highest source of authority Charismatic authority
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Critique of Weber’s Model
1. Dysfunctional aspects are not considered
2. Informal organization is neglected
3. Dual structure of bureaucratic model
4. Feminist critique
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Dysfunctional Features of Bureaucracy
Function
Expertise
Rationality
Compliance and
Coordination
Continuity and Stability
Incentive
Characteristic
Division of Labor
Impersonal Orientation
Hierarchy of Authority
Rules and Regulations
Career Orientation
Dysfunction
Boredom
Lack of morale
Communication
blocks
Rigidity and goal
displacement
Conflict between
achievement and
seniority10/24/2012
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Functions and Dysfunctions of Rules
Functions Dysfunctions
Explication Reinforce Apathy(minimum acceptable )Screening (buffering) Goal displacementLegitimate Punishment Create legalismLeeway Indulgency (leniency)
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It is the spontaneous development of a social structure and culture within a formal organization
Informal Organization- “Shadow Organization”
How does it develop within a formal organization?
Personal relations
Division into cliques (based on feelings, common lounge, age, similar interests, etc)
Social norms (appropriate behavior)
Informal roles( unofficial spokesperson, informal leaders)
Informal communication(the grapevine)
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Dual Structure of the Bureaucratic Model
Is bureaucratic administration based primarily on expertise, or is it based on rules and discipline?
The answer to this question creates the conflict of dual bureaucracy in Weber’s model.
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Feminist Critique
Bureaucracies promote male values at the expense of female ones.
Hierarchy
Impersonality
Independence
Competition
Rationality
VS.
Equalitarian
personalized
dependence
Cooperation
Emotionality
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Structure in Schools -HALL
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Two Types of Rational Organizations rather than One integrated model -Hall(1962)
Bureaucratic Pattern Hierarchy of Authority Rules for employees Procedural Specifications Impersonality
Professional Pattern Technical Competence Specialization
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Formal Structure in Schools
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Predicted Changes In School Structure
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Chaotic Organization
AuthoritarianOrganization
ProfessionalOrganization
WeberianOrganization
Stable Environment
Turbulent Environment
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Structure in Schools –Hoy and Sweetland (2000-2001)
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School structures can be described along a continuum from enabling to hindering.
Enabling School Structure
Enabling Hierarchy
Enabling formalization (rules & procedures)
Use two-way
communicationView problems as
opportunitiesSeek mutual solutionsSupport differencesPractice opennessEmbrace the unexpectedCorrect mistakes
Hindering School Structure
Hindering Hierarchy
Coercive formalization (rules &procedures)
Impose top-down
communicationView problems as
constraintsForce consensusSuspicious of differencesBe cautious and closedFear the unexpectedPunish mistakes
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Key Parts of Structure- Mintzberg
Techno-Structure
Strategic Apex
Support Staff
Middle Line
Operating Core
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superintendent over a school district
School principal
Coordinators- instructional supervisors
teachers
Accountant-maintenance
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They are the fundamental means organizations use to monitor and control work. These mechanisms are the glue the hold the organization together.
Mutual Adjustment--informal communication Direct Supervision--personal command Standardization of Work– work program directions Standardization of Output--specify work results Standardization of Skills--specify training
Coordinating Mechanisms-Mintzberg
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Five Combinations and Five Basic Structures (Mintzberg)
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Simple Structure
Machine Bur.
Professional Bur.
Divisional Form
Adhocracy
Directive Supervision
Stand. of Work
Stand. of Skills
Stand. of Outputs
Mutual Adjustment
Strategic Apex
Technostructur
e
Operating Core
Middle Line
Support Staff
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Loose Coupling Perspective
Loose couplings are structural connections among school units in the bureaucratic structure. Ex. the administration of a school has little influence on what is happening in the classroom.
Schools are complex organizations with both tight and loose structural connections.
Bureaucracies tend to be tightly structured.Professional organizations tend to be more loosely structured.
Tight coupling promotes limits discretion of teachers.Loose coupling enhances discretion of teachers.
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Professional and Bureaucratic Orientations
Professional Orientation
• Expertise• Objective perspective• Impersonal approach• Service to clients
Bureaucratic Orientation
• Expertise• Objective perspective• Impersonal approach• Service to the organization
Sources of Conflict between Orientations
• Colleague reference group • Hierarchical orientation • Autonomy in decision making • Disciplined compliance• Self-imposed control • Subordinated to the organization
Sources of Compatibility between Orientations
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Questions/Comments
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