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Enlightenment and Revolution
Enlightenment and RevolutionEnlightenmentEnlightenmentA philosophical movement of the 18th century where logic scrutinized long-held doctrines and traditionsResult of the Scientific RevolutionAdvocated the reason and thinkingLooked especially at governmentPeople would meet and discuss ideas in salons
Locke vs. HobbesLockeEnglishHumans have basic rightsLifeLiberty Propertyblank slate at birthHobbesEnglishPeople naturally live in anarchySocial contractPeople give up all freedoms (except to protect life) for safety
Baron de MontesquieuLimited governmentSeparation of powersChecks and balances
How is this different from absolutism?
Voltaire and RousseauVoltaireFrenchCriticized government forIntoleranceSuppression of freedomRousseauFrenchPeople are born good but society makes them badGovernment based on popular sovereigntyDistrusted reason
Legacy of the EnlightenmentHuman RightsLimited GovernmentTrust reasonThere are moral and natural lawsDocuments protecting freedomsEnglish Civil WarHouses of ParliamentHouse of LordsNoblesSympathetic to the crownHouse of CommonsBurgessesDominated by PuritansWanted more religious reform in EnglandArgued with the crown
Charles ISon of James IAnglicanThought the monarchy should have more powerNeeded funding for agendaParliament refusedParliament sent the Petition of RightsDismissed Parliament
Scottish RebellionCharles I needed money to defeat the ScotsBritish defeated in EnglandCharles I forced to call Parliament
Long Parliament1640-1660Parliament met on and offLittle compromise
Irish RebellionParliament wanted control of armyCharles I tried to have them arrestedStart of the English Civil WarGroups of the English Civil WarCavaliersRoyalistsSupported Charles I and the monarchyRoundheadsPuritansNamed after their haircutLed by Oliver CromwellWanted a new government
How the War Was WonOliver Cromwell created a New Model ArmyDefeated Charles I in battle (twice)Created a Rump Parliament (not legal, but still controlled government)Abolished the monarchy and the House of LordsOliver CromwellBecame Lord Protector of EnglandRuled like a dictatorEstablished religious toleranceNew constitution (first in Europe)Navigation Act of 1651
Lord Protector & English Commonwealth1653-1658Commonwealth means republicOliver Cromwell was the Lord ProtectorRuled like a dictatorshipAfter his death, his son (Richard) ruled EnglandCharles IIRichard lost the favor of the armyHe was forced outCharles II was restored to the throneWell-liked by the people, Charles II was known as the Merry MonarchWorked with Parliament to achieve his ends
James IISon of Charles IIDid not work well with ParliamentCatholicMarried a Catholic princessPeople feared having a Catholic heir
Glorious Revolution William and Mary of Orange were asked to take the English throneMary was the daughter of James IIWilliam invaded England with troopsJames II fledChange of government and no bloodshed!!!
LegaciesEnglish Bill of RightsLimited GovernmentPeople should choose who rules themMercantilismMain IdeaThe idea that a countrys economic power depends on the amount of gold and silver in its treasuryWhich means?ExamplesBritish East India CompanyColonies made for the benefit of the mother countryNavigation Acts
American RevolutionWhy Revolution?Colonies left alone for 200 years, then expected to comply with mercantilismRights as British citizens had been violatedBritain sent troopsDeclaration of IndependenceNew GovernmentArticles of ConfederationConstitutionBill of Rights
Estates of France1st Estate- ClergyOften chosen by the kingOwned landPaid no taxesInfluenced policy in France1% of population
2nd Estate- NobilityMost important government jobsOwned landOnly paid taxes in war (and sometimes not even then)2% of the population
3rd Estate- Peasants, Artisans, Bourgeoisie Resented the privileges of the aristocracyPaid most of the taxes in FranceMost members were peasants97% of the population
Louis XVIMarried to Marie Antoinette (a foreign princess)Inherited debt from his predecessorsForced to call the Estates General to find a solution to the economic crisis
France in TroubleFrench aid during the American Revolution caused France to go into debtFinancial crisisOwed 113 million livresOver 20 trillion by todays standardsLouis XV borrowed heavily from bankersLouis XVI tried to tax nobles, but they led riotsEstates GeneralTennis Court OathEstates General metEach estate got 1 vote, so the third estate was often outvotedThe representatives of the third estate met in the Tennis Court and invited the other estates to join themAsked Louis XVI to give each representative a voteHe didnt respondThey formed the National AssemblySpread of RevolutionFall of the BastilleBastille was a prisonRepresented the power of the monarchPeasants stormed the Bastille for its weapons
Great FearThird estate was afraid the aristocracy would try to stop the RevolutionManor houses and monasteries destroyedNobles fled to other countries
Women march on VersaillesUrban women were upset by the price of foodThey marched to Versailles and demanded that the monarchs come live in Paris
Constitution of 1791Split up France into departmentsLimited the power of the kingLand-owning males voted for members of the Legislative Assembly
Death of the KingKing Louis XVI plotted with migrs and foreign powers to stop the revolutionTried to escape France, but was caughtSent to the guillotine
National ConventionWhat was it?A legislative body elected through universal manhood suffrage
Political LeadersGirondinsFeared domination by ParisconservativesJacobinsWanted domination by ParisLiberalsDantonRobespierreMaratAccomplishmentsWanted a Republic of VirtueOpened new schoolsUniversal elementary educationWage an price controlsMetric systemNew CalendarNew constitution500 person lower house250 person upper house5 directorsReign of TerrorWhat happened?Committee of Public SafetyGuillotined those who opposed the JacobinsLed by Robespierre and DantonBoth were later sent to the guillotine
Why?Jacobins wanted more changeKept people supportive of the JacobinsResultsLeaders of the revolution went too farThey were executedLed to a reactionary type of government
NapoleonBackground of NapoleonGained fame as a brilliant military commander
Coup d'tat 1799- Napoleon took his army to ParisThe Directors either fled or supported himHe claimed control of France by forceRuled France like a dictatorship
Much like Julius CaesarFrench EmpireThe French voted themselves out of a RepublicNapoleon crowned himself emperorCreated peace and stability in France
Napoleonic WarsNapoleon invaded the rest of Europe to seek unityFrance controlled much of the HRE, Italy, Poland, and SpainAllied with Austria and PrussiaDefeated in RussiaMore by the winter than by the Russian troops
Exile, Escape, and WaterlooNapoleon was exiled to the island of ElbaHe escaped and came back to France for 100 DaysDefeated by a British and Russian alliance at Waterloo
Exile (Again)Sent to Saint HelenaDied less than 6 years later
Legacies of NapoleonNapoleonic CodeReforms and stability in FranceChanges of boundaries in EuropeSold Louisiana to the AmericansIncreased nationalism in territories he conquered.Congress of ViennaThe Players (Diplomats)Talleyrand (France)Metternich (Austria)Wellington (Great Britain)Hardenburg (Prussia)Nesselrode (Russia)
ResultsAntebellum status quoConcert of EuropeA way of solving problems with balance of power and discussionSerious war avoided until WWIAlliancesHoly Alliance- Russia, Austria, PrussiaQuadruple Alliance- Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia (later included France in the Quintuple Alliance)Reactionary in Nature