enlightenment and revolution

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Enlightenment and Revolution. Enlightenment. Enlightenment. A philosophical movement of the 18 th century where logic scrutinized long-held doctrines and traditions Result of the Scientific Revolution. Advocated the reason and thinking Looked especially at government - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Enlightenment and Revolution

Enlightenment and RevolutionEnlightenmentEnlightenmentA philosophical movement of the 18th century where logic scrutinized long-held doctrines and traditionsResult of the Scientific RevolutionAdvocated the reason and thinkingLooked especially at governmentPeople would meet and discuss ideas in salons

Locke vs. HobbesLockeEnglishHumans have basic rightsLifeLiberty Propertyblank slate at birthHobbesEnglishPeople naturally live in anarchySocial contractPeople give up all freedoms (except to protect life) for safety

Baron de MontesquieuLimited governmentSeparation of powersChecks and balances

How is this different from absolutism?

Voltaire and RousseauVoltaireFrenchCriticized government forIntoleranceSuppression of freedomRousseauFrenchPeople are born good but society makes them badGovernment based on popular sovereigntyDistrusted reason

Legacy of the EnlightenmentHuman RightsLimited GovernmentTrust reasonThere are moral and natural lawsDocuments protecting freedomsEnglish Civil WarHouses of ParliamentHouse of LordsNoblesSympathetic to the crownHouse of CommonsBurgessesDominated by PuritansWanted more religious reform in EnglandArgued with the crown

Charles ISon of James IAnglicanThought the monarchy should have more powerNeeded funding for agendaParliament refusedParliament sent the Petition of RightsDismissed Parliament

Scottish RebellionCharles I needed money to defeat the ScotsBritish defeated in EnglandCharles I forced to call Parliament

Long Parliament1640-1660Parliament met on and offLittle compromise

Irish RebellionParliament wanted control of armyCharles I tried to have them arrestedStart of the English Civil WarGroups of the English Civil WarCavaliersRoyalistsSupported Charles I and the monarchyRoundheadsPuritansNamed after their haircutLed by Oliver CromwellWanted a new government

How the War Was WonOliver Cromwell created a New Model ArmyDefeated Charles I in battle (twice)Created a Rump Parliament (not legal, but still controlled government)Abolished the monarchy and the House of LordsOliver CromwellBecame Lord Protector of EnglandRuled like a dictatorEstablished religious toleranceNew constitution (first in Europe)Navigation Act of 1651

Lord Protector & English Commonwealth1653-1658Commonwealth means republicOliver Cromwell was the Lord ProtectorRuled like a dictatorshipAfter his death, his son (Richard) ruled EnglandCharles IIRichard lost the favor of the armyHe was forced outCharles II was restored to the throneWell-liked by the people, Charles II was known as the Merry MonarchWorked with Parliament to achieve his ends

James IISon of Charles IIDid not work well with ParliamentCatholicMarried a Catholic princessPeople feared having a Catholic heir

Glorious Revolution William and Mary of Orange were asked to take the English throneMary was the daughter of James IIWilliam invaded England with troopsJames II fledChange of government and no bloodshed!!!

LegaciesEnglish Bill of RightsLimited GovernmentPeople should choose who rules themMercantilismMain IdeaThe idea that a countrys economic power depends on the amount of gold and silver in its treasuryWhich means?ExamplesBritish East India CompanyColonies made for the benefit of the mother countryNavigation Acts

American RevolutionWhy Revolution?Colonies left alone for 200 years, then expected to comply with mercantilismRights as British citizens had been violatedBritain sent troopsDeclaration of IndependenceNew GovernmentArticles of ConfederationConstitutionBill of Rights

Estates of France1st Estate- ClergyOften chosen by the kingOwned landPaid no taxesInfluenced policy in France1% of population

2nd Estate- NobilityMost important government jobsOwned landOnly paid taxes in war (and sometimes not even then)2% of the population

3rd Estate- Peasants, Artisans, Bourgeoisie Resented the privileges of the aristocracyPaid most of the taxes in FranceMost members were peasants97% of the population

Louis XVIMarried to Marie Antoinette (a foreign princess)Inherited debt from his predecessorsForced to call the Estates General to find a solution to the economic crisis

France in TroubleFrench aid during the American Revolution caused France to go into debtFinancial crisisOwed 113 million livresOver 20 trillion by todays standardsLouis XV borrowed heavily from bankersLouis XVI tried to tax nobles, but they led riotsEstates GeneralTennis Court OathEstates General metEach estate got 1 vote, so the third estate was often outvotedThe representatives of the third estate met in the Tennis Court and invited the other estates to join themAsked Louis XVI to give each representative a voteHe didnt respondThey formed the National AssemblySpread of RevolutionFall of the BastilleBastille was a prisonRepresented the power of the monarchPeasants stormed the Bastille for its weapons

Great FearThird estate was afraid the aristocracy would try to stop the RevolutionManor houses and monasteries destroyedNobles fled to other countries

Women march on VersaillesUrban women were upset by the price of foodThey marched to Versailles and demanded that the monarchs come live in Paris

Constitution of 1791Split up France into departmentsLimited the power of the kingLand-owning males voted for members of the Legislative Assembly

Death of the KingKing Louis XVI plotted with migrs and foreign powers to stop the revolutionTried to escape France, but was caughtSent to the guillotine

National ConventionWhat was it?A legislative body elected through universal manhood suffrage

Political LeadersGirondinsFeared domination by ParisconservativesJacobinsWanted domination by ParisLiberalsDantonRobespierreMaratAccomplishmentsWanted a Republic of VirtueOpened new schoolsUniversal elementary educationWage an price controlsMetric systemNew CalendarNew constitution500 person lower house250 person upper house5 directorsReign of TerrorWhat happened?Committee of Public SafetyGuillotined those who opposed the JacobinsLed by Robespierre and DantonBoth were later sent to the guillotine

Why?Jacobins wanted more changeKept people supportive of the JacobinsResultsLeaders of the revolution went too farThey were executedLed to a reactionary type of government

NapoleonBackground of NapoleonGained fame as a brilliant military commander

Coup d'tat 1799- Napoleon took his army to ParisThe Directors either fled or supported himHe claimed control of France by forceRuled France like a dictatorship

Much like Julius CaesarFrench EmpireThe French voted themselves out of a RepublicNapoleon crowned himself emperorCreated peace and stability in France

Napoleonic WarsNapoleon invaded the rest of Europe to seek unityFrance controlled much of the HRE, Italy, Poland, and SpainAllied with Austria and PrussiaDefeated in RussiaMore by the winter than by the Russian troops

Exile, Escape, and WaterlooNapoleon was exiled to the island of ElbaHe escaped and came back to France for 100 DaysDefeated by a British and Russian alliance at Waterloo

Exile (Again)Sent to Saint HelenaDied less than 6 years later

Legacies of NapoleonNapoleonic CodeReforms and stability in FranceChanges of boundaries in EuropeSold Louisiana to the AmericansIncreased nationalism in territories he conquered.Congress of ViennaThe Players (Diplomats)Talleyrand (France)Metternich (Austria)Wellington (Great Britain)Hardenburg (Prussia)Nesselrode (Russia)

ResultsAntebellum status quoConcert of EuropeA way of solving problems with balance of power and discussionSerious war avoided until WWIAlliancesHoly Alliance- Russia, Austria, PrussiaQuadruple Alliance- Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia (later included France in the Quintuple Alliance)Reactionary in Nature