DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 426 514 EA 029 627
AUTHOR Waits, Mary Jo; Johnson, Ryan; Kornreich, Toby; Klym, Mark;Leland, Karen
TITLE Phoenix Violence Prevention Initiative, Phase II Report.INSTITUTION Arizona State Univ., Tempe. Morrison Inst. for Public
Policy.PUB DATE 1998-08-00NOTE 111p.; For Phase I report, see EA 029 626.PUB TYPE Reports - Descriptive (141)EDRS PRICE MF01/PC05 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS Antisocial Behavior; Crime; *Crime Prevention; Elementary
Secondary Education; *Urban Education; Urban Improvement;*Urban Problems; *Urban Youth; *Violence
IDENTIFIERS *Arizona (Phoenix)
ABSTRACTIn 1996, drawing from religious, educational, social
services, media, neighborhoods, nonprofits, and health-providing sectors ofthe community, the Phoenix Violence Prevention Initiative (PVPI) wasconceived. During Phase One of the initiative, the following seven pointsregarding prevention and prevention design strategies were assembled: (1)
Violence prevention is about efforts to prevent or interrupt problems fromdeveloping into greater hardship and the need for more costly responses; (2)
violence-prevention strategies are typically directed at young people andincreasingly at their families and home situations; (3) prevention needs tostart very early in life, perhaps as early as the first 2 or 3 years; (4)
recognizing the full range of odds that have to be overcome such as childhoodimpulsivity, low self-esteem, incompetent parenting, and disorderlyneighborhoods, effective preventative tactics will need to be intensive andmultipathed, not quick and cheap; (5) the dedicated effort of all sectors ofsociety is needed to prevent violence; (6) the track record for fundingpreventive measures is a "mixed picture"; and (7) the economic advantages ofprevention are both persuasive and encouraging. Phase Two formulated acomprehensive violence-prevention strategy organized into five Work Groups:prenatal and early childhood, families, individual youth, neighborhoods andcommunities, and schools. After 4 months these Work Groups developed 13 majorviolence-prevention initiatives that revolve around five central themes andaddress violence prevention as follows: Fill the unsupervised "gap periods"for youth; strengthen youth support systems; strengthen parental supportsystems; guarantee "right start" services to all preschool children; andstrengthen neighborhood assets and protective factors. Phase Three is theimplementation plan designed to link the 13 initiatives to people andorganizations who can provide further development and actualization. Thisbook contains the action blueprint for Phase Three that is scheduled tocommence in late summer 1998. Graphs and tables supplement the text byemphasizing major points of the developmental process and the Initiativeitself. Includes a list of the Steering Committee, Advisory Group, and WorkGroup participants. (RIB)
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PR
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OM
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o-C
hair
Jack
A. H
enry
, Art
hur
And
erse
n LL
PC
o-C
hair
Fra
nk F
airb
anks
, City
of P
hoen
ixC
o-C
hair
Vic
e C
hief
Jus
tice
Cha
rles
E. J
ones
, Ariz
ona
Sup
rem
e C
ourt
Car
olyn
And
rew
s, A
mer
ican
Exp
ress
Reg
inal
d M
. Bal
lant
yne
III,
PM
H H
ealth
Res
ourc
es, I
nc.
Lin
da B
less
ing,
Ari
zona
Dep
artm
ent o
f E
cono
mic
Sec
urity
Cla
udia
Cam
acho
, You
th R
epre
sent
ativ
e, M
etro
Tec
h
Jam
es A
. Col
ley,
City
of
Phoe
nix
Park
s, R
ecre
atio
n &
Lib
rari
es
Geo
rge
Dea
n, G
reat
er P
hoen
ix U
rban
Lea
gue
Rob
ert D
onof
rio,
Mur
phy
Ele
men
tary
Dis
tric
t No.
21
L. E
dwar
d E
isel
e, H
olsu
m B
aker
y, I
nc.
Paul
Epp
inge
r, A
rizo
na E
cum
enic
al C
ounc
il
Ken
Fuj
imot
o, V
alle
y In
terf
aith
Pro
ject
Den
nis
Gar
rett,
Pho
enix
Pol
ice
Dep
artm
ent
Alf
redo
G. G
utie
rrez
, Jam
ieso
n &
Gut
ierr
ez
Bri
an H
asse
tt, V
alle
y of
the
Sun
Uni
ted
Way
Win
fiel
d L
. Hol
den,
PH
OE
NIX
Mag
azin
e
Gre
gg H
olm
es, C
ox C
omm
unic
atio
ns
Har
old
Hur
tt, P
hoen
ix P
olic
e D
epar
tmen
t
Lui
s Ib
arra
, Fri
endl
y H
ouse
Mic
hael
Joh
nson
, Pho
enix
Pol
ice
Dep
artm
ent A
dvis
ory
Boa
rd
Pam
Joh
nson
, Pho
enix
New
spap
ers,
Inc
.
Car
ol K
amin
, Chi
ldre
n's
Act
ion
Alli
ance
4
Jaim
ie L
eopo
ld, N
eigh
borh
ood
Part
ners
, Inc
.
Bill
Mac
Don
ald,
Mac
Don
ald
Dir
ect M
arke
ting,
Inc
.
Ric
k M
iller
, Boy
s an
d G
irls
Clu
bs o
f M
etro
Pho
enix
Law
renc
e M
oore
, Pub
lic A
ffai
rs, M
otor
ola
Will
iam
T. M
urph
ree,
Cen
tral
Ari
zona
Lab
or C
ounc
il
Rob
ert M
yers
, Mar
icop
a C
ount
y Su
peri
or C
ourt
John
New
son,
Shi
loh
Bap
tist C
hurc
h
John
ny O
jeda
, You
th R
epre
sent
ativ
e
Mar
y O
rton
, Cen
tral
Ari
zona
She
lter
Serv
ices
, Inc
(fo
rmer
ly)
Abe
l Par
ra, Y
outh
Rep
rese
ntat
ive,
Met
ro T
ech
Ric
hard
M. R
omle
y, M
aric
opa
Cou
nty
Atto
rney
Ern
est J
. Sal
azar
Paul
Sar
zoza
, Chi
cano
s Po
r L
a C
ausa
Ter
ry S
mith
, Gov
erno
r's D
ivis
ion
for
Chi
ldre
n (f
orm
erly
)
Ton
y So
telo
, Im
mac
ulat
e H
eart
Chu
rch
Don
Sta
pley
, Mar
icop
a C
ount
y B
oard
of
Supe
rvis
ors
Stan
Tur
ley,
Ari
zona
Sta
te B
oard
of
Cle
men
cy
Alto
n W
ashi
ngto
n, C
ity o
f Ph
oeni
x H
uman
Ser
vice
s
Man
ny W
ong,
Asi
an-A
mer
ican
Tim
es
5
CO
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
EA
PH
AS
E II
RE
PO
RT
/ A
UG
US
T 1
998
O0
00
RE
PO
RT
PR
EP
AR
ED
BY
MA
RY
Jo
WA
ITS
, RY
AN
JO
HN
SO
N, T
OB
Y K
OR
NR
EIC
H, M
AR
K K
LYM
, AN
D K
AR
EN
LE
LAN
D
MO
RR
ISO
N IN
ST
ITU
TE
FO
R P
UB
LIC
PO
LIC
Y, S
CH
OO
L O
F P
UB
LIC
AF
FA
IRS
, CO
LLE
GE
OF
PU
BLI
C P
RO
GR
AM
S, A
RIZ
ON
A S
TA
TE
UN
IVE
RS
ITY
Des
ign:
Cha
lk G
raph
ic D
esig
n an
d C
hery
lene
Sch
ick,
Mor
rison
Inst
itute
for
Pub
lic P
olic
yC
opyr
ight
©19
98 b
y th
e A
rizon
a B
oard
of R
egen
ts fo
r an
d on
beh
alf o
f Ariz
ona
Sta
te U
nive
rsity
and
its
Mor
rison
Inst
itute
for
Pub
lic P
olic
y.
6
CO
NU
EN
US
VA
BL
ES
AN
D !
Dia
iU
Exe
cutiv
e Su
mm
ary
SPE
CIA
L S
EC
TIO
N
Initi
ativ
es a
t a G
lanc
e T
ear
Out
Sec
tion
SEC
TIO
N 1
Intr
oduc
tion
1
Vio
lent
Cri
me
Rat
es A
re F
allin
g, b
ut H
old
the
App
laus
e1
Phoe
nix'
Res
pons
e3
Phoe
nix
Vio
lenc
e Pr
even
tion
Initi
ativ
eH
ighl
ight
s an
d T
imel
ine:
199
6-19
984-
5
SEC
TIO
N 2
Wha
t is
a Pr
even
tive
App
roac
h to
Vio
lenc
e?7
An
Inte
grat
ed F
ram
ewor
k fo
r V
iole
nce
Prev
entio
n13
SEC
TIO
N 3
13 P
hoen
ix V
iole
nce
Prev
entio
n In
itiat
ives
15
Phoe
nix
Vio
lenc
e Pr
even
tion
Initi
ativ
eSu
mm
ary
of W
ork
Gro
up P
roce
sses
18
SEC
TIO
N 4
Impl
emen
tatio
n Pl
an33
Sour
ces
35
App
endi
x A
: Pro
cess
Roa
d M
apPh
ase
II37
App
endi
x B
: Ste
erin
g C
omm
ittee
, Adv
isor
y G
roup
, and
Wor
k G
roup
s41
ES
Tab
le 1
The
Who
, Wha
t, W
hen,
Whe
re a
nd W
hy o
f V
iole
nce
..
.6
Tab
le 2
Exa
mpl
es o
f E
valu
ated
Pre
vent
ion
and
Ear
ly I
nter
vent
ion
Prog
ram
s10
Figu
re 1
Con
tinuu
m o
f C
ost
12
Figu
re 2
An
Inte
grat
ed F
ram
ewor
k fo
r V
iole
nce
Prev
entio
n. .
.13
Tab
le 3
Ove
rvie
w o
f In
itiat
ives
17
9
EX
EC
UT
IVE
SU
MM
AR
Y
In th
e ea
rly
1990
s, th
e cr
imin
al ju
stic
e de
bate
in A
mer
ica
was
dom
inat
ed
by p
hras
es li
ke "
thre
e st
rike
s an
d yo
u're
out
," "
juve
nile
s w
ho c
omm
it ad
ult
crim
e sh
ould
ser
ve a
dult
time,
" an
d "l
ock
'em
up
and
thro
w a
way
the
key.
"
In th
e la
tter
half
of
the
1990
s, h
owev
er, t
he d
ialo
gue
has
shif
ted.
Rec
ogni
zing
the
enor
mou
s so
cial
and
cap
ital c
osts
ass
ocia
ted
with
lock
ing
peop
le u
p an
d "t
hrow
ing
away
the
key,
" m
any
incl
udin
g so
me
of th
e
stro
nges
t get
-tou
gh-o
n-cr
ime
advo
cate
s ju
st a
few
yea
rs a
goha
ve tu
rned
to a
dif
fere
nt c
once
pt: p
reve
ntio
n. I
ndee
d, th
e si
mpl
e co
st/b
enef
it w
isdo
m
of p
reve
ntin
g vi
olen
t eve
nts
from
eve
r oc
curr
ing
is n
ow b
eing
pro
mot
ed
by a
div
erse
gro
up w
hich
incl
udes
soc
ial s
cien
tists
like
Jam
es G
arba
rino
and
Jam
es Q
. Wils
on, c
rim
inol
ogis
ts li
ke L
awre
nce
Sher
man
, a n
atio
nal
orga
niza
tion
of p
olic
e ch
iefs
and
pro
secu
tors
, and
eve
n th
e fa
ther
of
Cal
ifor
nia'
s "t
hree
str
ikes
" la
w, G
over
nor
Pete
Wils
on.
Lik
e th
ese
natio
nally
-pro
min
ent n
ames
, man
y of
the
infl
uent
ial v
oice
s
in G
reat
er P
hoen
ix h
ave
com
e to
bel
ieve
in th
e po
wer
of
prev
entio
n. I
n la
te
1996
, a d
iver
se c
oalit
ion
of lo
cal l
eade
rshi
p fr
om th
e bu
sine
ss c
omm
unity
,
law
enf
orce
men
t, ci
ty a
nd c
ount
y go
vern
men
t, ac
adem
ia, a
nd th
e co
urt
syst
em c
ame
toge
ther
to c
reat
e th
e Ph
oeni
x V
iole
nce
Prev
entio
n In
itiat
ive
(PV
PI).
A S
teer
ing
Com
mitt
ee c
onsi
stin
g of
mor
e th
an 4
0 ci
tizen
s an
d le
ader
s
was
ass
embl
ed to
ens
ure
a w
ide
vari
ety
of v
oice
s w
as h
eard
fro
m th
e fa
ith
com
mun
ity, e
duca
tion,
soc
ial s
ervi
ce p
rovi
ders
and
adv
ocat
es, t
he m
edia
,
neig
hbor
hood
s, n
on-p
rofi
ts, a
nd h
ealth
.
Dur
ing
muc
h of
199
7, th
e St
eeri
ng C
omm
ittee
met
with
bot
h lo
cal a
nd
natio
nal e
xper
ts f
or b
rief
ings
and
dia
logu
e ab
out t
he n
atur
e of
vio
lenc
e an
d
prov
en p
reve
ntio
n so
lutio
ns. A
t the
con
clus
ion
of th
is f
irst
edu
catio
nal
phas
e of
PV
PI, t
he f
ollo
win
g se
ven
poin
ts w
ere
asse
mbl
ed a
s a
sim
ple
and
acce
ssib
le s
umm
ary
of th
e la
test
thin
king
reg
ardi
ng p
reve
ntio
n an
d w
hat
the
desi
gn o
f an
eff
ectiv
e vi
olen
ce p
reve
ntio
n st
rate
gy w
ould
ent
ail:
1011
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
EI
Vio
lenc
e pr
even
tion
is a
bout
eff
orts
to p
reve
nt o
r in
terr
upt
prob
lem
s fr
om d
evel
opin
g in
to g
reat
er h
ards
hip
and
the
need
for
mor
e co
stly
res
pons
es. I
t is
anal
ogou
s to
the
prev
entio
nph
iloso
phie
s th
at a
re in
flue
ncin
g m
oder
n m
edic
ine:
an
ounc
e of
prev
entio
n is
wor
th a
pou
nd o
f cu
re.
Vio
lenc
e pr
even
tion
stra
tegi
es a
re ty
pica
lly d
irec
ted
atyo
ung
peop
le a
nd in
crea
sing
ly a
t the
ir f
amili
es a
nd h
ome
situ
atio
ns. R
educ
ing
viol
ence
thro
ugh
prev
entio
n, in
the
fina
l ana
lysi
s,
requ
ires
look
ing
holis
tical
ly a
t wha
t is
jeop
ardi
zing
kid
s' f
utur
e, w
hat
fact
ors
are
lead
ing
them
to a
life
of
drug
s, g
angs
, del
ique
ncy
and
othe
r
poor
out
com
es, a
nd w
ho o
r w
hat c
an h
elp
to p
reve
nt th
ose
prob
lem
s
in th
e fi
rst p
lace
.
Prev
entio
n, f
or a
cha
nce
to m
ake
a la
rge
diff
eren
ce, n
eeds
to s
tart
ver
y ea
rly
in li
fe, p
erha
ps a
s ea
rly
as th
e fi
rst t
wo
or th
ree
year
s. U
CL
A P
rofe
ssor
Jam
es Q
. Wils
on e
xpla
ins
that
duri
ng th
ese
year
s, "
som
e ch
ildre
n ar
e pu
t gra
vely
at r
isk
of p
oor
outc
omes
by
som
e co
mbi
natio
n of
her
edita
ry tr
aits
, pre
nata
l ins
ults
(mat
erna
l dru
g an
d al
coho
l abu
se a
nd/o
r di
et),
wea
k pa
rent
-chi
ld
atta
chm
ent,
poor
sup
ervi
sion
, and
dis
orde
rly
fam
ily e
nvir
onm
ent"
(Wils
on, 1
994)
.
Rec
ogni
zing
the
full
rang
e of
odd
s th
at h
ave
to b
e ov
erco
me
child
hood
impu
lsiv
ity, l
ow s
elf-
este
em, i
ncom
pete
ntpa
rent
ing,
dis
orde
rly
neig
hbor
hood
sef
fect
ive
prev
enta
tive
tact
ics
will
nee
d to
be
inte
nsiv
e an
d m
ulti-
path
ed, n
otqu
ick
and
chea
p. P
rom
isin
g st
rate
gies
to c
ount
er-a
ttack
suc
hne
gativ
e lif
e ci
rcum
stan
ces
incl
ude
good
pre
nata
l car
e, h
ome
visi
tatio
n
prog
ram
s fo
r ne
wbo
rns
at r
isk
of a
buse
and
neg
lect
, ste
ps to
str
engt
hen
pare
nts'
ski
lls f
or d
ealin
g w
ith c
risi
s, s
truc
ture
d yo
uth
activ
ities
, and
men
tori
ng p
rogr
ams.
12i
IP
HO
EN
IX V
IOLE
NC
E P
RE
VE
NT
ION
INIT
IAT
IVE
The
ded
icat
ed e
ffor
t of
all s
ecto
rs o
f so
ciet
y is
nee
ded
topr
even
t vio
lenc
e. A
s on
e ex
pert
arg
ues,
"A
mer
ica'
s ul
timat
e an
ti-cr
ime
insu
ranc
e po
licie
s ar
e no
t cop
s, ju
dges
, pro
batio
n of
fice
rs, o
rpr
ison
gua
rds;
they
are
inst
ead
good
par
ents
, car
ing
frie
nds,
insp
irin
g
men
tors
, loc
al r
elig
ious
lead
ers,
ded
icat
ed c
o-w
orke
rs, a
nd d
ecen
tem
ploy
ers"
(D
iIul
io, 1
995)
.
The
trac
k re
cord
for
fun
ding
pre
vent
ive
mea
sure
s is
a"m
ixed
pic
ture
." M
ost p
reve
ntio
n pr
ogra
ms
have
bee
n pi
lot o
rex
peri
men
tal p
roje
cts
oper
atin
g on
mea
ger
budg
ets
and
impl
emen
ted
on a
sm
all s
cale
.
Eve
n so
, the
eco
nom
ic a
dvan
tage
s of
pre
vent
ion
are
both
pers
uasi
ve a
nd e
ncou
ragi
ng. F
or e
xam
ple,
a r
ecen
t stu
dy b
yPr
ofes
sor
Mar
k A
. Coh
en o
f V
ande
rbilt
Uni
vers
ity e
stim
ates
that
eac
h
high
-ris
k yo
uth
prev
ente
d fr
om a
dopt
ing
a lif
e of
cri
me
coul
d sa
veth
e co
untr
y fr
om $
1.7
mill
ion
to $
2.3
mill
ion
(Fig
ht C
rim
e, I
nves
t in
Kid
s, 1
997)
.
With
this
com
mon
und
erst
andi
ng, P
VPI
laun
ched
a s
econ
d ph
ase
whi
ch b
roug
ht a
n ad
ditio
nal 3
00 c
itize
ns a
nd le
ader
s in
to th
e pr
oces
sth
roug
h a
set o
f W
ork
Gro
ups.
The
ir g
oal:
to d
evel
op th
e st
rate
gies
that
toge
ther
, as
a pa
ckag
e, w
ould
for
m th
e ar
ea's
fir
st c
ompr
ehen
sive
vio
lenc
e
prev
entio
n st
rate
gy. T
his
repo
rt p
rese
nts
the
resu
lts o
f th
at p
roce
ss.
At t
he d
irec
tion
of th
e St
eeri
ng C
omm
ittee
, the
Wor
k G
roup
pro
cess
was
org
aniz
ed in
to f
ive
trac
ks, b
ased
on
solid
evi
denc
e an
d re
sear
chre
gard
ing
the
com
pone
nts
nece
ssar
y fo
r yo
ung
peop
le to
gro
w in
tohe
alth
y, p
rodu
ctiv
e an
d no
n-vi
olen
t adu
lts. T
he f
ive
Wor
k G
roup
s cr
eate
d
wer
e: p
rena
tal/e
arly
chi
ldho
od; f
amili
es; i
ndiv
idua
l you
th; s
choo
ls; a
ndne
ighb
orho
ods/
com
mun
ities
. 13
The
fou
r-m
onth
Wor
k G
roup
pro
cess
res
ulte
d in
thir
teen
maj
orin
itiat
ives
, rea
dy f
or im
plem
enta
tion.
In
this
rep
ort,
each
initi
ativ
e is
acco
mpa
nied
by
a ra
tiona
le, k
ey im
plem
enta
tion
step
s fo
r su
cces
s, a
nd
goal
s fo
r th
e fu
ture
. Tak
en to
geth
er a
s a
pack
age
as th
ey w
ere
desi
gned
to d
oPV
PI's
initi
ativ
es f
it in
to s
ever
al m
ajor
them
es w
hich
add
ress
viol
ence
pre
vent
ion
acro
ss th
e co
ntin
uum
dev
elop
ed f
or th
e W
ork
Gro
up p
roce
ss:
Fill
the
unsu
perv
ised
"ga
p pe
riod
s" f
or y
outh
by
prov
idin
gm
ore
afte
r-sc
hool
, wee
kend
and
sum
mer
act
iviti
es, a
nd e
xpan
ding
job
prog
ram
s fo
r yo
uth.
Stre
ngth
en y
outh
sup
port
sys
tem
s by
incr
easi
ng m
ento
rshi
pop
port
uniti
es, p
rovi
ding
for
mor
e sc
hool
-bas
ed c
ase
man
agem
ent,
and
chan
ging
sch
ool p
olic
ies
whi
ch c
urre
ntly
det
er th
e de
velo
pmen
t
of a
ltern
ativ
e sc
hool
s an
d st
uden
ts' p
lace
men
t in
such
sch
ools
.
Stre
ngth
en p
aren
tal s
uppo
rt s
yste
ms
by a
ddin
g in
tens
ive
pare
ntin
g tr
aini
ng a
nd c
ase-
man
agem
ent s
uppo
rt a
t exi
stin
g co
mm
unity
reso
urce
cen
ters
, and
mak
ing
qual
ity c
hild
car
e m
ore
affo
rdab
le
and
acce
ssib
le.
Gua
rant
ee "
righ
t sta
rt"
serv
ices
to a
ll pr
esch
ool c
hild
ren
by p
rovi
ding
pre
nata
l car
e to
all
preg
nant
wom
en, h
ealth
car
e to
all
child
ren,
in-h
ome
visi
tatio
n to
new
par
ents
, and
exp
andi
ng s
tate
appr
opri
atio
ns to
suc
cess
ful p
rogr
ams
such
as
Hea
lthy
Fam
ilies
,H
ealth
Sta
rt, a
nd F
amily
Lite
racy
.
Stre
ngth
en n
eigh
borh
ood
asse
ts a
nd p
rote
ctiv
e fa
ctor
s by
upgr
adin
g in
fras
truc
ture
, pro
vidi
ng n
eede
d co
mm
unity
res
ourc
es,
expa
ndin
g co
mm
unity
pol
icin
g re
sour
ces,
cha
ngin
g ci
ty-w
ide
polic
ies
rega
rdin
g de
nsity
, zon
ing,
cod
e en
forc
emen
t, bl
ight
elim
inat
ion,
and
offe
ring
mor
e te
chni
cal a
ssis
tanc
e an
d re
sour
ces
to s
timul
ate
the
part
icip
atio
n of
res
iden
ts.
14
Whi
le th
ese
them
es m
irro
r w
hat m
any
natio
nal e
xper
ts a
re c
allin
g fo
r
to p
reve
nt v
iole
nce,
som
e m
ay r
aise
que
stio
ns r
egar
ding
issu
es s
eem
ingl
y
not a
ddre
ssed
by
the
PVPI
initi
ativ
esfo
r ex
ampl
e, g
angs
, dru
gs, a
nd
guns
. Bas
ed o
n th
e co
re p
rem
ise
that
the
regi
on's
pri
mar
y cr
ime
chal
leng
e
is to
pre
vent
at-
risk
chi
ldre
n fr
om b
ecom
ing
gang
mem
bers
, sub
stan
ceab
user
s, o
r de
linqu
ents
in th
e fi
rst p
lace
, the
Ste
erin
g C
omm
ittee
and
Wor
k G
roup
s de
velo
ped
stra
tegi
es to
add
ress
cer
tain
issu
es k
now
n to
jeop
ardi
ze k
ids'
fut
ures
in w
ays
that
mig
ht b
e co
nsid
ered
"w
ell i
n ad
vanc
e"
of p
oten
tial v
iole
nce.
For
exa
mpl
e, a
lthou
gh s
ever
al W
ork
Gro
ups
iden
tifie
d ci
rcum
stan
ces
such
as
gang
mem
bers
hip,
alc
ohol
and
dru
gab
use,
and
pos
sess
ion
of w
eapo
ns a
s fa
ctor
s w
hich
oft
en r
esul
t in
viol
ence
,
the
initi
ativ
es p
ropo
sed
are
inte
nded
to a
ddre
ss a
nd in
terc
ept t
he o
rigi
n of
the
issu
e, n
ot it
s su
bseq
uent
sym
ptom
s. A
lthou
gh c
raft
ing
stra
tegi
es to
undo
gan
g m
embe
rshi
p an
d ge
t peo
ple
off
drug
s is
impo
rtan
t, ha
lting
the
perp
etua
tion
of s
uch
activ
ities
req
uire
s st
rong
chi
ld-p
aren
t atta
chm
ent,
afte
r-sc
hool
pro
gram
s, a
nd m
ento
ring
to p
reve
nt g
ang
invo
lvem
ent,
drug
/alc
ohol
abu
se, a
nd a
ggre
ssio
n fr
om e
ver
occu
rrin
g in
the
firs
t pla
ce.
The
Pho
enix
Vio
lenc
e Pr
even
tion
Initi
ativ
e's
thir
d ph
ase,
in w
hich
the
actio
n bl
uepr
int c
onta
ined
her
e w
ill b
e im
plem
ente
d, is
sch
edul
ed to
com
men
ce in
late
sum
mer
199
8.
15P
HO
EN
IX V
IOLE
NC
E P
RE
VE
NT
ION
INIT
IAT
IVE
IIID
1 3
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
NIN
ITIA
TIV
ES
TH
IS T
EA
R-O
UT
SU
MM
AR
IZE
ST
HE
TH
IRT
EE
NS
TR
AT
EG
IES
OF
TH
EP
HO
EN
IX V
IOLE
NC
EP
RE
VE
NT
ION
INIT
IAT
IVE
WH
ICH
WE
RE
DE
VE
LOP
ED
BY
MO
RE
TH
AN
300
CIT
IZE
N V
OLU
NT
EE
RS
BE
TW
EE
N D
EC
EM
BE
R
1997
AN
D A
PR
IL 1
998.
WH
ILE
AN
AB
BR
EV
IAT
ED
RA
TIO
NA
LE IS
PR
OV
IDE
DF
OR
EA
CH
INIT
IAT
IVE
HE
RE
,
AD
DIT
ION
AL
DE
TA
IL -
INC
LUD
ING
OT
HE
R R
ELE
VA
NT
DA
TA
, GO
ALS
, AN
DS
UG
GE
ST
ED
ST
EP
S T
OA
CH
IEV
E
TH
E IN
ITIA
TIV
E -
CA
NB
E F
OU
ND
IN T
HE
RE
PO
RT
.
00
00
TH
E P
HO
EN
IX V
IOLE
NC
EP
RE
VE
NT
ION
INIT
IAT
IVE
(PV
PI)
IS A
PA
RT
NE
RS
HIP
AM
ON
GT
HE
CIT
Y O
FP
HO
EN
IX,
AR
IZO
NA
SU
PR
EM
EC
OU
RT
, GR
EA
TE
RP
HO
EN
IX L
EA
DE
RS
HIP
,M
AR
ICO
PA
CO
UN
TY
AT
TO
RN
EY
,
MA
RIC
OP
A C
OU
NT
Y, A
ND
AS
U's
MO
RR
ISO
NIN
ST
ITU
TE
FO
R P
UB
LIC
PO
LIC
Y
17
ckf
CIT
Y O
F P
HO
EN
IXA
RIZ
ON
A S
UP
RE
ME
CO
UR
TG
RE
AT
ER
PH
OE
NIX
LE
AD
ER
SH
IPA
.
Q.
MA
RIC
OP
A C
OU
NT
Y A
TT
OR
NE
YM
AR
ICO
PA
CO
UN
TY
AS
U's
MO
RR
ISO
N IN
ST
ITU
TE
FO
R P
UB
LIC
PO
LIC
Y
Phr
oEm
uKV
uolL
EM
CIE
EV
ER
MO
N Ii
HO
UU
AU
lvE
S
Bet
wee
n D
ecem
ber
1997
and
Apr
il 19
98, m
ore
than
thre
e-hu
ndre
d V
alle
y ci
tizen
s pa
rtic
ipat
ed in
fiv
e W
ork
Gro
ups
unde
r th
e Ph
oeni
x V
iole
nce
Prev
entio
n In
itiat
ive
(PV
PI).
The
ir g
oal w
as to
dev
ise
viol
ence
pre
vent
ion
stra
tegi
es in
eac
h of
the
dom
ains
ass
igne
d to
the
Wor
k G
roup
s (p
rena
tal/e
arly
child
hood
, ind
ivid
ual y
outh
, fam
ily, s
choo
l, an
d ne
ighb
orho
od/c
omm
unity
). E
ach
grou
p m
et tw
ice
mon
thly
to d
iscu
ss r
esea
rch
rega
rdin
g w
hat w
orks
and
wha
t
does
n't w
ork,
hea
r fr
om lo
cal e
xper
ts a
nd p
ract
ition
ers,
and
dis
cuss
pro
blem
s sp
ecif
ic to
Gre
ater
Pho
enix
. The
res
ult o
f th
ese
effo
rts
is th
irte
en v
iole
nce
prev
entio
n in
itiat
ives
org
aniz
ed a
roun
d th
e fi
ve m
ajor
them
es b
elow
().
Tog
ethe
r, th
ey f
orm
the
fram
ewor
k of
the
regi
on's
fir
st c
ompr
ehen
sive
viol
ence
pre
vent
ion
stra
tegy
. (N
ote:
this
is a
n ab
brev
iate
d su
mm
ary
of th
e 13
initi
ativ
es. P
leas
e co
nsul
t the
PV
PI P
hase
II
repo
rt f
or m
ore
deta
il).
OF
ILL
GA
P P
ER
IOD
S IN
SC
HO
OL-
AG
E C
HIL
DR
EN
'S S
UP
ER
VIS
ION
AN
D A
CT
IVIT
YIn
itiat
ive
1.Pr
ovid
e fo
r gr
eate
r va
riet
y, n
umbe
rs a
nd a
cces
s to
aft
er-s
choo
l,w
eeke
nd, a
nd s
umm
er a
ctiv
ities
2.E
xpan
d th
e sc
ope
of e
xist
ing
effe
ctiv
e yo
uth
jobs
pro
gram
s
Rat
iona
leSt
udie
s sh
ow th
at y
outh
are
mor
e lik
ely
to e
ngag
e in
ris
ky o
r de
linqu
ent
beha
vior
dur
ing
non-
scho
ol h
ours
. In
fact
, the
pea
k ho
urs
for
juve
nile
crim
e ar
e 3:
00 P
M-8
:00
PM.
Sim
ilar
to th
e ne
ed f
or p
rogr
ams
and
activ
ities
dur
ing
the
afte
r-sc
hool
,pe
ak c
rim
e ho
urs
of 3
:00
PM-8
:00
PM, y
outh
jobs
pro
gram
s he
lp to
fill
the
criti
cal "
gap
peri
ods"
in a
you
ng p
erso
n's
life,
giv
e hi
m o
r he
r pr
ide,
and
enab
le th
em to
ear
n m
oney
.
:tCT
IE
RIG
TH
ER
I Y
OU
TH
SQ
.DPF
UR
T S
YST
EM
S
Oni
tiativ
e3.
Incr
ease
the
num
ber
of a
nd tr
aini
ng f
or m
ento
rs (
men
tor
prog
ram
sco
nnec
t you
ng p
eopl
e to
adu
lt ro
le m
odel
s w
ho c
are
abou
t the
m, a
ndhe
lp th
em d
evel
op a
nd g
row
)
4.Pr
ovid
e fo
r m
ore
scho
ol-b
ased
cas
e m
anag
emen
t tha
t pro
mot
esin
terd
isci
plin
ary
team
s to
wor
k w
ith y
outh
and
thei
r fa
mili
es to
gai
nac
cess
to s
ervi
ces
and
mon
itor
thei
r pr
ogre
ss
185.
Prom
ote
chan
ges
in s
choo
l pol
icie
s w
hich
cur
rent
ly d
eter
the
deve
lop-
men
t of
alte
rnat
ive
scho
ols
for
stud
ents
who
are
exp
elle
d or
dro
p-ou
tan
d th
e pl
acem
ent o
f st
uden
ts in
suc
h fa
cilit
ies
Rat
iona
IeR
esea
rch
now
sho
ws
the
pow
er o
f w
ell-
cond
ucte
d m
ento
ring
: tho
seyo
uth
who
hav
e a
posi
tive
and
cons
iste
nt r
elat
ions
hip
with
an
adul
t are
less
like
ly to
ski
p sc
hool
and
beg
in u
sing
ille
gal d
rugs
and
alc
ohol
.
Incr
easi
ngly
, soc
iety
has
com
e to
rel
y on
sch
ools
to h
elp
addr
ess
man
y of
the
soci
alill
sth
at tr
oubl
e sc
hool
-age
d ch
ildre
n an
d th
eir
fam
ilies
.U
nfor
tuna
tely
, man
y of
the
new
pro
gram
s an
d in
itiat
ives
are
add
ed-o
nw
ithou
t the
impo
rtan
t con
side
ratio
ns o
f co
ordi
natio
n an
d lo
ng-t
erm
com
mitm
ent t
o re
sour
ces.
Edu
cato
rs, l
aw e
nfor
cem
ent,
and
rese
arch
ers
conc
ur o
n th
e st
rong
link
age
betw
een
scho
ol f
ailu
re a
nd d
elin
quen
t beh
avio
r. W
ithou
t an
alte
rnat
ive
educ
atio
nal o
ppor
tuni
ty, y
outh
oft
en f
ind
them
selv
es in
trou
ble
with
the
law
.
CIS
TR
EN
GT
HE
N P
AR
EN
TA
L S
UP
PO
RT
SY
ST
EM
SIn
itiat
ive
6.A
dd s
ervi
ces
at e
xist
ing
com
mun
ity r
esou
rce
cent
ers
to p
rovi
depa
rent
ing
trai
ning
and
cas
e m
anag
ers
to h
elp
fam
ilies
gai
n ac
cess
toan
arr
ay o
f se
rvic
es
7.D
evel
op a
str
ong
med
ia c
ampa
ign
to r
aise
aw
aren
ess
abou
t the
impo
rtan
ce o
f ea
rly
child
hood
dev
elop
men
t, th
e pr
eval
ence
and
cons
eque
nces
of
dom
estic
and
chi
ld a
buse
, and
the
serv
ices
that
are
avai
labl
e to
hel
p
Rat
iona
lePa
rent
al n
egle
ct h
as b
een
show
n to
be
as s
tron
g a
pred
icto
r of
sub
sequ
ent
viol
ent b
ehav
ior
as p
hysi
cal a
buse
. Res
earc
h no
w s
how
s th
at w
ell-
impl
emen
ted
pare
ntin
g tr
aini
ng is
cap
able
of
redu
cing
del
inqu
ent b
ehav
ior
in c
hild
ren
unde
r 14
. In
addi
tion,
rel
atio
nshi
p bu
ildin
g am
ong
fam
ilym
embe
rs h
as b
een
show
n to
incr
ease
com
mun
icat
ion
and
resp
ect.
Whi
le u
ndou
bted
ly a
fac
tor
in p
erpe
tuat
ing
viol
ence
, the
med
ia c
an a
lSo
play
an im
port
ant a
nd p
ositi
ve r
ole
in p
reve
ntin
g vi
olen
ce.T
hree
PV
PI W
ork
Gro
ups
stro
ngly
rec
omm
ende
d us
ing
the
pow
er o
f th
e m
edia
for
'pub
licaw
aren
ess,
cam
paig
ns, a
nd p
rodu
ctio
ns th
at w
ill r
einf
orce
pos
itive
par
entin
gva
lues
and
mak
e an
impa
ct o
n cr
eatin
g no
n-vi
olen
t fam
ilies
.
DG
UA
RA
NT
EE
"R
IGH
T S
TA
RT
" S
ER
VIC
ES
TO
ALL
Initi
ativ
e8.
Exp
and
prev
entio
n an
d ea
rly
inte
rven
tion
serv
ices
to a
ll at
-ris
kfa
mili
es, p
rovi
ding
pre
nata
l car
e to
all
preg
nant
wom
en a
nd h
ealth
care
cov
erag
e to
all
child
ren
9.E
xpan
d ac
cess
to h
igh
qual
ity a
nd c
ompr
ehen
sive
ear
ly c
hild
hood
prog
ram
s an
d ch
ild c
are
10. D
evel
op lo
ng-t
erm
fun
ding
sol
utio
ns to
ear
ly c
hild
hood
and
fam
ily is
sues
PH
OE
NIX
PR
ES
CH
OO
L C
HIL
DR
EN
Rat
iona
leV
ery
com
preh
ensi
ve in
-hom
e pr
enat
al c
are
and
new
born
sup
port
prog
ram
s, w
hen
follo
wed
by
high
-qua
lity,
par
ent-
invo
lved
child
car
e an
dpr
esch
ool h
ave
been
sho
wn
to im
prov
e ch
ild d
evel
opm
ent a
nd r
educ
eab
use
by a
s m
uch
as 8
0 pe
rcen
t.
A c
hild
's b
rain
dev
elop
s up
to 8
0 pe
rcen
t of
its f
unct
ions
dur
ing
the
firs
tth
ree
year
s of
life
, inc
ludi
ng th
e ab
ilitie
s to
lear
n, c
ope,
and
dea
l with
oth
ers
peac
eful
ly. T
he q
ualit
y of
ear
ly c
hild
car
e ca
n in
crea
se o
r de
crea
se th
eab
ility
to le
arn
by 2
5 pe
rcen
t or
mor
e an
d ha
s a
deci
sive
impa
ct o
n th
eca
paci
ty to
reg
ulat
e em
otio
ns.
Num
erou
s st
udie
s no
w s
how
that
inve
stm
ents
in p
rogr
ams
that
hel
p ki
dsge
t the
rig
ht s
tart
can
red
uce
crim
e an
d cr
imin
al ju
stic
e co
sts
subs
tant
ially
in th
e fu
ture
.
DS
TR
EN
GT
HE
N N
EIG
HB
OR
HO
OD
AS
SE
TS
AN
D P
RO
TE
CT
IVE
FA
CT
OR
S
Initi
ativ
eR
atio
nale
11. M
ake
Phoe
nix
neig
hbor
hood
s le
ss h
ospi
tabl
e to
cri
me
by u
pgra
ding
infr
astr
uctu
re, p
rovi
ding
nee
ded
com
mun
ity d
evel
opm
ent
reso
urce
s, a
nd e
xpan
ding
nei
ghbo
rhoo
d po
licin
g re
sour
ces
12. A
dopt
city
-wid
e po
licie
s w
hich
add
ress
den
sity
, zon
ing
and
code
enf
orce
men
t, an
d bl
ight
elim
inat
ion
to p
reve
nt/m
itiga
tecr
imin
al a
ctiv
ity
13. O
ffer
mor
e te
chni
cal a
ssis
tanc
e an
d re
sour
ces
to e
ncou
rage
par
ticip
atio
nof
res
iden
ts in
nei
ghbo
rhoo
d se
lf-h
elp
activ
ities
Res
earc
h in
dica
tes
that
the
abili
ty to
pre
vent
vio
lent
cri
me
may
be
dire
ctly
rela
ted
to th
e ab
ility
to r
esha
pe c
omm
unity
life
in o
ur m
ost t
roub
led
neig
hbor
hood
s. T
he k
ey c
ompo
nent
of
this
initi
ativ
e is
the
emph
asis
on
qual
ity o
f lif
e im
prov
emen
t and
nei
ghbo
rhoo
d-ba
sed
serv
ices
.
Phys
ical
dis
orde
r in
nei
ghbo
rhoo
ds (
i.e.,
brok
en w
indo
ws,
gra
ffiti
, etc
.)ha
s be
en c
ited
as a
com
mun
ity r
isk
fact
or w
hich
con
trib
utes
to c
rim
e an
dvi
olen
ce. M
akin
g ab
atem
ent l
aws
stro
nger
and
enf
orci
ng c
ode
viol
atio
nsca
n he
lp n
eigh
borh
oods
bat
tle b
light
and
ther
efor
e im
prov
e pu
blic
saf
ety.
Com
mun
ity m
obili
zatio
n is
oft
en c
onsi
dere
d a
nece
ssar
y co
nditi
on f
orce
rtai
n cr
ime
prev
entio
n st
rate
gies
to b
e ef
fect
ive.
Blo
ckW
atch
, for
exa
mpl
e,ha
s sh
own
succ
ess
in c
urbi
ng v
iole
nce
and
enco
urag
ing
resi
dent
par
ticip
atio
n.
2021
Cop
yrig
ht ©
1998
by
the
Ariz
ona
Boa
rd o
f Reg
ents
for
and
on b
ehal
f of A
rizon
a S
tate
Uni
vers
ityan
d its
Mor
rison
Inst
itute
for
Pub
lic P
olic
y.
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
Des
pite
hea
dlin
es
abou
t fal
ling
viol
ent c
rim
e ra
tes,
the
publ
ic
does
not
bel
ieve
enou
gh is
bein
g do
ne.
VIO
LEN
T C
RIM
E R
AT
ES
AR
E F
ALL
ING
,B
UT
HO
LD T
HE
AP
PLA
US
E
Vio
lent
cri
me,
hom
icid
e in
par
ticul
ar, h
as b
een
decl
inin
g fo
r th
e pa
st s
ix
year
s in
Pho
enix
and
acr
oss
the
coun
try.
Whi
le th
e tr
end
is g
reet
ed w
ith
proc
lam
atio
ns o
f vi
ctor
y by
som
e ex
pert
s an
d po
licy
mak
ers,
man
y m
ore
are
caut
ious
ly h
oldi
ng th
eir
appl
ause
.
The
re a
re g
ood
reas
ons
to h
old
appl
ause
. For
one
thin
g, n
o on
e re
ally
know
s w
hy v
iole
nt c
rim
e is
dec
linin
g. V
ario
us e
xper
ts a
nd p
olic
y m
aker
s
have
off
ered
wid
ely
diff
eren
t exp
lana
tions
incl
udin
g: r
ecen
t cha
nges
in p
olic
ing
stra
tegi
es e
mph
asiz
ing
com
mun
ity p
olic
ing;
shi
fts
in th
e w
ay
illeg
al d
rugs
are
sol
d, e
spec
ially
cra
ck, t
hat m
ake
it le
ss p
ublic
and
less
like
ly
to c
ause
vio
lenc
e; s
ubtle
dem
ogra
phic
dec
reas
es b
oth
in th
e nu
mbe
rs o
f
youn
g m
en a
nd in
thei
r pr
open
sity
to c
omm
it cr
imes
; ris
ing
empl
oym
ent,
whi
ch ta
kes
peop
le in
to le
ss r
isky
live
s; a
nd in
crea
sed
impr
ison
men
t
resu
lting
fro
m m
anda
tory
sen
tenc
ing,
suc
h as
Ari
zona
's la
w s
endi
ng s
erio
us
juve
nile
off
ende
rs to
adu
lt co
urt.
Whi
le th
ese
are
all r
easo
nabl
e ex
plan
a-
tions
, pic
king
onl
y on
e to
com
mit
to, o
r ta
king
a b
reat
her
from
the
figh
t,
is n
ot a
goo
d id
ea b
ecau
se u
nder
stan
ding
the
ebbs
and
flo
ws
of v
iole
nce
is
a co
mpl
ex c
halle
nge.
Ano
ther
rea
son
to h
old
any
appl
ause
is th
at th
e pu
blic
doe
s no
t bel
ieve
the
situ
atio
n ha
s im
prov
ed. F
or e
xam
ple,
an
Ari
zona
Rep
ublic
/Mor
riso
n
Inst
itute
sur
vey
show
s th
at r
esid
ents
in th
e Ph
oeni
x m
etro
reg
ion
gene
rally
thin
k cr
ime
is a
pro
blem
and
is g
ettin
g w
orse
. Spe
cifi
cally
, alm
ost 9
out
of 1
0 th
ink
crim
e is
a p
robl
em o
r a
seve
re p
robl
em. M
ore
than
hal
f of
the
resi
dent
s th
ink
that
the
over
all l
evel
of
crim
e in
the
Val
ley
incr
ease
d du
ring
1996
(M
orri
son
Inst
itute
, 199
7). W
hile
the
Val
ley'
s pr
oper
ty c
rim
e ra
te
has
seen
ann
ual i
ncre
ases
, the
vio
lent
cri
me
rate
has
bee
n on
a s
tead
y
dow
nwar
d tr
end
sinc
e 19
93.
2425
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
EI
1
Perh
aps
the
mos
t im
port
ant r
easo
n to
sta
y an
y ce
lebr
atio
n is
gro
win
g
evid
ence
that
cur
rent
cri
me
figh
ting
stra
tegi
es a
re r
apid
ly b
ecom
ing
pote
ntia
l bud
get b
uste
rs. P
uttin
g m
ore
polic
e of
fice
rs o
n th
e st
reet
s,
stif
feni
ng th
e pe
nalti
es a
gain
st a
par
ticul
ar k
ind
of o
ffen
der,
bui
ldin
g m
ore
pris
ons,
and
oth
er s
uch
get-
toug
h po
licie
s ha
ve b
een
the
pron
ounc
ed a
nti-
crim
e st
rate
gy in
Ari
zona
and
in th
e co
untr
y fo
r m
ost o
f th
is d
ecad
e. T
he
publ
ic h
as g
ener
ally
bee
n su
ppor
tive
of, a
nd in
man
y ca
ses
has
even
vot
ed
for,
thes
e po
licie
s, w
hich
ess
entia
lly d
eleg
ate
the
crim
e pr
oble
m to
the
law
enfo
rcem
ent c
omm
unity
and
cri
min
al ju
stic
e sy
stem
. Lat
ely,
how
ever
,
com
ing
up o
n th
e ra
dar
scre
en a
re c
once
rns
abou
t the
cos
ts a
nd c
ost-
effe
ctiv
enes
s of
thes
e so
lutio
ns a
nd s
ome
conc
erns
abo
ut r
elyi
ng s
o he
avily
on p
olic
e de
part
men
ts a
nd ju
stic
e-sy
stem
age
ncie
s fo
r fi
ghtin
g cr
ime.
The
bes
t exa
mpl
e of
ris
ing
conc
erns
abo
ut th
e af
ford
abili
ty a
nd
long
-ter
m v
iabi
lity
of g
et-t
ough
str
ateg
ies
is R
AN
D's
stu
dy o
f C
alif
orni
a's
"thr
ee s
trik
es"
law
, whi
ch m
anda
tes
sent
ence
s ra
ngin
g fr
om 2
5 ye
ars
to li
fe
for
cert
ain
thre
e-tim
e fe
lony
off
ende
rs. T
he 1
994
stud
y by
the
prom
inen
t
thin
k ta
nk, w
hich
wei
ghed
cri
me
redu
ctio
n an
d co
st, c
oncl
uded
that
the
Cal
ifor
nia
law
, if
fully
impl
emen
ted,
cou
ld r
educ
e se
riou
s fe
loni
es
com
mitt
ed b
y ad
ults
in th
e st
ate
betw
een
22 a
nd 3
4 pe
rcen
t bel
ow w
hat
may
hav
e oc
curr
ed. B
ut th
e st
udy
also
con
clud
ed th
at th
e re
duct
ion
in c
rim
e w
ould
be
achi
eved
at a
n ad
ditio
nal c
ost b
etw
een
$4.5
bill
ion
and
$6.5
bill
ion
in c
urre
nt d
olla
rs a
nnua
lly. A
ccor
ding
to th
e st
udy,
mos
t
of th
e co
st in
crea
se w
ould
res
ult f
rom
the
need
to b
uild
and
ope
rate
addi
tiona
l pri
sons
to h
ouse
the
inm
ate
popu
latio
n, w
hich
cou
ld b
e ex
pect
ed
to d
oubl
e as
a r
esul
t of
sent
enci
ng u
nder
the
law
(G
AO
, 199
6). A
mor
e
rece
nt R
AN
D s
tudy
indi
cate
s th
at s
ome
prev
enta
tive
mea
sure
s, s
uch
as
pare
nt tr
aini
ng a
nd g
radu
atio
n in
cent
ives
, cou
ld p
oten
tially
red
uce
crim
e
rate
s m
ore
cost
eff
ectiv
ely
than
inca
rcer
atio
n (G
reen
woo
d et
al.,
199
6).
0
2 I
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
E
Res
earc
h in
stitu
tes
like
RA
ND
are
not
the
only
one
s to
rai
se th
e co
st-
effe
ctiv
enes
s is
sue
or to
sug
gest
for
pol
icy
mak
ers
to m
ove
beyo
nd r
eact
ive
polic
ies
that
is, m
ove
to p
unis
hmen
t plu
s pr
even
tion,
not
just
pun
ishm
ent
and
mor
e pu
nish
men
t. A
gro
win
g nu
mbe
r of
exp
erts
, inc
ludi
ng tr
aditi
onal
"loc
k-'e
m u
p" f
olks
, sen
se th
at th
e po
wer
of
puni
shm
ent h
as b
een
over
sold
and
that
a c
ours
e co
rrec
tion
tow
ard
prev
entio
n is
nee
ded.
One
of
the
late
st e
xam
ples
of
this
shi
ft in
sup
port
and
thin
king
com
es f
rom
pol
ice
chie
fs. W
hen
a re
cent
Nor
thea
ster
n U
nive
rsity
sur
vey
aske
d 78
0 po
lice
chie
fs th
roug
hout
the
coun
try
to p
ick
the
stra
tegy
that
wou
ld b
e m
Ost
effe
ctiv
e in
the
long
-ter
m f
or r
educ
ing
crim
e an
d vi
olen
ce, t
he c
hief
sch
ose
"inc
reas
ing
inve
stm
ents
in p
rogr
ams
that
hel
p al
l chi
ldre
n an
d yo
uth
to g
et a
goo
d st
art,"
nea
rly
4 to
1 o
ver
"try
ing
mor
e ju
veni
les
as a
dults
,"
or e
ven
hiri
ng a
dditi
onal
pol
ice
offi
cers
(Fi
ght C
rim
e, I
nves
t in
Kid
s, 1
998)
.
But
per
haps
the
mos
t str
ikin
g of
the
new
end
orse
men
ts f
or p
reve
ntiv
em
easu
res
com
es f
rom
Cal
ifor
nia
Gov
erno
r Pe
te W
ilson
fath
er o
f th
eor
igin
al "
thre
e st
rike
s" le
gisl
atio
n in
the
mid
-199
0s. G
over
nor
Wils
on
devo
ted
a la
rge
port
ion
of h
is 1
998
Stat
e of
the
Stat
e ad
dres
s to
prev
entio
n in
itiat
ives
.
It is
an
inte
rest
ing
turn
of
even
ts. T
o re
cap:
des
pite
hea
dlin
es a
bout
falli
ng v
iole
nt c
rim
e ra
tes,
the
publ
ic d
oes
not b
elie
ve e
noug
h is
bei
ngdo
ne. M
ore
and
mor
e ex
pert
s ar
e be
ginn
ing
to a
ddre
ss th
e pu
blic
's c
once
rns
by s
ugge
stin
g th
at th
e be
st a
ntic
rim
e in
sura
nce
polic
ies
are
not c
ops,
judg
es, p
roba
tion
offi
cers
, or
pris
on g
uard
s, b
ut in
stea
d ar
e go
od p
aren
ts,
cari
ng f
rien
ds, i
nspi
ring
teac
hers
, loc
al r
elig
ious
lead
ers,
and
dec
ent
empl
oyer
s. A
t the
sam
e tim
e, s
ome
of th
e le
adin
g "g
et-t
ough
" pr
opon
ents
of th
is d
ecad
e ar
e no
w s
ome
of th
e st
rong
est a
dvoc
ates
for
doi
ng m
ore
on
the
prev
entio
n fr
ont.
27
PH
OE
NIX
' RE
SP
ON
SE
It is
aga
inst
this
bac
kdro
p th
at th
e Ph
oeni
x V
iole
nce
Prev
entio
n In
itiat
ive
(PV
PI)
was
sta
rted
. In
1996
, the
City
of
Phoe
nix
Polic
e D
epar
tmen
t ask
ed
the
Mor
riso
n In
stitu
te f
or P
ublic
Pol
icy
to f
acili
tate
an
effo
rt to
dev
elop
a
com
preh
ensi
ve v
iole
nce
prev
entio
n st
rate
gy f
or P
hoen
ix. S
peci
fica
lly, t
he
City
wan
ted
to g
et a
wid
e va
riet
y of
org
aniz
atio
ns a
nd s
take
hold
ers
arou
nd th
e ta
ble
to d
evel
op th
e st
rate
gy a
nd m
ake
it cl
ear
that
vio
lenc
e is
not j
ust a
pol
ice
mat
ter,
but
als
o re
quir
es th
e at
tent
ion
of p
aren
ts, e
duca
tors
,
relig
ious
lead
ers,
judg
es, s
ocia
l ser
vice
pro
vide
rs, n
eigh
borh
ood
resi
dent
s,
youn
g pe
ople
, the
med
ia a
nd th
e bu
sine
ss c
omm
unity
. Ano
ther
impo
rtan
t
obje
ctiv
e w
as to
cha
nge
the
dial
ogue
abo
ut h
ow to
red
uce
viol
ence
and
crim
e, a
nd to
rai
se p
ublic
aw
aren
ess
abou
t pre
vent
ion
mea
sure
s.
Tow
ard
this
end
, a p
artn
ersh
ip o
f fi
ve o
rgan
izat
ions
was
laun
ched
in
Nov
embe
r 19
96: t
he C
ity o
f Ph
oeni
x, A
rizo
na S
upre
me
Cou
rt, G
reat
erPh
oeni
x L
eade
rshi
p, M
aric
opa
Cou
nty
Atto
rney
, Mar
icop
a C
ount
y, a
nd
ASU
's M
orri
son
Inst
itute
for
Pub
lic P
olic
y. R
ecog
nizi
ng th
at th
e In
itiat
ive
wou
ld n
eed
to b
e br
oad-
base
d, th
e pa
rtne
rs in
vite
d 40
rep
rese
ntat
ives
of d
iffe
rent
bus
ines
ses,
non
-pro
fits
, com
mun
ity o
rgan
izat
ions
, and
gov
ern-
men
t ent
ities
to p
artic
ipat
e on
a p
roje
ct s
teer
ing
com
mitt
ee. T
his
was
the
firs
t tim
e so
man
y di
ffer
ent o
rgan
izat
ions
and
com
mun
ity le
ader
s ha
d m
et
to d
iscu
ss c
omm
on c
once
rns
abou
t vio
lenc
e an
d to
col
labo
rate
on
solu
tions
.
The
re w
ere
man
y ke
y ev
ents
in th
e PV
PI p
roce
ssm
ost a
re h
igh-
light
ed o
n pa
ges
4 an
d 5.
The
y oc
curr
ed in
thre
e ph
ases
:
Phas
e I:
Ana
lysi
s"U
nder
stan
ding
the
Prob
lem
"th
e St
eeri
ng
Com
mitt
ee f
ocus
ed o
n un
ders
tand
ing
the
natu
re a
nd e
xten
t of
the
viol
ence
prob
lem
in th
e Ph
oeni
x m
etro
are
a. I
t als
o st
udie
d w
hat w
orks
and
wha
t
does
not
wor
k in
term
s of
vio
lenc
e pr
even
tion
prog
ram
s an
d st
rate
gies
.M
uch
of th
e in
form
atio
n w
as s
umm
ariz
ed in
a p
oste
r th
e M
orri
son
Inst
itute
pro
duce
d in
Sep
tem
ber
1997
.
28
Phas
e II
: Par
ticip
ator
y St
rate
gy"C
olla
bora
ting
to P
reve
nt
Vio
lenc
e"th
e St
eeri
ng C
omm
ittee
laun
ched
fiv
e W
ork
Gro
ups,
invo
lvin
g
mor
e th
an 3
00 p
eopl
e, to
dev
elop
the
best
idea
s to
pre
vent
vio
lenc
e in
the
Phoe
nix
area
. The
Wor
k G
roup
s' in
itiat
ives
are
pre
sent
ed la
ter
inth
is r
epor
t.
Phas
e II
I: I
mpl
emen
tatio
nw
ill c
onne
ct th
e in
itiat
ives
with
the
peop
le a
nd o
rgan
izat
ions
who
can
hel
p de
velo
p th
em f
urth
er a
nd th
en p
ut
them
into
act
ion.
29
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
EI
3
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
EH
IGH
LIG
HT
S A
ND
TIM
ELI
NE
: 199
6-19
98
Nov
embe
r 19
96
The
City
of
Phoe
nix,
Ari
zona
Sup
rem
eC
ourt
, Gre
ater
Phoe
nix
Lea
ders
hip,
Mar
icop
a C
ount
yA
ttorn
ey's
Off
ice,
Mar
icop
a C
ount
yan
d A
rizo
na S
tate
Uni
vers
ity's
Mor
riso
n In
stitu
tefo
r Pu
blic
Pol
icy
form
a p
artn
ersh
ipto
initi
ate
a w
ide-
spre
ad, c
olla
bora
tive
proc
ess
for
deve
lop-
ing
the
regi
on's
fir
st
viol
ence
pre
vent
ion
stra
tegy
.
30
Feb
ruar
y 19
97M
arch
199
7A
pril
1997
May
199
7
The
new
ly-f
orm
edU
CL
A P
rofe
ssor
Phas
e I
Beg
ins
Pres
enta
tions
to th
ePh
oeni
x V
iole
nce
Dr.
Jam
es Q
. Wils
onT
he f
irst
pha
se o
fSt
eeri
ng C
omm
ittee
Prev
entio
n In
itiat
ive
(who
for
mul
ated
the
the
Phoe
nix
Vio
lenc
ere
gard
ing
viol
ence
send
s le
tters
of
"Bro
ken
Win
dow
s"Pr
even
tion
Initi
ativ
epr
even
tion
inin
vita
tion
to m
ore
theo
ry o
f cr
ime)
("U
nder
stan
ding
the
neig
hbor
hood
s an
dth
an 4
0 lo
cal
kick
s-of
f th
ePr
oble
m")
beg
ins
dom
estic
vio
lenc
e.
busi
ness
, civ
ic, a
ndIn
itiat
ive
with
aw
ith p
rese
ntat
ions
Pres
ente
rs in
clud
e:go
vern
men
t lea
ders
keyn
ote
lunc
heon
to th
e St
eeri
ngA
ssis
tant
Pho
enix
aski
ng th
em to
spee
ch to
mor
eC
omm
ittee
reg
ardi
ngPo
lice
Chi
ef E
rnie
part
icip
ate
in th
eth
an 2
00 p
eopl
e.vi
olen
ce p
reve
ntio
nB
akin
, Com
man
der
Initi
ativ
e as
The
PV
PI S
teer
ing
in p
rena
tal a
nd e
arly
Mik
e M
cCor
tSt
eeri
ng C
omm
ittee
mem
bers
.C
omm
ittee
mee
tsfo
r th
e fi
rst t
ime
child
hood
yea
rs, a
ndvi
olen
ce in
fam
ilies
(City
of
Phoe
nix)
,Ju
dy V
ande
grif
tan
d co
nsul
ts w
ith
Dr.
Wils
on a
bout
and
scho
ols.
Pres
ente
rs to
the
(Mor
riso
n In
stitu
te,
ASU
), D
onna
Nei
ll
how
to p
roce
edSt
eeri
ng C
omm
ittee
(Wes
twoo
d N
eigh
-
with
the
Initi
ativ
e.
An
edito
rial
in th
ear
e: C
arol
Kam
in(C
hild
ren'
s A
ctio
n
borh
ood
Ass
ocia
tion,
Phoe
nix)
, Bri
an
Ari
zona
Rep
ublic
Alli
ance
, Pho
enix
),N
elso
n (W
est
abou
t PV
PI s
tate
s,
"May
be, j
ust m
aybe
,
the
seed
s ha
ve b
een
plan
ted
(thr
ough
PVPI
) to
turn
the
Cla
udia
Cam
acho
and
Abe
l Par
ra(s
tude
nts,
Pho
enix
),D
ebbi
e D
illon
(City
of
Phoe
nix)
,
Phoe
nix
Bus
ines
sA
llian
ce),
and
Mad
ora
Moo
re,
Ram
ona
Cru
mpe
,an
d M
arga
rita
prov
erbi
al c
orne
ran
d A
rt L
ebow
itzR
odri
guez
(on
yout
h vi
olen
ce).
"(P
hoen
ix U
nion
Hig
h Sc
hool
Dis
tric
t).
(nei
ghbo
rhoo
dac
tivis
ts, P
hoen
ix).
314
IP
HO
EN
IX V
IOLE
NC
E P
RE
VE
NT
ION
INIT
IAT
IVE
June
199
7
Pres
enta
tions
to th
eSt
eeri
ng C
omm
ittee
rega
rdin
g vi
olen
ce
prev
entio
n in
the
wor
kpla
ce a
ndvi
olen
ce is
sues
fro
m
the
pers
pect
ive
of th
e co
urt a
ndpr
obat
ion
syst
ems.
Pres
ente
rs: L
ynne
McC
lure
(M
cClu
re
and
Ass
ocia
tes,
Tem
pe),
Mar
icop
a
Cou
nty
Atto
rney
Ric
k R
om le
y,
Mar
icop
a C
ount
y
Chi
ef J
uven
ile
Prob
atio
n O
ffic
er
Che
ryln
Tow
nsen
d,
Mar
icop
a C
ount
y
Chi
ef A
dult
Prob
atio
n O
ffic
erN
orm
an H
elbe
r,Su
peri
or C
ourt
Com
mis
sion
erD
avid
And
erso
n
and
Supr
eme
Cou
rtA
dmin
istr
ativ
eD
irec
tor
Dav
id B
yers
.
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
EH
IGH
LIG
HT
S A
ND
TIM
ELI
NE
: 199
6-19
98
July
199
7
Pres
enta
tion
to th
eSt
eeri
ng C
omm
ittee
rega
rdin
g "w
hat w
orks
"in
vio
lenc
e pr
even
tion
prog
ram
min
g in
the
U.S
., ba
sed
on e
valu
atio
n
and
anal
ysis
.
Dr.
Law
renc
e Sh
erm
an
(Uni
vers
ity o
f M
aryl
and)
pres
ents
to th
e St
eeri
ngC
omm
ittee
the
find
ings
from
his
199
7 pu
blic
atio
n,
Prev
entin
g C
rim
e,W
hat
Wor
ks,W
hat D
oesn
't,
Wha
t's P
rom
isin
g.
Sep
tem
ber
1997
The
Ste
erin
g C
omm
ittee
mee
ts to
dis
cuss
the
proc
ess
and
orga
niza
tiona
l
stru
ctur
e fo
r PV
PI's
Phas
e II
("C
olla
bora
ting
to P
reve
nt V
iole
nce"
)
in w
hich
sm
alle
r W
ork
Gro
ups
wer
e fo
rmed
tode
vise
vio
lenc
e pr
even
tion
prio
ritie
s an
d st
rate
gies
.
The
Ste
erin
g C
omm
ittee
vote
s to
for
m f
ive
Wor
k
Gro
ups:
pren
atal
and
ear
lych
ildho
od
indi
vidu
al y
outh
scho
ols
fam
ilies
neig
hbor
hood
s an
dco
mm
uniti
es.
The
Mor
riso
n In
stitu
tepr
oduc
es a
pos
ter
sum
-m
ariz
ing
the
"les
sons
lear
ned"
fro
m th
e fi
rst
phas
e of
the
Phoe
nix
Vio
lenc
e Pr
even
tion
Initi
ativ
e.
Dec
embe
r 19
97
Phas
e II
Beg
ins
Mor
e th
an 3
00 in
vite
es
agre
e to
par
ticip
ate
inPh
ase
II b
y at
tend
ing
the
kick
off
of
PVPI
's f
ive
Wor
k G
roup
s.
The
Wor
k G
roup
s ar
e
each
co-
chai
red
by o
ne
Stee
ring
Com
mitt
eem
embe
r an
d on
e no
n-
Stee
ring
Com
mitt
eem
embe
r.
Eac
h of
the
Wor
k G
roup
s
mee
ts f
or th
e fi
rst t
ime
to e
stab
lish
timel
ines
,sc
hedu
les,
and
fut
ure
mee
ting
date
s.
Seve
ral o
f th
e W
ork
Gro
ups
brai
nsto
rm,
disc
uss,
and
vot
e to
desi
gnat
e th
e "p
rior
ityis
sues
" w
ithin
thei
r br
oad
dom
ain
and
begi
n to
disc
uss
way
s to
add
ress
the
prio
rity
issu
es.
Janu
ary-
Mar
ch 1
998
Eac
h of
the
five
Wor
k
Gro
ups
mee
ts u
p to
fiv
e
times
to d
iscu
ss "
wha
t
wor
ks a
nd w
hat d
oesn
'tw
ork,
" as
soci
ated
with
thei
r pr
iori
ty is
sues
.
Eac
h of
the
Wor
k G
roup
s
brai
nsto
rms
and
disc
usse
svi
olen
ce p
reve
ntio
nst
rate
gies
to b
e un
der-
take
n in
its
dom
ain.
The
rec
omm
ende
dst
rate
gies
and
impl
emen
-
tatio
n st
eps
are
pres
ente
dby
the
Wor
k G
roup
co-c
hair
s to
the
Stee
ring
Com
mitt
ee.
Apr
il-Ju
ne 1
998
The
dra
ft v
iole
nce
prev
entio
n st
rate
gydo
cum
ent i
s re
view
ed.
The
Pho
enix
City
Cou
ncil
is b
rief
ed b
y
PVPI
co-
chai
rs a
nd
Stee
ring
Com
mitt
eem
embe
rs.
Fina
l str
ateg
y is
anno
unce
d.
Phas
e II
I B
egin
s("
Impl
emen
tatio
n of
Stra
tegi
es")
.
33
39,
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
EI
5
Who
?
IIMA
BLE
TH
E W
HO
, WH
AT
, WH
EN
, WH
ER
E A
ND
WH
Y O
F V
IOLE
NC
EA
dults
. Adu
lts c
onst
itute
d 77
% o
f th
e to
tal n
umbe
r of
vio
lent
off
ense
arr
ests
in P
hoen
ix. I
n 19
96, j
uven
iles
acco
unte
d fo
r 23
% o
f to
tal v
iole
nt o
ffen
se a
rres
ts.
Mal
es. M
ales
(ju
veni
le a
nd a
dult)
acc
ount
ed f
or 7
6% o
f al
l arr
ests
for
par
t I v
iole
nt o
ffen
ses
in A
rizo
na in
199
6. (
Adu
lt m
ales
con
stitu
ted
51%
of a
ll vi
olen
tar
rest
s, ju
veni
le m
ales
acc
ount
ed f
or r
ough
ly 2
4% o
f al
l vio
lent
arr
ests
.)
Whi
tes
and
His
pani
cs. W
hite
s ac
coun
ted
for
83%
of
all a
rres
ts f
or p
art I
vio
lent
off
ense
s in
Ari
zona
in 1
996;
per
sons
of
His
pani
c or
igin
(an
y ra
ce)
acco
unte
dfo
r ro
ughl
y 30
% o
f ar
rest
s fo
r vi
olen
t cri
me
in A
rizo
na in
199
6.
Peop
le o
n dr
ugs.
Fif
ty-s
ix p
erce
nt o
f al
l per
sons
arr
este
d fo
r a
viol
ent c
rim
e in
Pho
enix
are
eith
er u
nder
the
infl
uenc
e of
dru
gs o
r te
st p
ositi
vefo
r us
ing
drug
s re
cent
ly.
Wha
t?V
iole
nt a
nd p
rope
rty
crim
e. A
fter
pea
king
in 1
993,
the
City
of
Phoe
nix'
rat
e of
vio
lent
cri
me
(mur
der,
agg
rava
ted
assa
ult,
forc
ible
rap
e, a
nd r
obbe
ry o
ffen
ses
per
100,
000)
, has
dec
lined
for
fou
r st
raig
ht y
ears
(19
94-1
997)
. Add
ition
ally
, the
rat
e of
pro
pert
y cr
ime
(bur
glar
y, la
rcen
y, m
otor
veh
icle
thef
t and
ars
on o
ffen
ses
per
100,
000)
pea
ked
in 1
995,
and
has
dec
lined
in b
oth
1996
and
199
7. A
lthou
gh r
ecen
t med
ia r
epor
ts h
ave
corr
ectly
pub
liciz
ed a
n in
crea
se in
the
Phoe
nix'
Cri
me
Inde
x T
otal
(th
e to
tal n
umbe
r of
vio
lent
and
pro
pert
y of
fens
es r
epor
ted
in a
yea
r), t
hese
rep
orts
fai
l to
acco
unt f
or th
e la
rge
in-m
igra
tion
of p
opul
atio
nto
the
arca
whi
ch c
an d
rive
the
over
all r
ate
of c
rim
e do
wn
even
whe
n th
e to
tal n
umbe
r of
off
ense
s is
goi
ng u
p.
Agg
rava
ted
assa
ult a
nd la
rcen
y-th
eft.
In th
e C
ity o
f Ph
oeni
x in
199
7, th
e la
rges
t num
ber
of v
iole
nt c
rim
e in
cide
nts
invo
lved
agg
rava
ted
assa
ult (
6,04
8),
whi
le th
e la
rges
t num
ber
of s
erio
us p
rope
rty
crim
e in
cide
nts
invo
lved
larc
eny-
thef
t (61
,635
; lar
ceny
-the
ft d
oes
not i
nclu
de m
otor
veh
icle
thef
t). D
urin
g 19
97in
the
City
of
Phoe
nix,
ther
e w
ere
172
hom
icid
es r
epor
ted
to p
olic
e, 4
28 r
apes
, 3,7
25 r
obbe
ries
, and
6,0
48 a
ggra
vate
d as
saul
ts (
part
I v
iole
nt o
ffen
ses)
; 21,
027
burg
lari
es, 6
1,63
5 la
rcen
y/th
efts
, 18,
619
vehi
cle
thef
ts, a
nd 2
77 a
rson
s (p
art I
pro
pert
y of
fens
es).
Aga
inst
Who
m?
Pers
ons
of th
e sa
me
race
. In
Phoe
nix,
mos
t hom
icid
e vi
ctim
s ar
e of
the
sam
e ra
ce/e
thni
city
as
thei
r ki
ller.
Sim
ilar
vict
im d
ata
for
viol
ent c
rim
es o
ther
than
hom
icid
e is
not
com
pile
d.
Dis
prop
ortio
nally
Bla
cks
and
His
pani
cs. A
ccor
ding
to th
e Ph
oeni
x Po
lice
Dep
artm
ent,
Bla
cks
wer
e 21
% o
f al
l mur
der
vict
ims,
but
con
stitu
te o
nly
5% o
fth
e po
pula
tion.
Sim
ilarl
y, 3
6% o
f al
l hom
icid
e vi
ctim
s w
ere
of H
ispa
nic
orig
in, w
hile
mak
ing
up o
nly
23%
of
the
over
all p
opul
atio
n.
Peop
le th
ey k
now
. Mos
t hom
icid
e vi
ctim
s kn
ow th
eir
kille
r in
som
e w
ay (
i.e.,
rela
tive,
spo
use/
pare
nt, a
cqua
inta
nce)
.
Whe
n?
Whe
re?
Why
?
Satu
rday
s, 6
pm-2
am. S
atur
day
is th
e m
ost c
omm
on d
ay o
f th
e w
eek
for
a m
urde
r to
occ
ur in
Ari
zona
, and
gen
eral
ly th
e hi
ghes
t num
ber
of m
urde
rsoc
cur
betw
een
the
hour
s of
6pm
and
2am
. Sim
ilar
data
for
vio
lent
cri
mes
oth
cr th
an m
urde
r ar
e no
t com
pile
d.
Stre
et a
nd h
omes
. A s
tudy
of
205
hom
icid
es in
Pho
enix
rec
ently
rev
eale
d th
at 4
6% o
ccur
red
on s
tree
ts, i
n pa
rkin
g lo
ts, p
arks
, or
fiel
ds. A
n ad
ditio
nal
48%
of
mur
ders
occ
urre
d in
a r
esid
ence
. In
1996
, 53%
of
all r
obbe
ries
in A
rizo
na o
ccur
red
on th
e hi
ghw
ay (
stre
ets,
alle
ys, a
nd s
idew
alks
).
3 4
A s
tudy
of
Phoe
nix
hom
icid
es in
rec
ent y
ears
rev
eale
d th
c to
p fi
ve r
easo
ns li
sted
for
mur
ders
as:
1.V
erba
l dis
pute
s/m
utua
l com
bat;
2. D
omes
tic d
ispu
te (
eith
erpa
rtne
r, c
hild
or
rela
tive)
3. N
arco
tic-r
elat
ed 4
. Gan
g-re
late
d, a
nd 5
. Rob
bery
/bur
glar
y.
SO
UR
CE
: PH
AS
E I
PV
PI
6 I
PH
OE
NIX
VI1
:1L'
iNC
E P
RE
VE
NT
ION
INIT
IAT
IVE
35
WH
AU
US
A P
RE
WE
IMU
OW
E
AP
PR
OA
CH
UC
D V
UB
LEN
CE
?
The
ded
icat
ed
effo
rt o
f al
l
sect
ors
of
soci
ety
is n
eede
d
to p
reve
nt
viol
ence
.
3 6
Bef
ore
pres
entin
g th
e st
rate
gy d
evel
oped
spe
cifi
cally
for
the
Phoe
nix
area
,
it is
use
ful t
o re
view
wha
t is
gene
rally
mea
nt b
y vi
olen
ce p
reve
ntio
n. T
he
follo
win
g se
ven
poin
ts p
rovi
de a
sim
ple,
acc
essi
ble
sum
mar
y of
the
late
st
thin
king
abo
ut w
hat a
pre
vent
ion
stra
tegy
is a
nd w
hat t
he d
esig
n of
an
effe
ctiv
e st
rate
gy w
ould
ent
ail.
Alth
ough
vio
lenc
e-pr
even
tion
effo
rts
can
take
man
y fo
rms,
and
ther
e is
a la
rge
volu
me
of li
tera
ture
on
the
subj
ect,
thes
e se
ven
"sta
tem
ents
" ef
fect
ivel
y co
nvey
the
wha
t, ho
w a
nd w
hy o
fpr
even
tion.
The
y al
so r
epre
sent
the
subs
tant
ive
inpu
t the
Ste
erin
gC
omm
ittee
rec
eive
d du
ring
the
educ
atio
nal p
hase
in p
repa
ratio
n fo
r th
e
stra
tegy
dev
elop
men
t pha
se o
f th
e Ph
oeni
x In
itiat
ive.
Vio
lenc
e pr
even
tion
is a
bout
eff
orts
to p
reve
nt o
r in
terr
upt
prob
lem
s fr
om d
evel
opin
g in
to g
reat
er h
ards
hip
and
the
need
for
mor
e co
stly
res
pons
es. I
t is
anal
ogou
s to
the
prev
entiv
e ph
iloso
-
phie
s th
at a
re n
ow in
flue
ncin
g m
oder
n m
edic
ine:
pre
vent
ing
viol
ent
even
ts f
rom
occ
urri
ng in
the
firs
t pla
ce is
muc
h ch
eape
rin
dol
lars
and
in h
uman
mis
ery
than
atte
mpt
s to
cle
an u
p th
e pr
oble
ms
that
fol
low
them
. A la
rge
part
of
the
stra
tegy
invo
lves
giv
ing
peop
le th
e in
form
atio
n,
skill
s, a
ttitu
des,
sup
port
s an
d op
port
uniti
es th
at c
an in
ocul
ate
them
fro
m
drug
use
, sch
ool p
robl
ems,
teen
pre
gnan
cy, a
nd d
elin
quen
cy.
Vio
lenc
e pr
even
tion
stra
tegi
es a
re ty
pica
lly d
irec
ted
atyo
ung
peop
le, a
nd in
crea
sing
ly a
t the
ir f
amili
es a
nd h
ome
situ
atio
ns. A
s su
ch, t
hese
str
ateg
ies
invo
lve
effo
rts
to r
epai
r ru
ptur
ed
fam
ily s
truc
ture
s an
d in
adeq
uate
life
ski
lls, a
nd to
com
pens
ate
for
the
cons
eque
nces
of
livin
g in
trou
bled
com
mun
ities
. The
rea
sons
for
targ
etin
g yo
uth
are
obvi
ous.
Wha
t, m
any
ask,
cou
ld b
e m
ore
impo
rtan
t
than
hel
ping
you
ng p
eopl
e na
viga
te th
e pa
ssag
e fr
om c
hild
hood
toad
ulth
ood
with
out f
allin
g pr
ey to
dru
gs, e
arly
pre
gnan
cy, p
over
ty,
crim
e, f
amily
bre
ak u
p, a
busc
, vio
lenc
e an
d sc
hool
dro
p ou
t? W
hile
man
y yo
ung
peop
le a
re a
ble
to a
void
edu
catio
nal f
ailu
re, s
erio
us in
jury
,
dise
ase,
jail,
and
eco
nom
ic in
com
pete
nce,
far
too
man
y of
our
fut
ure
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
AN
.NIT
IAT
IVE
I7
wor
kers
, par
ents
and
citi
zens
are
at h
igh
or m
oder
ate
risk
for
suc
h
outc
omes
. Mos
t obs
erve
rs a
gree
that
the
soci
al a
nd e
cono
mic
for
ces
conf
ront
ing
yout
h to
day
are
far
mor
e ch
alle
ngin
g th
an th
ey w
ere
20
year
s ag
o, p
uttin
g th
em a
t muc
h gr
eate
r ri
sk f
or tr
oubl
ed f
utur
es.
The
rea
son
for
targ
etin
g fa
mili
es f
or s
uppo
rt a
nd a
ttent
ion,
alo
ng
wit.
h yo
ung
peop
le, i
s si
mpl
e: f
amili
es h
ave
a m
ajor
infl
uenc
e on
sha
ping
yout
h. I
n fa
ct, f
amili
es a
re b
oth
a la
rge
cont
ribu
ting
fact
or to
the
prob
lem
and
to th
e so
lutio
n fo
r m
any
of th
e pr
oble
ms
note
d ab
ove.
For
exam
ple,
a m
yria
d of
res
earc
h sh
ows
that
"cr
ime-
pron
e yo
uth
are
mor
e lik
ely
to c
ome
from
fam
ilies
whe
re p
aren
ts a
re a
busi
ve o
rne
glec
tful
, pro
vide
har
sh o
r er
ratic
dis
cipl
ine,
or
exhi
bit m
arita
ldi
scor
d" (
Men
del,
1995
). C
onve
rsel
y, c
hild
ren
in h
ealth
y fa
mili
es w
ho
feel
love
d, v
alue
d an
d su
perv
ised
hav
e a
grea
ter
chan
ce to
get
a g
ood
educ
atio
n an
d be
com
e pr
oduc
tive
mem
bers
of
the
soci
ety
and
are,
ther
efor
e, le
ss li
kely
to c
omm
it ac
ts o
f vi
olen
ce a
nd s
ubst
ance
abu
se.
As
one
vete
ran
crim
inol
ogis
t put
it, "
The
clo
ser
the
child
's r
elat
ions
hip
with
his
par
ents
, the
mor
e he
is a
ttrac
ted
to a
nd id
entif
ied
with
them
,
the
low
er h
is c
hanc
es o
f de
linqu
ency
" (W
righ
t & W
righ
t, 19
94).
Thi
s
find
ing
hold
s co
nsis
tent
in o
ne-
and
two-
pare
nt f
amili
es a
like.
Prev
entio
n, f
or a
cha
nce
to m
ake
a la
rge
diff
eren
ce, n
eeds
to s
tart
ver
y ea
rly
in li
fe, p
erha
ps a
s ea
rly
as th
e fi
rst t
wo
or th
ree
year
s. P
ublic
dis
cuss
ions
of
prev
entio
n pr
ogra
ms
usua
llyem
phas
ize
targ
etin
g hi
gh-r
isk
yout
h in
the
ages
whe
re ju
veni
lede
linqu
ency
is m
ost p
reva
lent
, aro
und
15 to
20
year
s of
age
. Man
y of
thes
e pr
ogra
ms
focu
s on
dis
pute
-res
olut
ion
skill
s, m
ento
ring
, aft
er-
scho
ol a
ctiv
ities
and
ant
i-tr
uanc
y pr
ogra
ms.
But
a d
iver
se g
roup
of
expe
rts
incl
udin
g sc
hola
rs, p
edia
tric
ians
, and
pol
ice
offi
cers
is
begi
nnin
g to
str
ongl
y ad
voca
te ta
rget
ing
youn
ger
child
ren.
The
key
to p
reve
ntio
n, th
is g
roup
say
s, is
to "
alte
r th
e w
ay in
whi
ch a
t-ri
sk
338
IP
HO
EN
IX V
IOLE
NC
E P
RE
VE
NT
ION
INIT
IAT
IVE
child
ren
expe
rien
ce th
e fi
rst f
ew y
ears
of
life.
" U
CL
A p
rofe
ssor
Jam
es
Q. W
ilson
exp
lain
s, "
duri
ng th
ese
year
s, s
ome
child
ren
are
put g
rave
ly
at r
isk
by s
ome
com
bina
tion
of h
erita
ble
trai
ts, p
rena
tal i
nsul
ts(m
ater
nal d
rug
and
alco
hol a
buse
or
poor
die
t), w
eak
pare
nt-c
hild
atta
chm
ent,
poor
sup
ervi
sion
, and
dis
orde
rly
fam
ily e
nvir
onm
ent"
(Wils
on, 1
994)
. Pro
mis
ing
stra
tegi
es to
cou
nter
-atta
ck s
uch
nega
tive
life
circ
umst
ance
s in
clud
e go
od p
rena
tal c
are,
hom
e vi
sita
tion
prog
ram
s fo
r ne
wbo
rns
at r
isk
of a
buse
and
neg
lect
, ste
ps to
str
engt
hen
pare
nts'
ski
lls f
or d
ealin
g w
ith c
rise
s, a
nd in
itiat
ives
to p
repa
rech
ildre
n fo
r sc
hool
.
Man
y ge
t-to
ugh-
on-c
rim
e fo
lks
have
com
e to
agr
ee w
ith s
ocia
lsc
ient
ists
and
hea
lth c
are
prof
essi
onal
s th
at q
ualit
y ea
rly
child
hood
prog
ram
s, q
ualit
y af
ter-
scho
ol p
rogr
ams,
and
ear
ly in
terv
entio
npr
ogra
ms
for
fam
ilies
at r
isk
will
, ove
r th
e lo
ng h
aul,
redu
ce c
rim
e.O
ne o
f th
e la
test
suc
h en
dors
emen
ts c
omes
fro
m a
bi-
part
isan
gro
upof
pol
ice
chie
fs, p
rose
cuto
rs, c
rim
e vi
ctim
s' a
dvoc
ates
, and
sch
olar
sfr
om th
roug
hout
the
U.S
. Thi
s di
vers
e gr
oup
reco
mm
ends
the
adop
tion
of th
ree
polic
ies
as th
e co
rner
ston
es f
or c
rim
e pr
even
tion:
Prov
ide
all i
nfan
ts, t
oddl
ers,
and
pre
scho
ol c
hild
ren
acce
ss to
qual
ity c
hild
car
e at
a p
rice
thei
r pa
rent
s ca
n af
ford
;
Stre
ngth
en f
amili
es a
nd r
educ
e ch
ild a
buse
, neg
lect
and
del
inqu
ency
by o
ffer
ing
all p
aren
ts "
pare
ntin
g co
ache
s" th
roug
h pr
oven
hom
evi
sitin
g pr
ogra
ms,
as
wel
l as
acce
ss to
com
mun
ity-b
ased
fam
ily
reso
urce
pro
gram
s; a
nd
Prov
ide
all o
f A
mer
ica'
s sc
hool
-age
chi
ldre
n an
d te
ens
acce
ss to
afte
r-sc
hool
, wee
kend
and
sum
mer
pro
gram
s th
at o
ffer
rec
reat
ion,
acad
emic
sup
port
and
com
mun
ity s
ervi
ce e
xper
ienc
e (F
ight
Cri
me,
Inv
est i
n K
ids,
199
8).
t ,t
39
Tab
le 2
bri
efly
des
crib
es a
sam
ple
of p
reve
ntio
n pr
ogra
ms
divi
ded
by a
ge g
roup
and
incl
udes
any
evi
denc
e fr
om p
ublis
hed
rese
arch
repo
rts
of th
eir
succ
ess.
Rec
ogni
zing
the
full
rang
e of
odd
s th
at n
eed
to b
e ov
erco
me
child
hood
impu
lsiv
ity, l
ow s
elf-
este
em, i
ncom
pete
nt p
ar-
entin
g, d
isor
derl
y ne
ighb
orho
ods
effe
ctiv
e pr
even
tive
tact
ics
will
nee
d to
be
inte
nsiv
e an
d m
ulti-
path
ed, n
ot q
uick
and
chea
p. W
ithin
the
scho
larl
y an
d pr
ofes
sion
al c
omm
uniti
es, i
nfa
ct, a
n im
port
ant c
onse
nsus
has
em
erge
d ab
out t
he f
acto
rs a
ssoc
iate
d
with
less
suc
cess
ful p
rogr
ams
and
outc
omes
(A
mer
ica
You
th P
olic
y
Foru
m, 1
997)
. The
se f
acto
rs in
clud
e:
Sing
le-c
ompo
nent
inte
rven
tions
add
ress
ing
only
one
dim
ensi
on
of a
you
ng p
erso
n's
or f
amily
's d
evel
opm
enta
l nee
ds;
Shor
t-te
rm o
r lo
w-i
nten
sity
inte
rven
tions
(e.
g., c
onta
ct o
r
serv
ice
occu
rs in
freq
uent
ly);
and
Ove
rloo
king
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f fa
mily
, pee
rs, a
nd c
omm
unity
in p
rovi
ding
the
supp
orts
and
pos
itive
rei
nfor
cem
ents
to s
usta
in
forw
ard
prog
ress
in th
e pr
ogra
m a
nd o
utsi
de it
.
In o
ther
wor
ds, i
t tak
es ti
me,
con
tinuo
us in
volv
emen
t, an
da
rang
e of
pre
vent
ive
inte
rven
tions
invo
lvin
g fr
ontli
ne in
stitu
tions
such
as
scho
ols,
com
mun
ity o
rgan
izat
ions
(in
clud
ing
faith
-bas
ed),
heal
th c
are
inst
itutio
ns, a
nd th
e m
edia
to c
hang
e th
e pa
thw
ays
thro
ugh
whi
ch a
ggre
ssiv
e ch
ildre
n de
velo
p in
to p
rodu
ctiv
e, r
athe
r th
anvi
olen
t, ad
ults
.
40
The
ded
icat
ed e
ffor
t of
all s
ecto
rs o
f so
ciet
y is
nee
ded
topr
even
t vio
lenc
e. G
over
nmen
t can
be
in th
e fo
refr
ont o
f ac
tion
and
shou
ld b
e bo
ld in
citi
ng th
e pr
oven
val
ue o
f of
feri
ng p
rogr
ams
aim
ed a
t pre
vent
ing
not j
ust r
eact
ing
toth
e ca
uses
and
con
ditio
ns
that
put
larg
e nu
mbe
rs o
f ch
ildre
n an
d fa
mili
es a
t ris
k of
cri
min
alca
reer
s an
d ot
her
poor
out
com
es. B
ut g
over
nmen
t can
not d
o th
ejo
b
alon
e. T
he w
ork
of f
orm
ulat
ing
prev
entio
n pr
ogra
ms
and
polic
ies
shou
ld b
e em
brac
ed b
y al
l con
cern
ed g
roup
s an
d ci
tizen
s. I
n fa
ct,
Prin
ceto
n Pr
ofes
sor
John
DiI
ulio
arg
ues
that
"A
mer
ica'
s ul
timat
e an
ti-
crim
e in
sura
nce
polic
ies
are
not c
ops,
judg
es, p
roba
tion
offi
cers
, or
pris
on g
uard
s; th
ey a
re in
stea
d go
od p
aren
ts, c
arin
g fr
iend
s, in
spir
ing
teac
hers
, loc
al r
elig
ious
lead
ers,
ded
icat
ed c
o-w
orke
rs, a
nd d
ecen
tem
ploy
ers"
(D
iIul
io, 1
995)
. And
aft
er s
pend
ing
mor
e th
an a
dec
ade
inte
rvie
win
g an
d ob
serv
ing
just
ice
offi
cial
s al
l acr
oss
the
coun
try,
Prof
esso
r D
ilulio
is c
onvi
nced
that
mos
t cop
s, ju
dges
, pro
batio
nof
fice
rs, c
orre
ctio
ns o
ffic
ials
and
cri
min
olog
ists
see
it th
at w
ay.
Dilu
lio a
nd o
ther
s al
so h
old
that
ove
r th
e la
st s
ever
al d
ecad
es,
mos
t ant
icri
me
effo
rts
in A
mer
ica
have
bee
n, a
nd c
ontin
ue to
be,
priv
ate,
not
gov
ernm
enta
l: "P
aren
ts h
ave
lect
ured
thei
r ch
ildre
n to
be
mor
e ca
refu
l. H
omeo
wne
rs h
ave
purc
hase
d bu
rgla
r al
arm
s. C
ar o
wne
rs
have
bou
ght a
nti-
thef
t dev
ices
. Nei
ghbo
rs h
ave
esta
blis
hed
tow
nw
atch
gro
ups.
Bus
ines
ses
have
hir
ed s
mal
l arm
ies
of p
riva
te s
ecur
ity
guar
ds."
In
othe
r w
ords
, Am
eric
ans
have
bee
n fo
cuse
d on
doi
ng w
hat-
ever
it ta
kes
to m
ake
the
envi
ronm
ents
in w
hich
they
live,
wor
k,
recr
eate
, atte
nd s
choo
l, an
d sh
op le
ss v
ulne
rabl
e to
cri
me.
Wer
e it
not
for
such
pri
vate
ant
icri
me
effo
rts,
Dilu
lio m
aint
ains
, the
nat
ion'
scr
ime
prob
lem
wou
ld s
urel
y be
wor
se th
an it
is to
day.
The
cha
lleng
e
now
, acc
ordi
ng to
DiI
ulio
and
oth
ers,
is to
get
Am
eric
ans
from
eve
ry
soci
oeco
nom
ic a
nd d
emog
raph
ic d
escr
iptio
n to
join
for
ces
to a
ddre
ss
root
cau
ses
of c
rim
e an
d to
take
up
the
task
of
prev
entio
n, n
ot ju
st th
e
task
of
dete
rren
ce.
41P
HO
EN
IX V
IOLE
NC
E P
RE
VE
NT
ION
INIT
IAT
IVE
I 9
TA
BLE
2. E
XA
MR
LES
OF
EV
ALU
AT
ED
tiR
EV
EN
TIO
N A
ND
EA
RLY
INT
Eki
fEki
fibis
i PR
bAM
s
Ear
ly C
hild
hood
Pro
gram
s:
Perr
y Pr
e-Sc
hool
(M
ichi
gan)
: A tw
o-ye
ar p
re-s
choo
l edu
catio
nal
prog
ram
in th
e ea
rly
1960
s fo
r ch
ildre
n in
pov
erty
, with
wee
kly
hom
evi
sits
by
teac
her.
Ben
efits
incl
uded
cri
me
redu
ctio
n, in
crea
sed
earn
ings
,w
elfa
re r
educ
tions
, and
sch
ool c
ost s
avin
gs.
Syra
cuse
Fam
ily D
evel
opm
ent (
New
Yor
k): A
fiv
e-ye
ar e
arly
197
0spr
ogra
m f
or lo
w-i
ncom
e, m
ostly
sin
gle
pare
nt, f
amili
es w
ith p
rena
tal
care
, wee
kly
hom
e vi
sits
, par
ent t
rain
ing,
chi
ld c
are,
and
nut
ritio
n. A
tfo
llow
-up,
ten
year
s la
ter,
chi
ldre
n sh
owed
red
uced
rat
es o
f de
linqu
ent
or c
rim
inal
act
s.
Ava
nce
Fam
ily S
uppo
rt a
nd E
duca
tion
(Tex
as):
A m
ulti-
stra
tegy
prog
ram
in th
e 19
70s
for
birt
h to
two-
year
-old
s an
d th
eir
fam
ilies
prov
idin
g ad
ult-
focu
sed,
par
ent-
focu
sed,
and
chi
ld-f
ocus
ed s
ervi
ces
via
hom
e vi
sits
, in
cent
ers
and
linka
ges
to k
ey s
ervi
ces
(par
ent j
obtr
aini
ngan
d ed
ucat
ion)
. The
se "
two-
gene
ratio
n"pr
ogra
ms
are
desi
gned
to s
erve
child
ren
and
thei
r pa
rent
s si
mul
tane
ousl
y, g
ivin
gpa
rent
s th
e to
ols
toim
prov
e th
eir
own
lives
. Sho
wed
pos
itive
eff
ects
in p
aren
ting
and
larg
ein
crea
ses
in m
othe
rs o
btai
ning
GE
D.
Hea
lthy
Fam
ilies
(A
rizo
na):
Aft
eran
in-h
ospi
tal a
sses
smen
t, at
-ris
kfa
mili
es w
ith n
ewbo
rns
rece
ive
tuto
ring
in p
aren
ting,
chi
ld d
evel
opm
ent,
fam
ily h
ealth
, and
str
ess
man
agem
ent t
hrou
gh h
ome
visi
ts a
nd li
nks
tova
riet
y of
ser
vice
s. A
udito
r G
ener
al r
epor
t fou
nd r
educ
tions
in c
hild
abus
e, im
prov
ed c
hild
hea
lth,ta
nd le
ss d
epen
denc
eon
wel
fare
.
Cas
h In
cent
ives
(O
rego
n): C
ash
ince
ntiv
esas
low
as
$50
per
mon
thgi
ven
to y
oung
, low
inco
me
preg
nant
wom
en a
nd th
eir
fam
ilyor
fri
ends
to q
uit s
mok
ing.
Stu
dy s
how
s w
omen
fou
r to
fiv
e tim
esm
ore
likel
y to
quit
smok
ing
than
thei
r co
unte
rpar
ts w
ho r
ecei
ve th
esa
me
coun
selin
gan
d ed
ucat
ion,
but
no
mon
ey.
"di p
m
1 0
IP
HO
EN
IX V
IOLE
NC
E P
RE
VE
NT
ION
INIT
IAT
IVE
4).
Mid
dle
Chi
ldho
od P
rogr
ams:
Seat
tle S
ocia
l Dev
elop
men
t Pro
ject
(W
ashi
ngto
n): A
cla
ssro
omm
anag
emen
t and
inst
ruct
iona
l pro
gram
for
gra
des
1 to
6 w
ith c
ompo
nent
s
desi
gned
to p
reve
nt d
elin
quen
cy a
nd s
ubst
ance
abu
se. E
valu
atio
n sh
ows
prog
ram
is e
ffec
tive
in r
educ
ing
felo
nies
and
is c
ost-
effe
ctiv
e.
Fam
ilies
and
Sch
ool T
oget
her
(FA
ST S
tart
) (1
4 st
ates
): A
n in
itial
eigh
t-w
eek
scho
ol-b
ased
trai
ning
pro
gram
, with
two
year
fol
low
-up,
for
at-r
isk
stud
ents
, the
ir p
aren
ts, e
duca
tors
, and
ser
vice
age
ncie
s to
dea
lw
ith d
rugs
, alc
ohol
, abu
se a
nd a
band
onm
ent f
amily
situ
atio
ns. S
how
sim
pres
sive
res
ults
impr
ovin
g be
havi
or p
robl
ems,
fam
ily c
ohes
ion,
and
pare
nt in
volv
emen
t in
scho
ols;
long
-ter
m, m
any
pare
nts
got j
obs
orso
ught
trea
tmen
t and
cou
nsel
ing.
Ado
lesc
ent P
rogr
ams:
Big
Bro
ther
s/B
ig S
iste
rs M
ento
ring
(A
rizo
na a
nd n
atio
nal)
: An
inte
rven
tion
that
mat
ches
you
th w
ith a
pos
itive
, car
ing
adul
t vol
unte
erfo
r at
leas
t a y
ear.
Sho
ws
sign
ific
ant d
elay
s in
the
onse
t of
drug
s an
dal
coho
l usa
ge, p
lus
boos
ts in
sch
ool r
etai
nmen
t and
per
form
ance
.
Qua
ntum
Opp
ortu
nitie
s (5
com
mun
ities
in 5
sta
tes)
: The
inte
rven
tion
was
a f
our-
year
pro
gram
for
dis
adva
ntag
ed h
igh-
scho
ol y
outh
that
incl
uded
men
tori
ng, t
utor
ing,
life
ski
lls, a
nd f
inan
cial
ince
ntiv
esto
grad
uate
. Sho
ws
stro
ng p
ositi
ve e
ffec
ts o
n gr
adua
tion
and
colle
geat
tend
ance
rat
es.
Safe
Alte
rnat
ives
and
Vio
lenc
e E
duca
tion
(SA
VE
) (C
alil4
nia)
:1-
day
clas
s on
vio
lenc
e ed
ucat
ion
and
awar
enes
s st
arte
d in
199
3 fo
rst
uden
ts a
ge 1
0-18
at r
isk
of e
xpul
sion
(w
eapo
ns v
iola
tions
) an
d th
eir
pare
nts.
78%
of
stud
ents
rem
aine
d vi
olen
ce-f
ree
for
two
year
s.
4 3
The
trac
k re
cord
for
fun
ding
pre
vent
ive
mea
sure
s is
a"m
ixed
pic
ture
." A
hig
hly
char
ged
and
impa
tient
pol
itica
l env
iron
-
men
t has
res
ulte
d in
pub
lic f
inan
cial
sup
port
bei
ng a
ltern
atel
y of
fere
d
and
with
draw
n. M
ost o
ften
, pre
vent
ion
prog
ram
s ha
ve b
een
pilo
t or
expe
rim
enta
l pro
ject
s op
erat
ing
on m
eage
r bu
dget
s an
d im
plem
ente
d
on a
sm
all s
cale
. Typ
ical
ly, i
t has
bee
n a
scra
mbl
e fo
r re
sour
ces
to h
elp
a fe
w d
ozen
or
a hu
ndre
d ou
t of
a co
mm
unity
's th
ousa
nds
of a
t-ri
sk
kids
and
fam
ilies
. In
Ari
zona
, for
exa
mpl
e, H
ealth
y Fa
mili
es, a
succ
essf
ul, c
ompr
ehen
sive
pro
gram
ass
istin
g ne
w p
aren
ts, s
erve
d ju
st
5.5%
of
the
13,9
97 e
ligib
le a
t-ri
sk b
irth
s in
Ari
zona
in 1
996.
Bec
ause
pro
gram
s lik
e H
ealth
y Fa
mili
es a
re c
apita
lized
on
an
annu
al b
asis
by
legi
slat
ive
appr
opri
atio
ns, t
hey
typi
cally
can
not g
row
to e
ffec
tivel
y m
eet d
eman
d if
it is
larg
e or
rap
idly
exp
andi
ng. T
he
resu
lt: e
ven
whe
n pr
ogra
ms
appe
ar e
ffec
tive
at p
rovi
ding
a q
ualit
y
good
or
serv
ice,
thei
r im
pact
and
ben
efits
are
not
ful
ly r
ealiz
edbe
caus
e th
ey a
re u
nder
-cap
italiz
ed a
nd th
eir
"rea
ch"
is o
ften
mod
est
(Men
del,
1995
).
Eve
n so
, the
eco
nom
ic a
dvan
tage
s of
pre
vent
ion
are
both
pers
uasi
ve a
nd e
ncou
ragi
ng. A
lthou
gh m
ost p
reve
ntio
n pr
o-gr
ams
in th
e U
.S. a
nd A
rizo
na h
ave
neve
r fu
lly r
each
ed th
eir
"mar
ket"
or b
een
rigo
rous
ly e
valu
ated
, som
e ha
ve s
how
n m
easu
rabl
y be
tter
outc
omes
for
thos
e se
rved
and
for
thei
r co
mm
uniti
es. R
esea
rch
show
s, f
or e
xam
ple:
For
ever
y $3
spe
nt o
n ch
ild a
buse
pre
vent
ion,
we
save
at l
east
$6 th
at w
ould
oth
erw
ise
be s
pent
on
child
wel
fare
ser
vice
s,
spec
ial e
duca
tion,
med
ical
car
e, f
oste
r ca
re, c
ouns
elin
g, a
nd
juve
nile
just
ice
(Bry
ant &
Dar
o, 1
994)
;
4 4
A r
ecen
t stu
dy b
y Pr
ofes
sor
Mar
k A
. Coh
en o
f V
ande
rbilt
Uni
vers
ity e
stim
ates
that
eac
h hi
gh-r
isk
yout
h pr
even
ted
from
adop
ting
a lif
e of
cri
me
coul
d sa
ve th
e co
untr
y fr
om $
1.7
mill
ion
to $
2.3
mill
ion
(Fig
ht C
rim
e, I
nves
t in
Kid
s, 1
997)
;
You
ng p
eopl
e in
wel
l-co
nduc
ted
men
tor
prog
ram
s (i
.e.,
prog
ram
s
conn
ectin
g yo
ung
peop
le w
ith a
dults
who
car
e ab
out t
hem
and
help
them
dev
elop
and
gro
w)
are
45%
less
like
ly to
beg
in to
use
drug
s, 2
7% le
ss li
kely
to b
egin
to u
se a
lcoh
ol, 3
2% le
ss li
kely
to in
itiat
e ph
ysic
al v
iole
nce,
37%
less
like
ly to
ski
p cl
ass,
and
52%
less
like
ly to
ski
p da
ys o
f sc
hool
(A
mer
ican
You
th P
olic
y
Foru
m, 1
997)
;
A m
ento
r co
sts
abou
t $1,
000
per
mat
ch w
here
as o
ne in
carc
erat
ed
pers
on c
osts
taxp
ayer
s an
est
imat
ed $
21,0
00 p
er y
ear
(acc
ordi
ng
to R
AN
D),
plu
s po
lice
and
cour
t cos
ts, p
riso
n co
nstr
uctio
nco
sts,
insu
ranc
e co
sts,
and
inca
lcul
able
cos
ts to
vic
tims
(Gre
enw
ood
et a
l., 1
996)
.
In A
rizo
na a
vol
unta
ry h
ome
visi
ting
prog
ram
pro
vidi
ng h
igh-
risk
fam
ilies
and
thei
r ne
wbo
rns
with
cou
nsel
ing,
ass
ista
nce
with
pare
ntin
g sk
ills
and
links
to h
ealth
car
e se
rvic
es c
osts
$3,
000
per
part
icip
ant p
er y
ear,
whi
le in
carc
erat
ion
in a
n A
rizo
na p
riso
n
cell
cost
s $1
7,08
5 pe
r in
mat
e pe
r ye
ar e
xclu
ding
cap
ital c
osts
(Ari
zona
Dep
artm
ent o
f C
orre
ctio
ns, 1
996
Ann
ual R
epor
t).
Figu
re 1
is a
n ill
ustr
atio
n of
the
cost
con
tinuu
m f
or a
sam
ple
ofpr
even
tion
prog
ram
s as
com
pare
d to
the
inca
rcer
atio
n al
tern
ativ
e. I
tal
so il
lust
rate
s th
e ec
onom
ic a
dvan
tage
s of
atta
ckin
g pr
oble
ms
at a
ver
y
earl
y ag
e.
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
EI
1 1
FIG
UR
E 1
. CO
NT
INU
UM
OF
CO
ST
Thi
s fig
ure
illus
trat
es th
e co
sts
for
a sa
mpl
e of
pre
vent
ion
prog
ram
s as
com
pare
d to
the
inca
rcer
atio
n al
tern
ativ
e.It
also
illu
stra
tes
the
econ
omic
adv
anta
ges
to a
ttack
ing
prob
lem
s at
ave
ry e
arly
age
4
Reh
abili
tatio
n
Cris
is In
terv
entio
n
Ear
ly In
terv
entio
n
Pre
vent
ion
Eff
orts
to p
reve
nt p
robl
ems
from
happ
enin
g in
the
firs
t pla
ce
If p
robl
ems
have
n't b
een
prev
ente
d, u
sual
ly in
nee
dof
inte
rven
tion
by th
e tim
ead
oles
cenc
e ar
rive
s
Whe
n pr
even
tion
and
earl
yin
terv
entio
n ef
fort
i hav
e ei
ther
faile
d or
igno
red,
it is
likel
y th
at m
any
adol
esce
nts
will
fin
dat
the
stag
e of
cri
sis
Part
icip
atio
n in
cer
tain
type
sof
inst
itutio
nal o
r co
mm
unity
-ba
sed
trea
tmen
t pro
gram
s
Det
entio
n/In
carc
erat
ion
Puni
sh a
nd lo
ck-u
p fo
rcr
imin
al b
ehav
ior
$800
Hea
lth S
tart
(pre
nata
l car
eou
trea
ch)
4 6
Cos
t Per
Par
ticip
ant P
er Y
ear
$1,0
00$3
,000
$12,
528
$14,
000
Men
tor
Hea
lthy
Fam
ilies
*C
ompr
ehen
sive
Pre
vent
ativ
eS
ervi
ces
Par
entin
g T
rain
ing
*SE
E T
AB
LE 2
FO
R P
RO
GR
AM
DE
SC
RIP
TIO
NS
e
12 I
P _ H
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
E
Qua
ntum
Per
ryO
ppor
tuni
ties
Pre
-Sch
ool*
**E
XC
LUD
ING
CA
PIT
AL
CO
ST
S ST C
OPY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
4 7
$17,
085
Ariz
ona
pris
on c
ell'
SO
UR
CE
: MO
RR
ISO
N IN
ST
ITU
TE
FO
R P
UB
LIC
PO
LIC
Y
AN
INT
EG
RA
TE
D F
RA
ME
WO
RK
FO
RV
IOLE
NC
E P
RE
VE
NT
ION
With
this
sub
stan
tive
inpu
t, th
e PV
PI S
teer
ing
Com
mitt
ee w
isel
yre
cogn
ized
that
the
mos
t pro
mis
ing
prev
entiv
e ap
proa
ches
atta
ck th
epr
oble
m f
rom
a n
umbe
r of
ang
les
and
invo
lve
an a
rray
of
inte
rest
s an
d
citiz
ens
in th
eir
desi
gn. T
he p
roce
ss f
or d
evel
opin
g th
e ar
ea's
fir
stco
mpr
ehen
sive
vio
lenc
e pr
even
tion
stra
tegy
, the
refo
re, e
volv
ed in
to a
five
-tra
ck a
ppro
ach
with
mor
e th
an 3
00 p
eopl
e pa
rtic
ipat
ing.
One
trac
k
focu
sed
on s
trat
egie
s di
rect
ed to
war
d in
fant
s, to
ddle
rs, y
oung
chi
ldre
nan
d th
eir
care
give
rs, w
hile
ano
ther
trac
k fo
cuse
d on
str
ateg
ies
mor
eap
prop
riat
e fo
r te
enag
ers
and
adol
esce
nts.
A th
ird
trac
k em
phas
ized
fam
ilies
and
hom
e si
tuat
ions
; the
fou
rth
trac
k fo
cuse
d on
sch
ool-
base
d
prev
entiv
e ef
fort
s; a
nd th
e fi
fth
trac
k co
ncen
trat
ed o
n in
terv
entio
ns a
t the
com
mun
ity a
nd n
eigh
borh
ood
leve
l.
A f
ram
ewor
k fo
r th
inki
ng a
bout
the
inte
rcon
nect
ion
amon
g th
ese
five
trac
ks, a
nd u
ltim
atel
y th
e ke
y el
emen
ts o
f a
prev
entio
n st
rate
gy is
pres
ente
d in
Fig
ure
2. T
he f
ram
ewor
k is
bas
ed o
n re
sear
ch e
vide
nce
that
youn
g pe
ople
s' a
bilit
y to
gro
w in
to h
ealth
y, n
onvi
olen
t, m
atur
e ad
ults
is
grea
tly in
flue
nced
by:
Gui
danc
e fr
om th
eir
fam
ilies
and
car
egiv
ers;
Skill
s an
d kn
owle
dge
acqu
ired
at s
choo
l;
Supp
orts
and
exp
erie
nces
in th
eir
neig
hbor
hood
s; a
nd
Rei
nfor
cem
ents
and
opp
ortu
nitie
s in
the
larg
er c
omm
unity
.
48
FIG
UR
E 2
. AN
INT
EG
RA
TE
D F
RA
ME
WO
RK
FO
R V
IOLE
NC
E P
RE
VE
NT
ION
LAR
GE
R C
OM
MIW
VIIT
Y
YO
UN
G P
EO
PLE
Pre
nata
lan
d E
arly
Chi
ldho
od0-
5 Y
ears
Chi
ldre
nan
d Y
outh
6-18
Yea
rs
SC
HO
OLS
49P
HO
EN
IX V
IOLE
NC
E P
RE
VE
NT
ION
INIT
IAT
IVE
I 13
The
cha
lleng
e in
cre
atin
g a
prev
entio
n st
rate
gy is
, the
refo
re, t
o th
ink
abou
t the
type
s of
initi
ativ
es th
at c
ould
be
deve
lope
d to
add
ress
wea
k-
ness
es w
ithin
eac
h of
the
four
ele
men
ts a
nd to
str
engt
hen
the
capa
bilit
yof
eac
h on
e to
con
trib
ute
posi
tivel
y to
you
th d
evel
opm
ent.
Furt
her,
thes
e
initi
ativ
es n
eed
to b
e di
ffer
entia
ted
and
appr
opri
atel
y de
sign
ed f
or a
t lea
st
two
age
grou
ps: p
rena
tal a
nd e
arly
chi
ldho
od (
0-5
year
s of
age
) an
dch
ildre
n an
d yo
uth
(6-1
8 ye
ar-o
lds)
. Exa
mpl
es o
f w
hat t
hese
initi
ativ
esm
ight
incl
ude
are
show
n in
the
diag
ram
to th
e ri
ght:
50
14 I
P _ H
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
E
You
th N
eeds
Pre
vent
ion
Initi
ativ
es
Gui
danc
e fr
om fa
mily
:St
rate
gies
to e
nhan
ce p
aren
t ski
lls
Stra
tegi
es to
impr
ove
mot
her's
hea
lthan
d en
hanc
e pr
enat
al c
are
Ski
lls/k
now
ledg
e ac
quire
dat
sch
ool:
Stra
tegi
es to
kee
p ki
ds in
sch
ool
Stra
tegi
es to
impr
ove
acad
emic
per
form
ance
Cla
ssro
om c
urri
cula
to te
ach
criti
cal l
ife
skill
s (g
oal s
ettin
g, d
ecis
ion
mak
ing,
com
mun
icat
ion,
pro
blem
sol
ving
)
Sup
port
s an
d ex
perie
nces
in n
eigh
borh
ood:
Rei
nfor
cem
ents
from
the
larg
er c
omm
unity
:
Nei
ghbo
rhoo
ds o
rgan
ize
to "
wat
ch"
and
repo
rt c
rim
es
Nei
ghbo
rhoo
d-ba
sed
serv
ice
cent
ers
to li
nkfa
mili
es w
ith a
ssis
tanc
e
Polic
ing
stra
tegi
es e
mph
asiz
ing
com
mun
itypo
licin
g
51
Publ
ic a
war
enes
s ca
mpa
igns
to d
isco
urag
evi
olen
ce
Prog
ram
s to
con
nect
car
ing
adul
ts to
kid
s
Supe
rvis
ed, w
ell d
esig
ned
non-
scho
ol h
our
prog
ram
s an
d jo
bs f
or y
outh
Acc
ess
to q
ualit
y an
d af
ford
able
chi
ld c
are
Pm(D
EN
OK
VO
OLE
NC
E
PR
EW
IEN
UM
N U
NF
TU
AT
HW
ES
The
bui
ldin
g
bloc
ks
of th
e
Phoe
nix
stra
tegy
The
re a
re 1
3 in
itiat
ives
whi
ch c
onst
itute
the
build
ing
bloc
ks o
f th
e
Phoe
nix
viol
ence
pre
vent
ion
stra
tegy
. Tab
le 3
hig
hlig
hts
the
initi
ativ
es b
y
maj
or o
bjec
tive.
Loo
king
at T
able
3, s
ome
may
ask
, whe
re a
re th
e in
itiat
ives
add
ress
ing
drug
s, g
angs
and
gun
s? I
t is
a se
nsib
le q
uest
ion
beca
use
ofte
n, th
ese
are
the
issu
es th
at g
rab
head
lines
. How
ever
, lur
king
beh
ind
the
ques
tion
may
be
a
larg
e an
d fu
ndam
enta
l mis
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
conc
ept o
f pr
even
tion.
Med
ia c
omm
only
rep
ort a
bout
the
prev
alen
ce o
f w
eapo
ns o
n th
e
stre
ets
and
viol
ent c
rim
e pe
rpet
rato
rs b
cing
on
drug
s, a
busi
ng a
lcoh
ol,
and
disp
layi
ng g
ang
colo
rs. I
t is
alm
ost e
qual
ly c
omm
on to
hea
r po
litic
ians
prop
ose
dram
atic
sol
utio
nsdr
ug b
usts
, gan
g pa
trol
s an
d w
eapo
n m
elt-
dow
nsin
rea
ctio
n to
thes
e pr
oble
ms.
And
so
it m
ay b
e a
little
per
plex
ing
to s
ome
that
this
doc
umen
t doe
s no
t con
tain
sim
ilar,
exp
licit
gang
, dru
g
and
gun
initi
ativ
es. I
nste
ad it
foc
uses
on
good
pre
nata
l car
e, h
ome
visi
tatio
n
prog
ram
s fo
r ne
wbo
rns
at r
isk
of a
buse
and
neg
lect
, ini
tiativ
es to
pro
vide
men
tori
ng a
nd a
fter
-sch
ool p
rogr
ams,
and
ste
ps to
rep
air
neig
hbor
hood
deca
y an
d bl
ight
.
Thi
s qu
estio
n do
es n
ot a
rise
, how
ever
, whe
n on
e un
ders
tand
s th
at th
e
road
to v
iole
nt c
rim
e be
gins
in e
arly
chi
ldho
od a
nd th
at f
ight
ing
gang
s,
drug
s, a
nd g
uns
in th
e lo
ng te
rm h
as a
gre
at d
eal t
o do
with
par
entin
g sk
ills,
pren
atal
car
e, a
nd s
truc
ture
d yo
uth
activ
ities
. The
re is
now
a b
ody
of
evid
ence
to s
ugge
st th
at w
hene
ver
adol
esce
nts
expe
rien
ce s
usta
ined
, pos
itive
adul
t rel
atio
nshi
ps, c
oope
rativ
e ac
tiviti
es w
ith p
eers
, hig
h ex
pect
atio
ns,
resp
onsi
bilit
y, a
nd r
ecre
atio
n, g
ood
thin
gs h
appe
n: k
ids
don'
t use
dru
gs,
don'
t joi
n ga
ngs,
and
don
't dr
op o
ut o
f sc
hool
. In
gene
ral,
delin
quen
cy;
take
s a
nose
-div
e. T
here
are
cor
olla
ry f
indi
ngs
whi
ch s
ugge
st th
at w
hene
ver
5253
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
EI
1 5
child
ren
are
abus
ed a
nd n
egle
cted
by
thei
r pa
rent
s, le
ft to
look
aft
er th
em-
selv
es in
non
-sch
ool h
ours
, exp
erie
nce
scho
ol f
ailu
re, a
nd li
ve in
dis
orde
rly
neig
hbor
hood
s, b
ad th
ings
hap
pen:
chi
ldre
n en
gage
in a
t-ri
sk b
ehav
iors
i.e.,
toba
cco,
alc
ohol
, illi
cit d
rugs
, sex
and
ant
isoc
ial b
ehav
ior.
Bot
h se
ts o
f da
ta p
rovi
de c
ompe
lling
sug
gest
ions
abo
ut w
here
pre
vent
ion
effo
rts
shou
ld b
e co
ncen
trat
ed. T
he a
rgum
ent i
s no
t so
muc
h th
at th
e m
ore
"dra
mat
ic"
inte
rven
tion
effo
rts
are
unne
cess
ary,
but
rat
her
it is
a s
tate
men
t
abou
t the
lim
its o
f su
ch e
ffor
ts o
ver
the
long
hau
l.
The
13
Phoe
nix
Vio
lenc
e Pr
even
tion
Initi
ativ
es a
re th
e re
sults
of
five
Wor
k G
roup
s: (
1) p
rena
tal/e
arly
chi
ldho
od, (
2) in
divi
dual
you
th, (
3)
scho
ols,
(4)
fam
ilies
, and
(5)
nei
ghbo
rhoo
ds/c
omm
uniti
es. E
ach
Wor
k
Gro
up id
entif
ied
and
deve
lope
d co
nsen
sus
arou
nd th
e be
st id
eas
to p
reve
nt
viol
ence
fro
m it
s pa
rtic
ular
per
spec
tive.
Eac
h gr
oup
was
co-
chai
red
by tw
o
peop
le, s
taff
ed b
y a
faci
litat
or, a
nd m
ade
up o
f vo
lunt
eers
fro
m th
e V
alle
y's
publ
ic, p
riva
te, e
duca
tion,
med
ia a
nd c
omm
unity
sec
tors
. The
y m
et a
t lea
st
five
tim
es in
a f
our-
mon
th p
erio
d, m
ovin
g fr
om id
entif
ying
cri
tical
pro
blem
s,
to g
ener
atin
g po
ssib
le s
olut
ions
, to
deve
lopi
ng a
ctio
n in
itiat
ives
. App
endi
x
A s
how
s th
e "r
oad
map
" fo
r th
e W
ork
Gro
ups'
task
s an
d pr
oces
s.
The
text
that
fol
low
s pr
esen
ts e
ach
initi
ativ
e, a
long
with
rat
iona
le,
goal
s, a
nd k
ey im
plem
enta
tion
step
s. W
hile
edi
ted
by th
e M
orri
son
Inst
itute
to p
rovi
de s
imila
r st
ruct
ure
and
to e
limin
ate
dupl
icat
ion
in in
itiat
ives
,
the
repo
rts
genu
inel
y re
flec
t com
mun
ity in
put.
Wor
k G
roup
par
ticip
ants
shou
ld b
e ab
le to
see
thei
r w
ork
in e
ach
repo
rt.
5 4
1 6
IP
HO
EN
IX V
IOLE
NC
E P
RE
VE
NT
ION
INIT
IAT
IVE
TA
BLE
3. O
VE
RV
IEW
OF
INIT
IAT
IVE
S
As
a "p
acka
ge"
the
Wor
k G
roup
initi
ativ
es fi
t int
o fiv
em
ajor
them
es:
1. F
ill "
gap
peri
ods"
in s
choo
l-ag
e ch
ildre
ns' s
uper
visi
on a
ndac
tivity
by:
Prov
idin
g fo
r gr
eate
r va
riet
y, n
umbe
rs, a
nd a
cces
s to
aft
er-s
choo
l,w
eeke
nd; a
nd s
umm
er a
ctiv
ities
(Y
outh
, Sch
oolS
, and
Pre
nata
l/E
arly
Chi
ldho
od W
ork
Gro
ups)
Exp
andi
ng th
e sc
ope
of e
xist
ing
effe
ctiv
e yo
uth
jobs
pro
gram
s
(You
th W
ork
Gro
up)
2. S
tren
gthe
n yo
uth
supp
ort s
yste
ins
by:
Incr
easi
ng n
umbe
rs a
nd tr
aini
ng f
or m
ento
rs (
You
th W
ork
Gro
up)
Prov
idin
g fo
r m
ore
scho
oi-b
ased
cas
e m
anag
emen
t whi
ch p
rom
otes
inte
rdis
cipl
inar
y te
ams
(e.g
. cou
nsel
ors,
nur
ses,
pro
batio
n of
fice
rs,
soci
al w
orke
rs, s
choo
l res
ourc
e of
fice
rs)
to w
ork
with
you
th a
ndth
eir
fam
ilies
to g
ain
acce
ss to
ser
vice
s an
d m
onito
r th
eir
prog
ress
(Sch
ools
Wor
k G
roup
)
Prom
otin
g ch
ange
s in
sch
ool p
olic
ies
whi
ch c
urre
ntly
det
er th
ede
velo
pmen
t of
alte
rnat
ive
scho
ols
for
stud
ents
who
are
exp
elle
d/
drop
out a
nd th
e pl
acem
ent o
f st
uden
ts in
suc
h fa
cilit
ies
(Sch
ools
Wor
k G
roup
)
3. S
tren
gthe
n pa
rent
al s
uppo
rt s
yste
ms
by:
Add
ing
serv
ices
at e
xiki
ng c
omm
unity
res
ourc
e ce
nter
s to
prov
ide
a) p
aren
t tra
inin
g an
d b)
cas
e m
anag
ers
to h
elp
fam
ilies
gain
acc
ess
to a
n ar
ray
of s
ervi
ces
(Fam
ilies
Wor
k G
roup
)
56
Dev
elop
ing
a st
rong
med
ia c
ampa
ign
to r
aise
aw
aren
ess
abou
t the
impo
rtan
ce o
f ea
rly
child
hood
dev
elop
men
t, th
e pr
eval
ence
and
cons
eque
nces
of
dom
estic
and
chi
ld a
buse
, and
the
serv
ices
that
are
avai
labl
e to
hel
p (P
rena
tal/E
arly
Chi
ldho
od a
nd F
amili
es W
ork
Gro
ups)
4. G
uara
ntee
"R
ight
-Sta
rt"
serv
ices
to a
ll Ph
oeni
x pr
esch
ool
child
ren
by:
Exp
andi
ng p
reve
ntio
n an
d ea
rly
inte
rven
tion
serv
ices
to a
ll at
-ris
k
fam
ilies
, pro
vidi
ng p
rena
tal c
are
to a
ll pr
egna
nt w
omen
and
hea
lthca
re c
over
age
to a
ll ch
ildre
n (P
rena
tal/E
arly
Chi
ldho
od a
nd F
amili
es
Wor
k G
roup
s)
Exp
andi
ng a
cces
s to
hig
h qu
ality
and
com
preh
ensi
ve e
arly
chi
ldho
od
prog
ram
s an
d ch
ild c
are
(Fam
ilies
and
Pre
nata
l/Ear
ly C
hild
hood
Wor
k G
roup
s)
Dev
elop
ing
long
-ter
m f
undi
ng s
olut
ions
to e
arly
chi
ldho
od a
ndfa
mili
es is
sues
(Pr
enat
al/E
arly
Chi
ldho
od W
ork
Gro
up)
5. S
tren
gthe
n N
eigh
borh
oods
! A
sset
s an
d "P
rote
ctiv
e Fa
ctor
s" b
y:
Mak
ing
Phoe
nix
neig
hbor
hood
s le
ss h
ospi
tabl
e to
cri
me
by u
pgra
ding
infr
astr
uctu
re, p
rovi
ding
nee
ded
com
mun
ity d
evel
opm
ent r
esou
rces
(par
ks, c
omm
unity
res
ourc
e-ce
nter
s, in
fill
hous
ing,
str
eets
), a
nd
expa
ndin
g co
mm
unity
pol
icin
g re
sour
ces
(Nei
ghbo
rhoo
ds a
nd
Fam
ilies
Wor
k G
roup
s)
Ado
ptin
g ci
ty-w
ide
polic
ies
addr
essi
ng d
ensi
ty, z
onin
g, a
nd c
ode
enfo
rcem
ent,
and
blig
ht e
limin
atio
n so
as
to p
reve
nt a
nd m
itiga
te
crim
inal
act
ivity
(N
eigh
borh
oods
Wor
k G
roup
)
Off
erin
g m
ore
tech
nica
l ass
ista
nce
and
reso
urce
s to
stim
ulat
epa
rtic
ipat
ion
of r
esid
ents
in n
eigh
borh
ood
self
-hel
p ac
tiviti
es(N
eigh
borh
oods
Wor
k G
roup
)
5d
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
EI 1
7
SU
MM
AR
YO
F W
OR
K G
RO
UP
PR
OC
ES
SE
S
Pre
nata
l/Ear
lyC
hild
hood
Wor
k G
roup
Co-
Cha
irs:
Car
ol K
amin
and
Fran
cie
Mal
lery
Seve
n m
eetin
gs w
ith a
nat
tend
ance
ran
ge o
f 15
to 3
5
Rep
rese
ntat
ion
on th
egr
oup
incl
uded
: chi
ldca
re p
rovi
ders
, the
cou
rts,
Chi
ld P
rote
ctiv
e Se
rvic
es,
the
Mar
ch o
f D
imes
,C
ity o
f Ph
oeni
x, a
nd th
eG
over
nor's
Off
ice
Maj
or in
itiat
ive
area
sre
com
men
ded:
pub
licaw
aren
ess
cam
paig
n;pr
enat
al c
are
for
all
preg
nant
wom
en a
ndhe
alth
car
e fo
r al
l chi
ldre
n;
earl
y in
terv
entio
n se
rvic
es
for
all f
amili
es a
t ris
k;
univ
ersa
l acc
ess
to h
igh
qual
ity a
nd c
ompr
ehen
sive
child
hood
and
aft
ersc
hool
pro
gram
s; a
nd,
a "p
erce
nt to
pre
vent
"po
licy
at e
very
leve
l of
gove
rnm
ent
Indi
vidu
al Y
outh
Wor
k G
roup
Co-
Cha
irs:
Ed
Eis
ele
and
Che
ryln
Tow
nsen
d
Five
mee
tings
with
an
atte
ndan
ce r
ange
of
20
to 5
0
Rep
rese
ntat
ion
on th
egr
oup
incl
uded
: vol
unte
er
orga
niza
tions
, pro
batio
n,B
ig B
roth
ers/
Big
Sis
ters
,
educ
atio
n, C
ity o
f Ph
oeni
x,
and
both
the
Cou
nty
and
U.S
. Atto
rney
's o
ffic
es
Maj
or in
itiat
ive
area
s
reco
mm
ende
d: in
crea
sed
prog
ram
s an
d ac
tiviti
es
duri
ng n
on-t
radi
tiona
lsc
hool
hou
rs; e
xpan
sion
of r
egio
nal m
ento
ring
effo
rts;
and
exp
ansi
on o
f
jobs
for
you
th p
rogr
ams
Fam
ilies
Wor
k G
roup
Co-
Cha
irs:
Bri
an H
asse
tt an
dJu
dith
Alle
n
Five
mee
tings
with
an
atte
ndan
ce r
ange
of
20to
40
Rep
rese
ntat
ion
on th
egr
oup
incl
uded
: cou
rts,
City
of
Phoe
nix,
non
-
prof
its, p
olic
e de
part
men
t,
the
busi
ness
com
mun
ity,
publ
ic h
ealth
dep
artm
ent,
the
Gov
erno
r's O
ffic
e,an
d th
e fa
ith c
omm
unity
Maj
or in
itiat
ive
area
s
reco
mm
ende
d: p
ublic
awar
enes
s ca
mpa
ign;
and
expa
nsio
n of
pare
ntin
g se
rvic
es a
nd
outr
each
at c
omm
unity
reso
urce
cen
ters
Sch
ools
Wor
k G
roup
Co-
Cha
irs:
Alf
redo
Gut
ierr
ez a
ndPh
oeni
x C
ounc
ilwom
an
Pegg
y B
ilste
n
Five
wor
k gr
oup
mee
tings
and
one
mee
ting
with
supe
rint
ende
nts;
atte
n-da
nce
rang
e of
15
to 4
0
Rep
rese
ntat
ion
on th
egr
oup
incl
uded
: tea
cher
s,ad
min
istr
ator
s, s
tude
nts,
neig
hbor
hood
s, C
ity o
fPh
oeni
x, c
ourt
s, B
oys
and
Gir
ls C
lubs
, and
Chi
ld P
rote
ctiv
e Se
rvic
es
Maj
or in
itiat
ive
area
s
reco
mm
ende
d: in
crea
sed
afte
r sc
hool
pro
gram
min
g;
mor
e sc
hool
-bas
ed c
ase
man
agem
ent t
o w
ork
with
yout
h an
d th
eir
fam
ilies
;
and
deve
lopm
ent o
f m
ore
alte
rnat
ive
scho
ols
and
prog
ram
s fo
r dr
op-o
uts
and
viol
ence
-pro
ne y
outh
Nei
ghbo
rhoo
ds/
Com
mun
ities
Wor
k G
roup
Co-
Cha
irs:
Past
or J
ohn
New
son
and
Rita
Car
illo
Five
mee
tings
with
an
atte
ndan
ce r
ange
of
24to
32
Rep
rese
ntat
ion
on th
egr
oup
incl
uded
: fai
thco
mm
unity
, nei
ghbo
rhoo
d
orga
niza
tions
and
citi
zens
,
polic
e, C
ity o
f Ph
oeni
x,bu
sine
ss c
omm
unity
,
prob
atio
n, a
nd c
ourt
s
Maj
or in
itiat
ive
area
s re
c-
omm
ende
d: in
fras
truc
ture
impr
ovem
ents
, exp
ande
d
com
mun
ity p
olic
ing,
incr
ease
d te
chni
cal a
ssis
-
tanc
e to
nei
ghbo
rhoo
ds,
chan
ges
in C
DB
G p
olic
y,
expa
nsio
n of
PE
YS
syst
em, s
tren
gthe
ning
of
code
enf
orce
men
t, an
dch
ange
s in
zon
ing
polic
ies
to a
ddre
ss d
ensi
ty is
sues
18 I
P_ H
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
E5
9
1 3
INIT
IAT
IVE
S: T
HE
BU
ILD
ING
BLO
CK
S O
F T
HE
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N S
TR
AT
EG
Y
Initi
ativ
e
Rat
iona
le
Exp
and
the
vari
ety
of a
nd a
cces
s to
non
-tra
ditio
nal s
choo
l hou
rspr
ogra
ms
and
activ
ities
for
all
yout
h an
d sp
ecif
ical
ly f
or "
hard
-to-
reac
h" y
outh
Thi
s in
itiat
ive
addr
esse
s a
wid
espr
ead
conc
ern
amon
g th
ree
Wor
k G
roup
sab
out c
ritic
al "
gap
peri
ods"
whe
n yo
uth
are
with
out t
he s
truc
ture
and
foc
us o
fsc
hool
. Eig
hty
perc
ent o
f th
e ty
pica
l chi
ld's
tim
e is
spe
nt o
ut o
f sc
hool
, mos
tof
ten
with
out r
espo
nsib
le a
dult
supe
rvis
ion
or c
onst
ruct
ive
activ
ities
, and
vuln
erab
le to
pee
r pr
essu
re. S
tudi
es s
how
that
you
th a
re m
ore
likel
y to
eng
age
in r
isky
or
delin
quen
t beh
avio
r du
ring
thes
e af
ter
scho
ol h
ours
; pea
k ho
urs
for
juve
nile
cri
me
are
3:00
PM
-8:0
0 PM
.
It is
eas
y to
ded
uce
from
this
info
rmat
ion
that
non
-sch
ool h
ours
des
erve
mor
eat
tent
ion
from
pol
icy
mak
ers
and
busi
ness
es. S
peci
fica
lly, w
ays
to k
eep
scho
ol-
aged
chi
ldre
n co
nstr
uctiv
ely
enga
ged
with
adu
lts th
roug
hout
the
day,
on
wee
k-en
ds a
nd d
urin
g th
e su
mm
er n
eed
to b
e fa
r m
ore
prom
inen
tly e
mph
asiz
ed in
anti-
crim
c st
rate
gies
. It m
ay m
ean
keep
ing
scho
ol d
oors
ope
n, f
indi
ng s
pace
,an
d re
solv
ing
tran
spor
tatio
n di
lem
mas
. At b
est,
how
ever
, aft
er-s
choo
l, w
eeke
nd,
and
sum
mer
pro
gram
s sh
ould
not
onl
y bc
an
exte
nsio
n of
sch
ool b
ut a
lso
bean
enr
ichm
ent o
ppor
tuni
ty, a
pla
ce f
or a
rts,
spo
rts,
hob
bies
, and
saf
e so
cial
izin
g.Pr
ogra
ms
shou
ld s
triv
e to
mak
e a
diff
eren
ce in
the
way
you
ng p
eopl
e fe
elab
out t
hem
selv
es, r
espe
ct o
ther
s, ta
ke r
espo
nsib
ility
, and
per
form
.
Rec
omm
ende
d S
teps
Iden
tify
and
"map
" ex
istin
g pr
ogra
ms
and
faci
litie
s by
sch
ool d
istr
icts
with
key
dem
ogra
phic
and
juve
nile
cri
me
data
to id
entif
y un
ders
erve
d ar
eas
Con
duct
foc
us g
roup
s w
ith s
choo
l off
icia
ls to
iden
tify
barr
iers
(e.
g.,
staf
fing
, sec
urity
, mai
nten
ance
, lia
bilit
y co
ncer
ns)
to u
sing
sch
ool f
acili
ties
beyo
nd n
orm
al s
choo
l hou
rs a
nd e
xplo
re in
cent
ives
to d
o so
Con
duct
res
earc
h to
iden
tify
best
pra
ctic
es in
rec
ruiti
ng "
hard
-to-
reac
h"yo
uth;
iden
tify
whe
re s
uch
yout
h ar
e in
our
com
mun
ity
Iden
tify
publ
ic, p
riva
te, a
nd f
ound
atio
n re
sour
ces
for
non-
trad
ition
al s
choo
lho
urs
activ
ities
Est
ablis
h a
task
for
ce to
exp
lore
the
feas
ibili
ty o
f lo
bbyi
ng th
c le
gisl
atur
e an
dne
wly
cre
ated
sta
te s
choo
l sta
ndar
ds b
oard
to in
clud
e de
dica
ted
dolla
rs f
or
non-
scho
ol h
ours
pro
gram
s in
the
stat
e sc
hool
s fu
ndin
g fo
rmul
a. T
he ta
skfo
rce
coul
d al
so e
xplo
re a
dditi
onal
way
s to
pro
vide
res
ourc
es to
sch
ools
topr
ovid
e be
tter
optio
ns f
or y
outh
dev
elop
men
t, in
clud
ing
pare
nt f
ees,
cor
-po
rate
par
tner
ship
s, r
etir
ed te
ache
rs a
nd d
efer
ral o
f ci
ty d
evel
opm
ent f
ees
Exp
and
the
scop
e an
d re
ach
of v
iole
nce-
and
hat
e-pr
even
tion
prog
ram
s an
dcu
rric
ula
by s
eeki
ng p
artn
ers
and
reso
urce
s in
the
faith
(in
clud
ing
Am
eric
anJe
wis
h C
omm
ittee
, Ecu
men
ical
Cou
ncil)
, civ
il ri
ghts
(in
clud
ing
Nat
iona
lC
ounc
il of
La
Raz
a, U
rban
Lea
gue,
Ant
i-D
efam
atio
n L
eagu
e), a
nd c
ivic
com
mun
ities
and
port
ions
of
the
busi
ness
com
mun
ityw
ho h
ave
long
play
ed a
rol
e in
com
batin
g bi
gotr
y; a
nd e
xplo
ring
the
poss
ibili
ty o
f a
spec
ial
gran
t fun
d w
ithin
the
Uni
ted
Way
(or
ano
ther
iden
tifie
d so
urce
) de
dica
ted
to v
iole
nce
prev
entio
n pr
ogra
mm
ing
for
Val
ley
yout
h
Goa
ls/B
ench
mar
ks
6 0
Shor
t Ter
m:
Impr
ove
yout
h an
d pa
rent
acc
ess
to y
outh
dev
elop
men
t and
sup
ervi
sion
oppo
rtun
ity o
n a
full
day,
yea
r-ro
und
basi
s
Lon
g T
erm
:
Attr
act n
ew "
hard
-to-
reac
h" y
outh
(in
clud
ing
at-r
isk
yout
h w
ho a
re e
ither
insc
hool
or
not i
n sc
hool
) in
to p
rogr
ams
and
activ
ities
dur
ing
non-
trad
ition
alsc
hool
hou
rs a
s fo
llow
s: 3
3% o
f al
l "ha
rd-t
o-re
ach"
you
th b
y Ju
ne 1
, 199
9;66
% b
y Ju
ne 1
,200
0; a
nd 1
00%
by
June
1, 2
001
Mak
e pr
ogra
ms
and
activ
ities
dur
ing
non-
trad
ition
al s
choo
l hou
rs a
ndsu
mm
cr a
vaila
ble
to 1
00%
of
Val
ley
yout
h by
Jan
uary
1, 2
003
Red
uce
juve
nile
cri
me
rate
s du
ring
non
-sch
ool h
ours
TH
IS IN
ITIA
TIV
E R
EC
OM
ME
ND
ED
BY
TH
RE
E W
OR
K G
RO
UP
S: P
RE
NA
TA
L/E
AR
LY C
HIL
DH
OO
D, I
ND
IVID
UA
L Y
OU
TH
, AN
D S
CH
OO
LS 'W
OR
K G
RO
UP
5'..
6 1
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
EI 1
9
1 3
V N
ITIA
TW
ES:
TH
E B
UIL
DIN
Ga,
LO
CK
S O
F T
HE
PIH
OE
NIX
VIO
LE
NC
E P
RE
VE
NT
ION
ST
RA
TE
GY
Initi
ativ
eIn
crea
se th
e nu
mbe
r of
em
ploy
ed y
outh
in th
e V
alle
y by
:
Exp
andi
ng jo
b-re
adin
ess
and
job
trai
ning
pro
gram
s fo
r yo
uth
Obt
aini
ng a
dditi
onal
ince
ntiv
es (
mon
etar
y an
d no
n-m
onet
ary)
for
Val
ley
empl
oyer
s to
hir
e yo
uth
Exp
andi
ng th
e sc
ope
of e
xist
ing
effe
ctiv
e yo
uth
jobs
pro
gram
s
Rat
iona
leIt
is n
ow w
ell d
ocum
ente
d th
at th
e m
ajor
ity o
f juv
enile
crim
e an
d te
enpr
egna
ncy
occu
r be
twee
n th
e ho
urs
of 3
:00
PM
and
8:0
0 P
Man
idle
tim
ein
the
lives
of m
any
yout
h w
hich
lack
s th
e st
ruct
ure
of s
choo
l or
an a
fter-
scho
ol p
rogr
am. T
hus,
sim
ilar
to th
e ne
ed fo
r pr
ogra
ms
and
activ
ities
dur
ing
non-
scho
ol h
ours
for
yout
h, jo
bs fo
r yo
uth
addr
ess
the
conc
ern
abou
t the
sepe
riods
" in
a y
oung
per
son'
s lif
e.
At a
bas
ic le
vel,
havi
ng a
job
give
s a
youn
g pe
rson
prid
e, e
nabl
es th
em to
ear
n
mon
ey a
ndm
uch
like
prog
ram
s an
d ac
tiviti
es d
urin
g no
n-tr
aditi
onal
sch
ool
hour
ske
eps
them
bus
y an
d ou
t of t
empt
atio
n an
d ha
rm's
way
. But
on
alo
nger
-ter
m le
vel,
the
bene
fits
to s
ocie
ty fr
om y
outh
em
ploy
men
t are
tang
ible
.
In o
rder
to b
e pr
oduc
tive
empl
oyee
s in
the
futu
re, t
oday
's y
outh
nee
d to
lear
nbe
yond
the
basi
cs o
f mat
h, r
eadi
ng a
nd w
ritin
g, a
nd c
omm
unic
atio
n. T
hey
also
need
thin
king
ski
lls, p
robl
em s
olvi
ng, r
easo
ning
, and
a p
ositi
ve a
ttitu
de, w
hich
are
ofte
n ga
ined
thro
ugh
on-t
he-jo
b ex
perie
nce.
It is
cle
ar th
at e
mpl
oyer
s to
day
wan
t to
hire
wor
kers
who
can
lear
n ne
w s
kills
easi
ly, a
rc c
reat
ive,
and
wor
k w
ell w
ith o
ther
s. T
hese
qua
litie
s ar
e al
sofr
eque
ntly
fost
ered
in y
outh
by
thei
r pa
rtic
ipat
ion
in in
tern
ship
s, w
ork/
stud
ypr
ogra
ms,
sum
mer
jobs
, and
voc
atio
nal a
nd c
aree
r co
unse
ling.
The
impo
rtan
ce o
f job
s fo
r yo
uth
prog
ram
s is
und
ersc
ored
by
the
follo
win
gfa
cts
(Ins
titut
e of
Soc
ial R
esea
rch,
199
3):
85%
of h
igh
scho
ol s
tude
nts
have
bee
n ta
ught
littl
e or
not
hing
abo
utbu
sine
ss, y
et 6
9% r
epor
t wan
ting
to s
tart
thei
r ow
n bu
sine
ss;
Onl
y 17
%of
hig
h sc
hool
sen
iors
hav
e ev
er p
artic
ipat
ed in
a w
ork
stud
ypr
ogra
m;
60%
of h
igh
scho
ol s
enio
rs s
ay th
ey w
ould
like
mor
e ca
reer
cou
nsel
ing.
Rec
omm
ende
d St
eps
Map
exi
stin
g jo
b sk
ills
trai
ning
pro
gram
s an
d id
entif
y ga
ps in
cov
erag
e;id
entif
y "b
est p
ract
ices
" re
gard
ing
yout
h jo
b re
adin
ess
and
skill
s tr
aini
ng
Iden
tify
whe
re a
dditi
onal
you
th jo
b sk
ills
trai
ning
sho
uld
occu
r (i.
e.,
scho
ols,
afte
r sc
hool
, com
mun
ity c
olle
ges,
priv
ate
empl
oyer
s, e
tc.)
See
k ne
w a
nd a
dditi
onal
res
ourc
es fo
r jo
b sk
ills
read
ines
s
Inve
ntor
y an
d ev
alua
te e
xist
ing
mon
etar
y an
d no
n-m
onet
ary
ince
ntiv
es fo
rV
alle
y co
mpa
nies
to h
ire y
outh
; ide
ntify
"be
st p
ract
ices
" in
oth
er c
omm
uniti
es
See
k lo
cal,
coun
ty, a
nd s
tate
legi
slat
ive
chan
ges
to e
xpan
d in
cent
ive
prog
ram
s fo
r pu
blic
and
priv
ate
empl
oyer
s; s
olic
it th
e as
sist
ance
of t
hepr
ivat
e se
ctor
in s
ecur
ing
legi
slat
ive
chan
ges
and
fund
ing
incr
ease
s
Inve
ntor
y an
d m
ap e
xist
ing
yout
h jo
bs p
rogr
ams
offe
red
thro
ugh
fede
ral,
stat
e, c
ity a
genc
ies
and
priv
ate
sect
or
Iden
tify
gaps
and
dev
elop
str
ateg
ies
to a
ddre
ss th
e ga
ps
See
k ne
w a
nd a
dditi
onal
res
ourc
es fo
r ex
istin
g ef
fect
ive
yout
h jo
bs p
rogr
ams
Goa
ls/ e
nchm
arks
62."
(-1!
Cre
ate
capa
city
for
thos
e yo
uth
who
wan
t to
rece
ive
job
skill
s tr
aini
ng a
sfo
llow
s: 3
3% b
y Ju
ne 1
, 199
9; 6
6% b
y Ju
ne 1
, 200
1; a
nd 1
00%
by
June
1, 2
003
Incr
ease
the
num
ber
of e
mpl
oyer
s ta
king
adv
anta
ge o
f gov
ernm
ent
ince
ntiv
es to
hire
you
th to
suc
h an
ext
ent t
hat 1
00%
of V
alle
y yo
uth
aged
14-2
1w
ho w
ant a
job
have
one
by
2004
TH
IS IN
ITIA
TIV
E R
EC
OM
ME
ND
ED
BY
TH
E IN
DIV
IDU
AL
YO
UT
H W
OR
K G
RO
UP
.
2 0
IP
HO
EN
IX V
IOLE
NC
E P
RE
VE
NT
ION
INIT
IAT
IVE
By
June
1, 2
004,
pro
vide
a jo
b op
port
unity
to 1
00%
of V
alle
y yo
uth
aged
14-2
1w
ho v
isit
a jo
b pr
ogra
m in
sea
rch
of a
job
63
11 3
ON
ITIA
TIV
ES:
TH
EU
ILD
EIN
GL
OC
KS
OF
TH
E P
HO
EN
IX \V
IOL
EN
CE
!PR
EV
EN
TIO
N S
TR
AT
EG
Y
Initi
ativ
eIn
crea
se th
e nu
mbe
r of
act
ive
men
tors
in th
e V
alle
y by
:
Seek
ing
a re
duct
ion
or e
limin
atio
n in
the
cost
and
pro
cess
tim
eof
fin
gerp
rint
ing
and
back
grou
nd c
heck
s fo
r po
tent
ial m
ento
rs
Incr
easi
ng b
oth
mon
etar
y an
d no
n-m
onet
ary
ince
ntiv
es o
ffer
edby
gov
ernm
ent a
nd p
riva
te e
mpl
oyer
s
Est
ablis
hing
a o
ne-s
top
men
tors
hip
trai
ning
pro
gram
and
reso
urce
cen
ter
Rat
iona
leIt
has
bee
n sa
id th
at ju
st a
gen
erat
ion
ago,
a c
hild
had
mor
e th
an th
irty
peo
ple
inhi
s or
her
life
who
kne
w h
im o
r he
r by
nam
e.T
oday
, mos
t chi
ldre
n ha
ve le
ss th
ana
hand
ful o
f pe
ople
who
are
abl
e to
cal
l the
m b
y na
me.
Unf
ortu
nate
ly, a
bsen
tee
fath
ers
and/
or s
ingl
e pa
rent
s ar
e th
e no
rm in
the
1990
s fo
r m
any
child
ren.
Cre
atin
g an
ong
oing
rel
atio
nshi
p w
ith a
car
ing
adul
tth
roug
h m
ento
rshi
pw
ith a
tuto
r, c
oach
, or
any
type
of
men
tor
is o
ne a
nsw
er to
this
pro
blem
.St
udy
afte
r st
udy
show
s w
hat i
s al
read
y kn
own
abou
t the
pow
er o
f m
ento
rshi
p:th
at th
ose
yout
h w
ho h
ave
a po
sitiv
e an
d co
nsis
tent
rel
atio
nshi
p w
ith a
n ad
ult
arc
mor
e lik
ely
to b
e he
alth
y an
d su
cces
sful
than
thei
r co
unte
rpar
ts.T
hese
rel
a-tio
nshi
ps a
re k
now
n to
pro
tect
you
ng p
eopl
e fr
om n
egat
ive
beha
vior
s w
hile
fost
erin
g va
lues
, soc
ial s
kills
, and
a p
ositi
ve s
elf-
iden
tity.
The
impo
rtan
ce o
f m
ento
ring
is u
nder
scor
ed b
y th
e fo
llow
ing
fact
s:
Chi
ldre
n w
ho p
artic
ipat
ed in
a B
ig B
roth
ers/
Big
Sis
ters
pro
gram
wer
e 52
%le
ss li
kely
to s
kip
scho
ol, 4
6% le
ss li
kely
to b
egin
ille
gal d
rug
use,
and
27%
less
like
ly to
beg
in u
sing
alc
ohol
(Jo
in T
oget
her,
199
7);
Nea
rly
two
out o
f th
ree
(65%
) of
7-1
4 ye
ar-o
lds
indi
cate
that
they
wou
ldlik
e to
hav
e an
adu
lt in
thei
r lif
e th
at th
ey c
an tr
ust a
nd w
hom
they
fee
lre
spec
ts th
em (
Join
Tog
ethe
r, 1
997)
;
Abo
ut o
ne o
ut o
f th
ree
(33%
) ch
ildre
n an
d ad
oles
cent
s ag
ed 1
0-17
rep
orte
dth
at th
ey h
ave
a te
ache
r or
coa
ch w
ho r
eally
car
es a
bout
them
(Jo
inT
oget
her,
199
7).
Rec
omm
ende
d St
eps
Exp
lore
the
poss
ibili
ty o
f re
duci
ng o
r el
imin
atin
g th
e co
st o
f fi
nger
prin
ting
and
back
grou
nd c
heck
s fo
r or
gani
zatio
ns s
eeki
ng m
ento
rs; a
lso
expl
ore
the
poss
ibili
ty o
f ha
ving
sta
te a
genc
ies
be o
n a
sing
le d
atab
ase
to a
void
mul
tiple
fing
erpr
intin
g
To
mai
ntai
n m
ento
rs' i
nitia
l lev
el o
f ex
cite
men
t, ex
plor
e th
e po
ssib
ility
of
spee
ding
the
proc
ess
time
for
fing
erpr
intin
g an
d ba
ckgr
ound
che
cks
If n
eith
er a
wai
ver
of c
ost n
or a
spe
edin
g of
the
proc
ess
is p
ossi
ble,
exp
lore
the
poss
ibili
ty o
f le
gisl
atio
n or
pri
vate
fin
anci
al s
uppo
rt to
ass
ist w
ithde
fray
ing
the
cost
of
back
grou
nd c
heck
s fo
r or
gani
zatio
ns s
eeki
ng m
ento
rs
Iden
tify
"bes
t pra
ctic
es"
rega
rdin
g th
e us
e of
gov
ernm
ent a
nd b
usin
ess
ince
ntiv
es a
nd o
ther
way
s to
enc
oura
ge m
ento
ring
Seek
new
and
add
ition
al r
esou
rces
for
exi
stin
g m
ento
r pr
ogra
ms
and
men
tor
recr
uitm
cnt
Exp
lore
the
poss
ibili
ty o
f en
actin
g ne
w lo
cal/c
ount
y/st
ate
polic
ies
toen
able
all
empl
oyee
s to
take
wor
k ho
urs
as p
aid
leav
e to
men
tor
a ch
ild(B
ank
of A
mer
ica
exam
ple
in W
ilson
Coa
litio
n)
Exp
lore
the
poss
ibili
ty o
f fi
nanc
ial i
ncen
tives
to p
riva
te s
ecto
r to
enc
oura
gem
ento
ring
, and
enc
oura
ge lu
ncht
ime
men
tori
ng p
rogr
ams
with
bus
ines
ses
loca
ted
in c
lose
pro
xim
ity to
nei
ghbo
rhoo
d sc
hool
s
Seek
pri
vate
com
pani
es to
pilo
t the
con
cept
of
gran
ting
empl
oyee
s tim
e of
f(i
.e.,
"hou
r a
wee
k")
to m
ento
r
Exp
lore
"be
st p
ract
ices
" of
men
tors
hip
trai
ning
els
ewhe
re a
nd id
entif
yw
here
a c
ompr
ehen
sive
trai
ning
pro
gram
sho
uld
be h
ouse
d (e
.g.,
Uni
ted
Way
, Vol
unte
er C
ente
r)
Seek
new
and
add
ition
al r
esou
rces
to e
stab
lish
a m
ento
rshi
p re
sour
ce c
cntc
r
Iden
tify
spec
ific
goa
ls a
nd c
urri
cula
rel
ated
to m
ento
rshi
p tr
aini
ng a
ndex
plor
e al
read
y-de
velo
ped
reso
urce
gui
des
and
hand
book
s fo
r m
ento
rs
Goa
ls/B
ench
mar
ks
6 4
Red
uce
or e
limin
ate
the
cost
of
fing
erpr
intin
g an
d ba
ckgr
ound
che
cks
for
all o
rgan
izat
ions
see
king
men
tors
by
June
1, 1
999
Incr
ease
the
num
ber
of a
ctiv
e m
ento
rs (
adul
t-to
-chi
ld a
nd c
hild
-to-
child
) in
the
Val
ley
to a
ll w
ho w
ant a
men
tor
as f
ollo
ws:
20%
cov
erag
e of
thos
e w
ho w
ant
a m
ento
r by
Jan
. 1, 2
000;
40%
cov
erag
e by
Jan
. 1, 2
001;
60%
cov
erag
e by
Jan.
1, 2
002;
80%
cov
erag
e by
Jan
. 1, 2
003;
and
100
% c
over
age
by J
an. 1
, 200
4-
TH
IS IN
ITIA
TIV
E R
EC
OM
ME
ND
ED
BY
TH
E IN
DIV
IDU
AL
YO
UT
H W
OR
K G
RO
UP
.
Dev
elop
and
fun
d a
men
tor
reso
urce
cen
ter
and
trai
ning
pro
gram
(fr
ee to
pros
pect
ive
men
tors
) w
hich
trai
ns a
nd s
uppo
rts
100%
of
all n
ew m
ento
rs,
with
cov
erag
e co
nsis
tent
with
bul
let a
bove
6 5
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
EI
21
1 3
ON
ITO
AT
IVE
S: T
HE
MIL
111,O
NG
FLO
CK
S O
F T
HE
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N S
TR
AT
EG
Y
Initi
ativ
ePr
ovid
e fo
r m
ore
scho
ol-l
inke
d in
terd
isci
plin
ary
team
s (c
ouns
elor
s,nu
rses
, pro
batio
n of
fice
rs, s
choo
l res
ourc
e of
fice
rs, a
nd s
ocia
lw
orke
rs)
to w
ork
with
you
th a
nd th
eir
fam
ilies
to g
ain
acce
ss to
an
arra
y of
ser
vice
s an
d m
onito
r th
eir
prog
ress
in u
sing
them
Rat
iona
leIn
crea
sing
ly, w
e tu
rn to
our
sch
ools
for
hel
p in
add
ress
ing
the
soci
al il
ls th
attr
oubl
e sc
hool
-age
chi
ldre
n an
d fa
mili
es. M
any
of th
ese
new
age
ndas
(e.
g.,
recr
eatio
n, c
ultu
ral e
nric
hmen
t, dr
ug a
nd g
ang
prev
entio
n, h
ealth
car
e, a
ndm
eals
) ar
e in
trod
uced
into
the
scho
ols
as a
sin
gle-
focu
s an
d as
an
add-
on s
ervi
cew
ithou
t any
cha
nge
in th
e co
mm
itmen
t of
reso
urce
s or
in h
ow th
e se
rvic
e(s)
can
be c
oord
inat
ed w
ith o
ther
sch
ool f
unct
ions
. Typ
ical
ly, a
chi
ld h
as a
cces
son
ly to
the
serv
ice(
s) th
e sc
hool
has
man
aged
to a
dd-o
n: f
or e
xam
ple,
bec
ause
som
e di
scre
te s
ourc
e of
fun
ds b
ecom
es a
vaila
ble,
a s
choo
l res
ourc
e of
fice
r m
aybe
add
ed. A
s a
resu
lt, y
oung
peo
ple
may
not
get
wha
t the
y ne
ed n
or g
et m
ultip
lepr
oble
ms
addr
esse
d si
mul
tane
ousl
y. E
ven
if th
e m
atch
of
need
s an
d se
rvic
esar
e w
ell d
one,
the
pres
ent s
yste
m o
f fo
llow
-up
is o
ften
wea
k or
non
-exi
sten
t.
Fort
unat
ely,
as
a re
sult
of th
ese
prob
lem
s, m
odel
s to
inte
grat
e he
alth
, edu
catio
n,an
d so
cial
ser
vice
s fo
r sc
hool
-age
chi
ldre
n ar
e in
crea
sing
ly a
t the
for
efro
nt o
f
the
polic
y ag
enda
for
chi
ldre
n. O
ne w
ay to
inte
grat
e se
rvic
es is
the
fam
ilyre
sour
ce c
ente
r m
odel
whe
re a
n ar
ray
of s
ervi
ces
are
prov
ided
at,
or a
reco
ordi
nate
d by
per
sonn
el lo
cate
d at
the
scho
ol o
r a
site
nea
r th
e sc
hool
.A
noth
er m
odel
em
phas
izes
cas
e m
anag
emen
t for
ref
erra
l and
fol
low
-up.
No
one
mod
el is
bes
t; ea
ch e
ffor
t mus
t be
tailo
red
to th
e sp
ecif
ic n
eeds
and
stre
ngth
s of
the
scho
ol a
nd c
omm
unity
to b
e se
rved
.
The
Sch
ools
Wor
k G
roup
rec
omm
cnds
that
top-
leve
l sch
ool d
istr
ict o
ffic
ials
and
othe
r ke
y pu
blic
age
ncie
s m
ake
publ
ic h
ealth
and
soc
ial s
ervi
ces
inte
grat
ion
and
linka
ge to
sch
ools
a h
ighe
r pr
iori
ty. A
lthou
gh s
ome
new
, lon
g-te
rm c
ore
fund
ing
wou
ld b
e he
lpfu
l for
est
ablis
hing
this
pri
ority
, red
irec
tion
of e
xist
ing
fund
s an
d st
aff,
incl
udin
g re
laxi
ng c
ateg
oric
al r
equi
rem
ents
for
sev
eral
exi
stin
ggr
ant p
rogr
ams,
wou
ld p
rovi
de a
n im
med
iate
boo
st to
the
effo
rt.
Rec
omm
ende
d S
teps
Supp
ort i
ncre
ased
legi
slat
ive
fund
ing
for
scho
ol r
esou
rce
offi
cers
Exp
lore
bro
aden
ing
the
scho
ol r
esou
rce
offi
cers
/saf
e sc
hool
s pr
ogra
min
tent
and
fun
ds to
als
o pr
ovid
e a
dedi
cate
d fu
ndin
g so
urce
for
oth
erpr
even
tativ
e pe
rson
nel
coun
selo
rs, s
ocia
l wor
kers
, etc
.
Rec
ruit
mor
e st
ate,
cou
nty,
city
and
non
-pro
fit a
genc
ies
to c
omm
it a
perc
enta
ge o
f th
eir
budg
ets
and
staf
f to
sch
ool s
ite s
ervi
ces
Goa
ls/B
ench
mar
ks 66
Incr
ease
per
cent
age
of s
choo
ls th
at h
ave
a ne
twor
k of
sup
port
ive
adul
ts to
incr
ease
you
ng p
eopl
e's
achi
evem
ent,
acce
ss to
hea
lth a
nd s
ocia
l ser
vice
s,an
d th
eir
awar
enes
s of
edu
catio
nal a
nd o
ther
Opp
ortu
nitie
s
Dec
reas
e pe
rcen
t of
stud
ents
dro
ppin
g ou
t
TH
IS IN
ITIA
TIV
E R
EC
OM
ME
ND
ED
BY
TH
E S
CH
OO
LS W
OR
K G
RO
UP
.
22 I
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
E
Obt
ain
a de
dica
ted
fund
ing
sour
ce th
at a
llow
s fo
r fl
exib
ility
of
choi
ce in
scho
ol-b
ased
hea
lth, s
ocia
l, an
d sa
fety
ser
vice
s
67
s1
3IN
ITIA
TIV
ES
: TH
E B
UIL
DIN
GLO
CK
SO
F T
HE
PH
OE
NIX
POU
NC
E P
RE
VE
NT
ION
ST
RA
TE
GY
Initi
ativ
ePr
omot
e ch
ange
s in
sch
ool p
olic
ies
whi
ch c
urre
ntly
det
er th
ede
velo
pmen
t of
alte
rnat
ive
scho
ols
for
stud
ents
who
arc
vio
lent
,ex
pelle
d, o
r dr
opou
t and
det
er th
e pl
acem
ent o
f st
uden
ts in
such
fac
ilitie
s
Rat
iona
le"P
reve
ntio
n of
deh
nque
ncy
appe
ars
to b
e em
bedd
ed in
thc
prev
entio
n of
scho
ol f
ailu
re,"
wro
te J
ay D
ryfo
os in
Ado
lesc
ents
at R
isk:
Pre
vale
nce
and
Prev
entio
n (D
ryfo
os, 1
990)
. "T
he a
cqui
sitio
n of
bas
ic s
kills
app
ears
to b
e a
prim
ary
com
pone
nt o
f al
l pre
vent
ion.
" T
hus,
pro
gram
s to
enh
ance
aca
dem
icac
hiev
emen
t and
kee
p ki
ds in
sch
ool h
ave
beco
me
cent
ral t
o fu
lfill
ing
the
crim
e pr
even
tion
agen
da. N
ewer
rcs
earc
h, h
owev
er, a
lso
sugg
ests
that
you
that
hig
h ri
sk f
or d
elin
quen
cy h
ave
a m
ore
imm
edia
te n
eed
for
supp
ort a
nddi
scip
line
than
they
hav
e fo
r ac
adem
ic s
kills
. So-
calle
d "a
ltern
ativ
e sc
hool
s"of
fer
one
met
hod
for
educ
ator
s to
enh
ance
the
soci
aliz
atio
n an
d su
perv
isio
n of
high
-ris
k yo
uth.
The
se p
rogr
ams
typi
cally
wor
k w
ith a
sm
all n
umbe
r of
stu
dent
san
d pr
ovid
e in
divi
dual
atte
ntio
n, s
elf-
pace
d in
stru
ctio
n, p
eer
coun
selin
g,le
ader
ship
trai
ning
, par
enta
l inv
olve
men
t, an
d a
stud
ent-
cent
ered
clim
ate.
Alte
rnat
ive
scho
ols
are
the
prim
ary
educ
atio
n op
tion
for
stud
ents
that
are
susp
ende
d or
exp
elle
d fr
om r
egul
ar s
choo
l set
tings
. "Z
ero-
tole
ranc
e" p
olic
ies
for
wea
pons
, dru
gs, a
nd f
ight
ing
on c
ampu
s ar
e bo
ostin
g th
e nu
mbe
rs o
f st
uden
tsne
edin
g th
is o
ptio
n. U
nles
s th
ese
stud
ents
are
pic
ked
up b
y an
alte
rnat
ive
scho
ol, t
he o
dds
arc
high
that
they
will
not
com
plet
e th
eir
educ
atio
n, b
e ha
ngin
gou
t on
the
stre
ets,
and
ulti
mat
ely
be in
trou
ble
with
the
law
.
Cur
rent
ly, t
here
are
a n
umbe
r of
bar
rier
s to
est
ablis
hing
alte
rnat
ive
scho
ols
inA
rizo
na a
nd to
pla
cing
stu
dent
s in
suc
h fa
cilit
ies.
Fun
ding
is a
par
ticul
ar o
bsta
cle.
Stat
es li
ke T
exas
ena
ctin
g "g
et-t
ough
-on-
crim
e" la
ws
and
"zer
o-to
lera
nce"
polic
ies
in th
e m
id-1
990s
rec
ogni
zed
the
impl
icat
ions
of
such
mea
sure
s an
din
clud
ed f
unds
for
alte
rnat
ive
scho
ols.
Sim
ilar
Ari
zona
legi
slat
ion
cont
aine
d no
such
fun
ding
pro
visi
ons.
Ano
ther
dif
ficu
lty li
es w
ith th
e "1
00-d
ay r
ule.
" U
nder
this
rul
e, w
hen
a st
uden
t is
expe
lled
or d
rops
out
100
day
s af
ter
scho
ol s
tart
s,th
e st
ate
mon
ey a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith th
e st
uden
t sta
ys a
t the
ori
gina
l sch
ool a
nddo
es n
ot f
ollo
w th
e st
uden
t if
he/s
he e
nrol
ls in
ano
ther
sch
ool,
incl
udin
g an
alte
rnat
ive
scho
ol.
Rec
omm
ende
d S
teps
Supp
ort l
egis
lativ
e pr
opos
als
to f
und
regi
onal
alte
rnat
ive
scho
ols
Prom
ote
chan
ges
in c
urre
nt s
choo
l fun
ding
pol
icie
s an
d pr
actic
es (
100-
day
rule
, no
bond
ing
capa
city
) th
at d
eter
the
esta
blis
hmen
t and
use
of
thes
efa
cilit
ies
Goa
ls/B
ench
mar
ksIn
crea
se p
erce
ntag
e of
sus
pend
ed, e
xpel
led,
and
dro
p-ou
t stu
dent
s th
at e
arn
high
sch
ool d
iplo
mas
or
equi
vale
nt
Impr
ove
youn
g pe
ople
s' a
nd s
choo
l dis
tric
ts' a
cces
s to
alte
rnat
ive
scho
ols
TH
IS IN
ITIA
TIV
E R
EC
OP
AR
BE
ND
ED
BY
TH
E S
CH
OO
LS W
OR
K G
RO
UP
.6
9
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
EI 2
3
13 E
INO
TO
AT
IVE
S: T
HE
HO
LD
ING
LO
CK
S O
F T
HE
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LE
NC
E P
RE
VE
NT
ION
ST
RA
TE
GY
Initi
ativ
e
Rat
iona
le
Stre
ngth
en f
amili
es b
y ad
ding
par
entin
g an
d re
latio
nshi
pcl
asse
s an
d ex
pand
ing
the
amou
nt o
f ca
se m
anag
ers
at f
amily
reso
urce
cen
ters
Unf
ortu
nate
ly, "
fam
ily li
fe"
in th
e 19
90s
all t
oo o
ften
invo
lves
div
orce
, tee
nm
othe
rs, s
ingl
e pa
rent
ing,
two
full-
time
wor
king
par
ents
, out
of
wed
lock
chi
ldbe
arin
g an
d no
n-pa
rent
al c
hild
car
e. R
ecen
t evi
denc
e in
dica
tes
that
, com
pare
dw
ith c
hild
ren
in tw
o-pa
rent
fam
ilies
, chi
ldre
n fr
om o
ne-p
aren
t fam
ilies
bea
r a
high
er r
isk
of d
ropp
ing
out,
havi
ng c
hild
ren
as te
enag
ers,
and
not
bei
ngem
ploy
ed b
y th
eir
earl
y tw
entie
s (C
ente
r fo
r th
c Fu
ture
of
Chi
ldre
n, 1
995)
.T
wo-
pare
nt f
amili
es a
re n
ot im
mun
e to
pro
blem
s, h
owev
erpr
essu
res
lead
ing
to v
iole
nce,
phy
sica
l abu
se a
nd n
egle
ct c
an o
ccur
in a
ny h
ome.
Ast
onis
hing
ly,
pare
ntal
neg
lect
has
bee
n sh
own
to b
e al
mos
t as
stro
ng a
pre
dict
or o
f su
bseq
uent
viol
ence
as
phys
ical
abu
se; o
ne s
tudy
con
clud
ed th
at 5
0 pe
rcen
t of
child
ren
reje
cted
by
thei
r pa
rent
s w
ent o
n to
com
mit
seri
ous
crim
es (
Wri
ght,
1994
).
Thu
s, c
reat
ing
stro
ng a
nd h
ealth
y fa
mili
es m
ust b
e an
impo
rtan
t lin
k in
any
viol
ence
-pre
vent
iori
str
ateg
y. B
ut h
ow a
re s
tron
g an
d he
alth
y fa
mili
es c
reat
ed
and
perp
etua
ted?
One
use
ful t
ool i
s pa
rent
ing
and
rela
tions
hip
clas
ses
whi
chte
ach
pare
nts
how
to r
espe
ct e
ach
othe
ran
d pe
rhap
s m
ore
impo
rtan
tlyho
w to
res
pect
and
nur
ture
thci
r ch
ildre
n. S
hcrm
an e
t al.
have
sho
wn
that
wel
l-im
plem
ente
d pa
rent
ing
trai
ning
is c
apab
le o
f re
duci
ng d
elin
quen
t beh
avio
rin
chi
ldre
n un
der
14 (
Sher
man
et a
l., 1
996)
. In
addi
tion,
rel
atio
nshi
p bu
ildin
gbe
twee
n pa
rent
s in
crea
ses
com
mun
icat
ion
and
resp
ect b
etw
een
adul
t par
tner
s,an
d ca
n be
use
ful i
n av
ertin
g th
e pr
obab
ility
of
redu
cing
a tw
o-pa
rent
hou
se-
hold
to a
one
-par
ent h
ouse
hold
, with
the
nega
tive
effe
cts
that
oft
en o
ccur
.
Prof
esso
r Sh
erm
an a
lso
dem
onst
rate
s th
at p
rogr
ams
whi
ch s
tron
gly
link
fam
ilies
to a
wid
e ra
nge
of s
ocia
l ser
vice
ref
erra
lssu
ch a
s th
roug
h sc
hool
s or
fam
ilyre
sour
ce c
ente
rsca
n be
eff
ectiv
e in
ass
istin
g fa
mili
es w
ith y
oung
chi
ldre
n to
obta
in th
e se
rvic
es th
ey n
eed.
Thu
s, e
xist
ing
neig
hbor
hood
res
ourc
e ce
nter
sar
e a
logi
cal a
nd u
sefu
l pla
ce to
hou
se th
ese
enha
nced
res
ourc
es.
Rec
omm
ende
d St
eps
Est
ablis
h an
impl
emen
tatio
n co
mm
ittee
com
pris
ed o
f re
pres
enta
tives
fro
min
tere
sted
bus
ines
ses
as w
ell a
s ci
ty, s
tate
, and
non
-pro
fit s
ocia
l ser
vice
age
ncie
s.A
t a m
inim
um, t
his
com
mitt
ee w
ould
be
com
pris
ed o
f a
repr
esen
tativ
efr
om th
e Ph
oeni
x C
ity M
anag
er's
Off
ice,
Hum
an R
esou
rces
Dep
t., P
arks
,R
ecre
atio
n an
d L
ibra
ries
Dep
t., P
olic
e, M
aric
opa
Publ
ic H
ealth
Dep
t., a
ndA
rizo
na D
ept.
of E
cono
mic
Sec
urity
. Non
-pro
fits
rep
rese
nted
cou
ld in
clud
eor
gani
zatio
ns s
uch
as P
aren
ts A
nony
mou
s, N
eigh
borh
ood
Part
ners
, Inc
.,C
ASA
, and
mem
bers
of
the
faith
com
mun
ity
Thi
s co
mm
ittee
wou
ld s
eek
colla
bora
tion
with
the
loca
l nei
ghbo
rhoo
dgr
oups
, off
er p
olic
y gu
idan
ce a
nd a
ssis
t in
the
coor
dina
tion
of e
xist
ing
serv
ices
Star
t with
one
nei
ghbo
rhoo
d as
a p
ilot a
nd im
plem
ent i
n-de
pth
Iden
tify
the
neig
hbor
hood
to s
tart
in b
y se
para
ting
Phoe
nix
into
sch
ool
atte
ndan
ce a
reas
and
ana
lyze
whi
ch o
nes
have
the
high
est r
ates
of
fam
ilyvi
olen
ce (
i.e.,
the
num
ber
of d
omes
tic v
iole
nce
calls
and
the
num
ber
ofre
ferr
als
to C
PS in
eac
h ar
ea).
Alte
rnat
ivel
y, o
ne n
eigh
borh
ood
coal
ition
has
requ
este
d th
at it
s ne
ighb
orho
od b
e se
lect
ed f
irst
. The
y ha
ve o
ffer
ed th
e fu
ll-tim
e as
sist
ance
of
a M
aste
rs-l
evel
pre
vent
ion
spec
ialis
t
The
nei
ghbo
rhoo
d pa
rtne
rshi
p w
ill e
stab
lish
an a
llian
ce w
ith e
xist
ing
serv
ice
prov
ider
net
wor
ks
Iden
tify
exis
ting
reso
urce
s ut
ilizi
ng, i
n pa
rt, C
omm
unity
Inf
orm
atio
n an
dR
efer
ral
Con
duct
a n
eeds
ass
essm
ent t
o id
entif
y ga
ps
Iden
tify
and
use
an e
xist
ing
faci
lity
with
in th
e ne
ighb
orho
od to
'hou
se' t
heco
ordi
nate
d se
rvic
es
Obt
ain
and
trai
n vo
lunt
eers
to s
uppl
emen
t the
pro
fess
iona
ls w
ho w
ill o
ffer
a va
riet
y of
par
entin
g cl
asse
s, in
clud
ing
hom
e-vi
sits
. (B
ase
the
pare
ntin
gpr
ogra
ms
on "
Hea
lthy
Fam
ilies
" an
d ot
her
succ
essf
ul m
odel
s.)
Obt
ain
and
trai
n vo
lunt
eers
to c
oord
inat
e se
rvic
es
Adv
ertis
e th
e fa
cilit
y
Eva
luat
e th
e su
cces
s of
the
faci
lity
Goa
ls/B
ench
mar
ks
70
Shor
t Ter
m:
Impl
emen
t an
in-d
epth
pilo
t ini
tiativ
e by
Jun
e 1,
199
9
Eva
luat
e co
mpo
nent
s of
pilo
t ini
tiativ
e
TH
IS IN
ITIA
TIV
E R
EC
OM
ME
ND
ED
BY
TH
E F
AM
ILIE
S W
OR
K G
RO
UP
.
24 I
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
E
Lon
g T
erm
:
Exp
and
succ
essf
ul p
ilot c
ompo
nent
s to
oth
er n
eigh
borh
ood
reso
urce
cen
ters
Eas
e th
e ac
cess
to s
uppo
rtiv
e co
mm
unity
ser
vice
s by
off
erin
g ne
ighb
orho
od-
base
d ca
se m
anag
emen
t 71
1 3
INIT
IAT
IVE
S: T
HE
UIL
DIN
G B
LO
CK
S O
F T
HE
PH
OE
NO
X V
IOL
EN
CE
PRE
VE
NT
ION
ST
RA
TE
GY
Initi
ativ
eD
evel
op a
nd im
plem
ent a
str
ong
med
ia c
ampa
ign
with
thre
epu
rpos
es:
Prom
otin
g th
e us
e of
ser
vice
s th
at a
re a
vaila
ble
to h
elp
(e.g
.,ne
ighb
orho
od r
esou
rce
cent
ers)
Rai
se a
war
enes
s ab
out t
he im
port
ance
of
effe
ctiv
e pa
rent
ing
and
Rai
se a
war
enes
s ab
out t
he p
reva
lenc
e an
d co
nseq
uenc
es o
fhi
gh-q
ualit
y ea
rly
child
hood
pro
gram
sdo
mes
tic v
iole
nce
and
child
abu
se
Rat
iona
leT
here
sho
uld
be li
ttle
doub
t tha
t the
med
ia is
an
effe
ctiv
e an
d po
wer
ful
sim
ilar
posi
tive
purp
ose,
thre
e PV
PI W
ork
Gro
ups
reco
mm
ende
d a
maj
or
infl
uenc
e on
pub
lic p
erce
ptio
ns a
nd a
ttitu
des.
In
rece
nt y
cars
, res
earc
h ha
sm
edia
cam
paig
n to
be
deve
lope
d to
com
mun
icat
e an
d pr
omot
e aw
aren
ess
prov
en th
e lin
kage
bet
wee
n m
ass
med
iate
levi
sion
sho
ws,
mus
ic, m
ovie
s,ab
out v
iole
nce
issu
es a
nd p
oten
tial s
olut
ions
.
vide
o ga
mes
, and
new
s pr
ogra
mm
ing
and
the
Am
eric
an "
cultu
re o
f vi
olen
ce."
The
link
age
betw
een
redu
cing
vio
lenc
e by
pro
mot
ing
effe
ctiv
e pa
rent
ing
Acc
ordi
ng to
Leo
nard
Ero
n, P
rofe
ssor
at t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Chi
cago
, "T
here
can
and
dom
estic
vio
lenc
e aw
aren
ess
is s
impl
e. A
ccor
ding
to a
lead
ing
scho
lar
onno
long
er b
e an
y do
ubt t
hat h
eavy
exp
osur
e to
tele
vise
d vi
olen
ce is
one
the
ofad
oles
cenc
e, "
child
ren
who
dem
onst
rate
ant
i-so
cial
beh
avio
r co
me
from
ver
yth
e ca
uses
of
aggr
essi
ve b
ehav
ior,
cri
me,
and
vio
lenc
e in
soc
iety
" (T
estim
ony
non-
supp
ortiv
e fa
mili
es...
" (D
ryfo
os, 1
990)
. Thu
s, th
ree
sepa
rate
PV
PI W
ork
befo
re th
e Se
nate
Com
mitt
ee o
n G
over
nmen
t Aff
airs
, Con
gres
sion
al R
ecor
d,G
roup
s st
rong
ly r
ecom
men
d us
ing
the
pow
er o
f th
e m
edia
to p
rom
ote
publ
icJu
ne 1
8, 1
992)
.aw
aren
ess,
edu
catio
n ca
mpa
igns
, and
med
ia p
rodu
ctio
ns th
at w
illre
info
rce
How
ever
, whi
le u
ndou
bted
ly a
fac
tor
in p
erpe
tuat
ing
viol
ence
, the
med
ia c
anpo
sitiv
e pa
rent
ing
valu
es a
nd h
ave
a si
gnif
ican
t im
pact
on
mak
ing
non-
viol
ent
also
pla
y an
impo
rtan
t and
pos
itive
rol
e in
pre
vent
ing
viol
ence
. In
rece
nt y
ears
,ch
ildre
n an
d fa
mili
es. M
oreo
ver,
the
med
ia m
ight
als
o be
use
d to
hel
p pe
rson
s
for
exam
ple,
the
Ari
zona
Rep
ublic
has
rai
sed
awar
enes
s ab
out a
var
iety
of
who
nee
d so
cial
or
hum
an s
ervi
ces
find
ser
vice
s th
roug
h th
e pr
omot
ion
of
issu
es in
its
"Sav
ing
Ari
zona
's C
hild
ren"
ser
ies.
With
a d
esir
e to
use
med
ia f
or a
reso
urce
cen
ters
and
oth
er f
acili
ties
whe
re th
ey c
an b
e ac
cess
ed.
Rec
omm
ende
d St
eps
Est
ablis
h a
com
mitt
ee c
ompr
ised
of
med
ia o
ffic
ials
, com
mun
ity r
ole
mod
els,
and
expe
rts
in m
edia
cam
paig
ns a
nd f
und-
rais
ing
Exp
lore
med
ia a
nd p
riva
te s
ourc
es f
or f
inan
cial
and
ope
ratio
nal s
uppo
rt
Gra
ssro
ots
outr
each
thro
ugh
faith
com
mun
ity, c
ivic
gro
ups,
com
mun
ity
Iden
tify
othe
r co
mm
uniti
es w
ith s
imila
r ca
mpa
igns
and
mod
els
to d
uplic
ate
the
succ
ess
,se
rvic
e or
gani
zatio
ns, a
nd s
choo
ls
Seek
add
ition
al o
utre
ach
thro
ugh
a st
ate-
wid
e 31
1 te
leph
one
num
ber
Use
foc
us g
roup
s to
des
ign
effe
ctiv
e sl
ogan
s an
d ad
vert
isem
ents
and
use
of th
e A
rizo
na R
epub
lic's
AZ
Cen
tral
web
pag
e
Goa
ls/B
ench
mar
ksD
esig
n a
com
mun
ity-w
ide
cam
paig
n w
ith s
imila
r ef
fect
iven
ess
as th
eB
egin
med
ia c
ampa
ign
June
1, 1
999
"sm
elly
puk
ing
habi
t" to
bacc
o ca
mpa
ign
Hav
e a
com
preh
ensi
ve m
edia
cam
paig
n re
ady
to b
e di
ssem
inat
ed b
y Ju
ne 1
, 199
9
TH
IS IN
ITIA
TIV
E R
EC
OM
ME
ND
ED
BY
TH
RE
E P
VP
I WO
RK
GR
OU
PS
: PR
EN
AT
AL/
EA
RLY
CH
ILD
HO
OD
, IN
DIV
IDU
AL
YO
UT
H, A
ND
FA
MIL
IES
.
AP
HO
EN
IX V
IOLE
NC
E P
RE
VE
NT
ION
INIT
IAT
IVE
I25
113
IhN
lIT
OA
TW
ES:
TH
EU
OL
DI1
NG
LO
CK
S O
F T
HE
[PH
OE
NIX
VO
OL
ER
ICE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N S
TR
AT
EG
Y
Initi
ativ
e
Rat
iona
le
Exp
and
prev
entio
n an
d ea
rly
inte
rven
tion
serv
ices
to a
ll at
-ris
kfa
mili
es, p
rovi
de p
rena
tal c
are
to a
ll pr
egna
nt w
omen
and
hea
lthca
re c
over
age
to a
ll ch
ildre
n
Alth
ough
man
y fa
ctor
s pu
t inf
ants
and
chi
ldre
n at
ris
k of
a v
iole
nt f
utur
e, n
othi
ngpr
edic
ts b
ad o
utco
mes
mor
e po
wer
fully
than
gro
win
g up
with
abu
sive
and
negl
ectf
ul p
aren
ts. I
ncom
pete
nce
and
abus
e ta
kes
man
y fo
rms,
fro
m d
rug
and
alco
hol u
se d
urin
g pr
egna
ncy
(oft
en le
adin
g to
low
-bir
th w
eigh
t and
oth
erbi
rth
com
plic
atio
ns th
at a
ffec
t inf
ant s
urvi
val a
nd h
ealth
), to
har
sh a
nd e
rrat
icdi
scip
line,
par
enta
l dis
harm
ony
and
reje
ctio
n of
the
child
.Thu
s, it
is im
port
ant
to r
ecog
nize
that
impo
rtan
t and
mea
ning
ful v
iole
nce
prev
entio
n st
rate
gies
can
liter
ally
sta
rt in
the
wom
b.
Alth
ough
poo
r pa
rent
ing
has
seri
ous
cons
eque
nces
for
kid
s at
any
age,
it c
an b
em
ost d
amag
ing
duri
ng p
rena
tal d
evel
opm
ent a
nd th
e fi
rst y
ears
of
life.
In
rece
nt y
ears
, the
re h
as a
lso
been
dra
mat
ic in
crea
ses
in th
e sc
ient
ific
kno
wle
dge
abou
t the
long
-las
ting
and
som
etim
es ir
reve
rsib
le im
pact
of
the
envi
ronm
ent
on th
e br
ain
deve
lopm
ent i
n ba
bies
. A c
hild
's b
rain
dev
elop
s 80
per
cent
of
itsfu
nctio
ns in
thes
e fi
rst t
hree
yea
rs, i
nclu
ding
the
abili
ty to
lear
n, c
ope,
and
dea
l
with
oth
ers
peac
eful
ly. T
he q
ualit
y of
ear
ly c
are
can
incr
ease
or
decr
ease
the
abili
ty to
lear
n by
25
perc
ent o
r m
ore
and
has
a de
cisi
ve im
pact
on
the
capa
city
to r
egul
ate
emot
ions
.
Bec
ause
exp
osur
e to
inan
y ri
sk f
acto
rs (
pove
rty,
abu
sive
par
ents
, poo
r he
alth
care
) m
ultip
lies
the
prob
abili
ty th
at a
chi
ld w
ill e
xper
ienc
e di
ffic
ultie
s la
ter
on(s
uch
as d
rug
use,
del
inqu
ency
, and
trua
ncy)
it is
impo
rtan
t to
prov
ide
earl
ych
ildho
od p
reve
ntio
n an
d in
terv
entio
n pr
ogra
ms
that
off
er a
bro
adar
ray
ofse
rvic
es to
sim
ulta
neou
sly
addr
ess
a nu
mbe
r of
ris
k fa
ctor
s. F
or e
xam
ple,
com
preh
ensi
ve in
-hom
e pr
enat
al c
are
and
new
born
sup
port
pro
gram
s, w
hen
follo
wed
by
qual
ity, p
aren
t-in
volv
ed c
hild
car
e an
d pr
esch
ool,
wer
e sh
own
toim
prov
e ch
ild d
evel
opm
ent a
nd r
educ
e ab
use
by a
ppro
xim
atel
y 80
per
cent
and
futu
re v
iole
nce
by b
etw
een
50 a
nd 7
5 pe
rcen
t (C
arne
gie
Cor
pora
tion,
199
2;Sh
erm
an e
t al.,
199
6).
Rec
omm
ende
d S
teps
Supp
ort f
ull i
mpl
emen
tatio
n of
Kid
s C
are
Supp
ort f
ull f
undi
ng o
f th
e st
atc
Hea
lth S
tart
pro
gram
Part
icip
ate
in o
utre
ach
initi
ativ
es to
ens
ure
fam
ilies
take
adv
anta
ge o
f av
aila
ble
heal
th c
are
Supp
ort f
ull f
undi
ng o
f th
e st
ate
Hea
lthy
Fam
ilies
pro
gram
Obt
ain
full
fund
ing
of f
amily
and
adu
lt lit
erac
y pr
ogra
ms
Supp
ort t
he e
stab
lishm
ent o
f a
sing
le-l
ead
publ
ic e
ntity
res
pons
ible
for
pla
nnin
gan
d im
plem
entin
g a
cohe
rent
sys
tem
of
prev
entiv
e an
d su
ppor
tive
serv
ices
for
fam
ilies
with
you
ng c
hild
ren
Goa
ls/B
ench
mar
ks
74
Shor
t Ter
m:
Pass
age
of H
.B. 2
659
and
S.B
. 106
5 du
ring
the
1998
legi
slat
ive
sess
ion
Lon
g T
erm
:
Gai
n fu
ll fu
ndin
g of
sta
te H
ealth
Sta
rt, H
ealth
y Fa
mili
es a
nd F
amily
Lite
racy
prog
ram
s in
199
9 or
200
0
Est
ablis
hmen
t of
a si
ngle
-lea
d pu
blic
ent
ity f
or f
amili
es w
ith y
oung
chi
ldre
nby
200
0
TH
IS IN
ITIA
TIV
E R
EC
OM
ME
ND
ED
BY
TH
E P
RE
NA
TA
L/E
AR
LY C
HIL
DH
OO
D W
OR
K G
RO
UP
.1
26 I
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
E
75
1 3
I NIT
I AT
IVE
S: T
HE
BIA
LDIN
G B
LOC
KS
OF
TH
E P
HO
EN
IXIO
LIE
NC
E P
RE
VE
NT
ION
ST
RA
TE
GY
Initi
ativ
eE
xpan
d ac
cess
to h
igh-
qual
ity a
nd c
ompr
ehen
sive
ear
ly c
hild
hood
prog
ram
s an
d ch
ild c
are
Rat
iona
leIn
rec
ent y
ears
, sub
stan
tial d
ata
and
rese
arch
hav
e pr
oven
the
valu
e of
hig
hqu
ality
chi
ld c
are
and
com
preh
ensi
ve e
arly
chi
ldho
od p
rogr
ams
adm
inis
tere
ddu
ring
the
firs
t fiv
e ye
ars
of li
fe. P
erha
ps th
e m
ost w
idel
y-ci
ted
eval
uatio
nin
volv
es th
e Pe
rry
Pres
choo
l in
Mic
higa
n, a
pre
curs
or to
the
pres
ent-
day
Hea
dSt
art p
rogr
am. A
fter
trac
king
the
child
ren
to a
ge 2
7, r
esea
rche
rs d
isco
vere
dth
at o
nly
seve
n pe
rcen
t of
the
child
ren
from
the
Perr
y pr
ogra
m h
ad b
een
arre
sted
fiv
e or
mor
e tim
es, v
ersu
s 35
per
cent
am
ong
the
cont
rol g
roup
.Sh
erm
an e
t al.
adds
to th
e ca
se w
ith th
e fo
llow
ing
find
ing:
by
com
bini
ng h
ome
visi
tatio
n pa
rent
al s
uppo
rt p
rogr
ams
with
qua
lity
Hea
d St
art,
futu
re c
rim
e ca
nbe
red
uced
by
mor
e th
an h
alf
(She
rman
et a
l., 1
996)
. Thu
s, h
igh
qual
ity c
hild
care
and
com
preh
ensi
ve e
arly
chi
ldho
od d
evel
opm
ent a
re c
ruci
al to
pre
vent
ing
viol
ence
dow
n th
e ro
ad.
Thc
cos
t of
child
car
e, h
owev
erre
gard
less
of
qual
ityca
n ra
nge
anyw
here
from
$4,
000
to $
10,0
00 p
er p
resc
hool
er a
nnua
lly. F
or th
e m
ajor
ity o
f fa
mili
es(w
ho e
arn
less
than
$35
,000
) or
two-
inco
me
min
imum
wag
e fa
mili
es (
who
earn
onl
y ab
out $
21,0
00 p
er y
ear)
, the
chi
ld c
arc
expe
nse
can
be s
ubst
antia
las
muc
h as
1/3
of
thei
r in
com
c. U
ndou
bted
ly, m
any
fam
ilies
are
for
ced
toch
oosc
bet
wee
n a
low
er-q
ualit
y ch
ild c
are
(at a
low
er c
ost)
and
bei
ng a
ble
topa
y bi
lls, r
ent,
and
putti
ng f
ood
on th
e ta
ble.
A 1
995
surv
ey in
Min
neso
tare
veal
ed th
at o
ne-t
hird
of
pare
nts
with
chi
ldre
n in
chi
ld c
arc
felt
the
care
was
so p
oor,
it th
reat
ened
thei
r ch
ild's
saf
ety
and
deve
lopm
ent (
Gre
ater
Min
neap
olis
Day
Car
e A
ssoc
iatio
n, 1
995)
.
Whi
le h
elpi
ng w
ith th
e co
st is
sue
thro
ugh
toba
cco
settl
emen
t fun
ds, t
his
initi
ativ
e al
so s
eeks
to im
prov
e th
e qu
ality
of
child
car
e by
cre
atin
g a
Chi
ld C
are
Qua
lity
Impr
ovem
ent S
pons
orsh
ip P
rogr
am w
hich
will
add
ress
som
e of
the
prob
lem
s th
at h
ave
plag
ued
the
indu
stry
: sta
ff tu
rnov
er, l
ow w
ages
, poo
r tr
aini
ng,
and
a la
ck o
f sy
stem
-wid
e st
anda
rds.
The
Chi
ld C
are
Qua
lity
Impr
ovem
ent
Spon
sors
hip
Prog
ram
will
see
k pr
ivat
e se
ctor
sup
port
for
fin
anci
al, i
n-ki
nd a
ndte
chni
cal a
ssis
tanc
e an
d he
lp p
rovi
ders
bec
ome
natio
nally
acc
redi
ted.
Rec
omm
ende
d S
teps
Est
ablis
h a
"Chi
ld C
are
Qua
lity
Impr
ovem
ent S
pons
orsh
ip P
rogr
am"
by:
recr
uitin
g bu
sine
sses
that
will
sup
port
cur
rent
pro
vide
rs w
ith f
inan
cial
,in
-kin
d or
tech
nica
l ass
ista
nce
reso
urce
s; s
uppo
rtin
g pr
ovid
ers
beco
min
gna
tiona
lly a
ccre
dite
d; p
urch
asin
g eq
uipm
ent,
mat
eria
ls, a
nd s
uppl
ies;
and
deve
lopi
ng c
rite
ria
for
prov
ider
's p
artic
ipat
ion
Prov
ide
tax
cred
its f
or in
divi
dual
s or
bus
ines
ses
that
pro
vide
spa
ce f
or p
rogr
ams
Form
ally
rec
omm
end
to A
rizo
na's
con
gres
sion
al d
eleg
atio
n th
at a
por
tion
ofth
e re
venu
e fr
om to
bacc
o be
targ
eted
for
sta
tes
to im
prov
e th
e qu
ality
and
affo
rdab
ility
of
child
car
e an
d af
ter-
scho
ol p
rogr
ams
Goa
ls/B
ench
mar
ks
76
Est
ablis
hmen
t of
a "C
hild
Car
e Q
ualit
y Im
prov
emen
t Spo
nsor
ship
Pro
gram
"by
200
0
Obt
ain
a se
t-as
ide
from
the
incr
ease
d to
bacc
o re
venu
e fo
r im
prov
ing
the
qual
ity, a
nd a
ffor
dabi
lity
of c
hild
car
e an
d af
ter-
scho
ol p
rogr
ams
upon
the
effe
ctiv
e da
te o
f fe
dera
l law
TH
IS IN
ITIA
TIV
E R
EC
OM
ME
ND
ED
BY
TH
E P
RE
NA
TA
L/E
AR
LY C
HIL
DH
OO
D W
OR
K G
RO
UP
.77
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
EI 2
7
11 3
[Ii
iHT
IAT
IVE
S: T
11.
0 1E
BU
ILD
ING
BL
OC
KS
OF
TH
E P
HO
EN
IX V
IOL
EN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N S
TR
AT
EG
Y
Initi
ativ
eD
evel
op f
undi
ng s
olut
ions
to e
arly
chi
ldho
od a
nd f
amili
es is
sues
by:
Exp
lori
ng th
e po
ssib
ility
of
esta
blis
hing
pol
icie
s at
the
mun
icip
al,
coun
ty, a
nd s
tate
gov
ernm
ent l
evel
s th
at w
ould
ded
icat
e a
cer-
tain
per
cent
age
of a
nnua
l fis
cal b
udge
ts (
i.e. 0
.5%
, 1%
or
mor
e)to
be
spen
t exc
lusi
vely
on
prev
entio
n pr
ogra
ms/
inve
stm
ents
Enc
oura
ging
the
Gov
erno
rF
inan
cing
Com
mis
sion
to e
stab
lish
an E
arly
Chi
ldho
od
Rat
iona
leR
esea
rch
over
the
past
twen
ty y
ears
has
sho
wn
that
the
leas
t exp
ensi
ve a
ndm
ost e
ffect
ive
way
to p
reve
nt v
iole
nce
is to
impr
ove
the
nurt
urin
g ca
rc o
f all
child
ren
espe
cial
ly th
ose
in th
eir
early
yea
rs. N
umer
ous
stud
ies
have
sho
wn
that
inve
stm
ents
in p
rogr
ams
to h
elp
kids
get
the
right
sta
rt c
an r
educ
e cr
imc
and
crim
inal
just
ice
cost
s su
bsta
ntia
lly:
It is
est
imat
ed th
at fo
r ev
ery
$3 s
pent
on
child
abu
se p
reve
ntio
n, a
t lea
st $
6is
sav
ed o
n ch
ild w
elfa
re s
ervi
ces,
spe
cial
edu
catio
n, m
edic
al c
are,
fost
erca
rc, c
ouns
elin
g, a
nd ju
veni
le ju
stic
e (B
ryan
t & D
aro,
199
4); a
nd,
Pro
fess
or M
ark
A. C
ohen
of V
ande
rbilt
Uni
vers
ity e
stim
ates
that
as
muc
h as
$1.7
to $
2.3
mill
ion
coul
d be
sav
ed b
y av
ertin
g a
life
of c
rime
of ju
st o
nehi
gh-r
isk
yout
h.
But
vio
lenc
e pr
even
tion
prog
ram
s ca
n on
ly w
ork
for
the
child
ren
they
rea
ch.T
oo
ofte
n, to
o m
any
effe
ctiv
e pr
ogra
ms
reac
h on
ly a
sm
all p
ortio
n of
the
child
ren
who
mig
ht b
e he
lped
bec
ause
they
hav
e be
en s
et u
p as
"pi
lot"
or
"exp
erim
enta
l"pr
ojec
ts, a
nd o
pera
te o
n sm
all b
udge
ts a
nd s
mal
l sca
les.
For
exa
mpl
e, A
rizon
a's
Hea
lthy
Fam
ilies
pro
gram
s (a
com
preh
ensi
ve p
rogr
am w
hich
ass
ists
new
par
ents
)
reac
hed
less
than
6 p
erce
nt o
f the
elig
ible
at-
risk
birt
hs in
Ariz
ona
in 1
996.
Bec
ause
man
y ef
fect
ive
prog
ram
s su
ch a
s H
ealth
y F
amili
es a
re fu
nded
by
the
legi
slat
ure
on a
n an
nual
bas
is, t
hey
typi
cally
are
una
ble
to g
row
to m
eet n
ewde
man
d. T
hus,
eve
n w
hen
prog
ram
s ap
pear
effe
ctiv
e at
pro
vidi
ng a
qua
lity
good
or
serv
ice,
thei
r im
pact
and
ben
efits
are
not
fully
rea
lized
bec
ause
they
are
unde
r-ca
pita
lized
and
thei
r "r
each
" is
ofte
n m
odes
t (M
ende
l, 19
95).
The
firs
t par
t of t
his
initi
ativ
ede
velo
ped
by th
c P
rena
tal/E
arly
Chi
ldho
odW
ork
Gro
upsu
gges
ts th
e ad
optio
n of
a "
perc
ent t
o pr
even
t" p
olic
y at
all
leve
ls o
f gov
ernm
ent t
o in
crea
se fu
ndin
g fo
r pr
even
tion
and
early
inte
rven
tion
prog
ram
s. B
ased
on
sim
ilar
mod
els
in T
ucso
n an
d S
an F
ranc
isco
, a "
perc
ent t
o
prev
ent"
can
take
sev
eral
diff
eren
t for
ms.
One
form
is a
per
cent
(e.
g., 0
.5%
or
1% o
r m
ore)
as
a se
t-as
ide
in a
n en
tire
fisca
l bud
get f
or a
gov
ernm
ent.
For
exa
mpl
e, a
city
mig
ht d
ecid
e th
at 2
per
cent
of i
ts a
nnua
l bud
get w
ill b
ede
dica
ted
to p
reve
ntio
n an
d ea
rly in
terv
entio
n pr
ogra
ms
and
activ
ities
.A
noth
er fo
rm m
ight
com
e th
roug
h a
citiz
en in
itiat
ive
whi
ch d
esig
nate
s a
new
sale
s or
oth
er ty
pe o
f tax
(fo
r ex
ampl
e 0.
5% o
r 1%
add
ed to
sal
es ta
x) w
hose
fund
ing
is d
edic
ated
to p
reve
ntio
n pr
ogra
ms.
Rec
omm
ende
d St
eps
Res
earc
h ot
her
com
mun
ities
' suc
cess
ful a
dopt
ion
of "
perc
ent t
o pr
even
t"pr
inci
ples
and
exp
lore
impl
emen
tatio
n he
re a
t the
loca
l, co
unty
and
sta
te le
vels
Enc
oura
ge th
e G
over
nor
and
legi
slat
ure
to e
stab
lish
an E
arly
Chi
ldho
odF
inan
cing
Com
mis
sion
(ba
sed
on s
ucce
ssfu
l mod
els
inC
olor
ado,
Was
hing
ton
Sta
te, F
lorid
a)
Goa
ls/B
ench
mar
ksE
stab
lishm
ent o
f pol
icie
s at
mun
icip
al, c
ount
y, a
nd s
tate
gov
ernm
ent l
evel
sw
hich
ded
icat
e a
perc
enta
ge o
f the
ir an
nual
fisc
al b
udge
ts (
i.e. 0
.5%
, 1%
or
mor
e) to
be
spen
t on
prev
entio
n pr
ogra
ms/
inve
stm
ents
by
June
1, 2
000
Est
ablis
hmen
t of a
n E
arly
Chi
ldho
od F
inan
cing
Com
mis
sion
by
June
1, 1
999
7sT
HIS
INIT
IAT
IVE
RE
CO
MM
EN
DE
D B
Y T
HE
PR
EN
AT
AL/
EA
RLY
CH
ILD
HO
OD
WO
RK
GR
OU
P.
7 9
28 I
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
E
11 3
ON
ITIA
TIV
ES:
TH
EW
LIN
GIL
%L
OC
KS
OF
TH
E P
HO
EN
IX V
IOL
EN
CE
PR
IEV
EN
TIO
N S
TR
AT
EG
Y
Initi
ativ
eM
ake
Phoe
nix
neig
hbor
hood
s le
ss h
ospi
tabl
e to
vio
lenc
e an
dcr
ime,
beg
inni
ng w
ith o
lder
, tro
uble
d ar
eas,
by
upgr
adin
g in
fra-
stru
ctur
e an
d pr
ovid
ing
need
ed c
omm
unity
dev
elop
men
tre
sour
ces,
e.g
., pa
rks;
com
mun
ity c
ente
rs o
ffer
ing
soci
al a
nd
recr
eatio
nal s
ervi
ces;
str
eet l
ight
s; in
fill
hous
ing;
zon
ing
and
code
enfo
rcem
ent;
rapi
d po
lice
resp
onse
; and
pav
ing
of s
tree
ts,
side
wal
ks, c
urbs
and
gut
ters
Rat
iona
leT
he g
oal o
f th
is in
itiat
ive
is to
sus
tain
pub
lic s
afet
y by
enh
anci
ng th
e ph
ysic
al,
soci
al, e
duca
tiona
l and
rec
reat
iona
l ser
vice
s of
Pho
enix
nei
ghbo
rhoo
ds, b
egin
ning
with
old
er, t
roub
led
area
s w
hose
rat
es o
f cr
ime
and
viol
ence
oft
en e
xcee
d ci
tyno
rms.
The
key
com
pone
nt o
f th
is in
itiat
ive
is th
e em
phas
is o
n ne
ighb
orho
od-
base
d se
rvic
es a
nd f
acili
ties.
It r
espo
nds
to r
esea
rch
indi
catin
g th
at th
e ab
ility
to p
reve
nt s
erio
us v
iole
nt c
rim
e m
ay b
e di
rect
ly r
elat
ed to
the
abili
ty to
resh
ape
com
mun
ity li
fe in
our
mos
t tro
uble
d ne
ighb
orho
ods.
Res
iden
ts,
as w
ell a
s ex
pert
s, h
ave
conc
lude
d th
at p
hysi
cal i
mpr
ovem
ents
, alo
ng w
ithin
tegr
ated
soc
ial s
ervi
ces,
can
incr
ease
qua
lity
of li
fe in
a n
eigh
borh
ood
and
ther
eby
redu
ce v
iole
nce
and
crim
e.
Rec
omm
ende
d St
eps
Form
ulat
e C
ity o
f Ph
oeni
x gu
idel
ines
per
mitt
ing
the
use
of C
DB
G f
unds
as
the
loca
l mat
ch f
or in
fras
truc
ture
fin
anci
ng in
low
and
mod
erat
e in
com
ene
ighb
orho
ods
Max
imiz
e th
e us
e of
exi
stin
g ne
ighb
orho
od f
acili
ties
(pub
lic, p
riva
te a
ndfa
ith-o
rien
ted)
to in
crea
se o
ppor
tuni
ties
for
deliv
erin
g co
mm
unity
-bas
edso
cial
, edu
catio
nal a
nd r
ecre
atio
nal s
ervi
ces
Exp
and
cove
rage
of
the
Phoe
nix
PEY
S in
form
atio
n sy
stem
city
wid
ean
d in
clud
e da
ta in
dica
ting
loca
lly-b
ased
soc
ial s
ervi
ces;
pro
vide
tech
nica
las
sist
ance
to f
acili
tate
use
by
Phoe
nix
resi
dent
s
Goa
ls/B
ench
mar
ks
80
Inst
itute
CD
BG
pol
icy
chan
ge b
y ne
xt C
ity o
f Ph
oeni
x fu
ndin
g cy
cle
Org
aniz
e co
aliti
on o
f st
akeh
olde
rs to
dev
elop
impl
emen
tatio
n pl
an f
or s
ervi
ces
and
faci
lity
use,
whi
ch w
ould
incl
ude
step
s in
volv
ed a
nd r
espo
nsib
le p
artie
s;co
aliti
on m
ight
be
orga
nize
d by
Ari
zona
Ecu
men
ical
Cou
ncil
City
of
Phoe
nix,
loca
l sch
ool d
istr
icts
, and
soc
ial s
ervi
ce a
genc
ies
to p
rovi
deco
mbi
natio
n of
in-k
ind
and
fisc
al r
esou
rces
nee
ded
to a
ccom
plis
h in
form
atio
nsy
stem
exp
ansi
on b
y Sp
ring
, 199
9
TH
IS IN
ITIA
TIV
E R
EC
OM
ME
ND
ED
BY
TH
E N
EIG
HB
OR
HO
OD
S A
ND
CO
MM
UN
ITIE
S W
OR
K G
RO
UP
.
81P
HO
EN
IX V
IOLE
NC
E P
RE
VE
NT
ION
INIT
IAT
IVE
I2
9
1 3
ON
ITIA
TIV
ES:
TH
EH
lJIL
lDlN
G B
LO
CK
S O
F T
HE
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LE
NC
E P
RE
VE
NT
ION
ST
RA
TE
GY
Initi
ativ
e
Rat
iona
le
Ado
pt c
ity-w
ide
polic
ies
addr
essi
ng d
ensi
ty, z
onin
g an
d co
deen
forc
emen
t, an
d bl
ight
elim
inat
ion
so a
s to
pre
vent
and
miti
gate
negl
igen
t beh
avio
r an
d cr
imin
al a
ctiv
ity
The
sec
ond
Nei
ghbo
rhoo
ds in
itiat
ive
resp
onds
to s
ocia
l and
phy
sica
l dis
orde
rin
nei
ghbo
rhoo
ds, w
hich
has
bee
n ci
ted
as a
com
mun
ity r
isk
fact
or f
or v
iole
ntcr
ime.
Pub
lic p
olic
ies
cont
ribu
te to
suc
h de
clin
es th
roug
h in
suff
icie
nt e
nfor
ce-
men
t of
build
ing
code
vio
latio
ns a
nd o
ther
pol
icie
s or
pol
itics
res
ultin
g in
exce
ssiv
e co
ncen
trat
ions
of
high
den
sity
res
iden
tial d
evel
opm
ents
clu
ster
ed in
part
icul
ar n
eigh
borh
oods
. Fur
ther
, cur
rent
blig
ht e
limin
atio
n la
ws
are
wea
k,
allo
win
g sl
um a
nd a
bsen
tee
land
lord
s an
d ir
resp
onsi
ble
tena
nts
to "
eat a
way
" at
thc
safe
ty a
nd q
ualit
y of
life
in n
eigh
borh
oods
thro
ugho
ut th
e V
alle
y. F
or e
xam
ple,
at p
rese
nt a
n es
timat
ed 8
to 1
0 pe
rcen
t of
the
Val
ley'
s re
ntal
hou
sing
sto
ckar
c co
nsid
ered
sub
stan
dard
, and
as
muc
h as
30
perc
ent o
f pr
oble
m r
enta
lpr
oper
ties
are
owne
d by
out
-of-
stat
e la
ndlo
rds
who
rou
tinel
y ev
ade
blig
hten
forc
emen
t eff
orts
.
Rec
omm
ende
d St
eps
Form
a ta
sk f
orce
to d
evel
op le
gisl
ativ
e pr
opos
als
to s
tren
gthe
n co
deen
forc
emen
t and
cri
min
al a
bate
men
t law
s
Exp
and
Phoe
nix
city
sta
ff to
incr
ease
cod
e an
d bl
ight
rem
edia
tion
enfo
rce-
men
t, an
d pr
ovid
e te
chni
cal a
ssis
tanc
e to
nei
ghbo
rhoo
d gr
oups
to a
ssis
tat
the
loca
l lev
el, s
uch
as th
roug
h th
e ex
pans
ion
of P
hoen
ix' c
urre
ntC
omm
unity
Pro
secu
tion
prog
ram
Cha
nge
loca
l zon
ing
polic
ies
to a
ddre
ss d
ensi
ty is
sues
by:
lim
iting
the
num
ber
of la
rge,
mul
tifam
ily h
ousi
ng p
roje
cts
that
can
be
deve
lope
d in
a g
iven
are
a;do
wn-
zoni
ng la
rge
unde
velo
ped
land
par
cels
loca
ted
in a
reas
mar
ked
byex
cess
ive
conc
entr
atio
ns o
f m
ultif
amily
hou
sing
; enc
oura
ging
city
acq
uisi
tion
of "
trou
bled
" m
ultif
amily
pro
ject
s th
at a
re f
or s
ale,
and
stip
ulat
ing
dens
ityre
duct
ion
requ
irem
ents
in th
e te
rms
for
mar
ket r
esal
e
Goa
ls/B
ench
mar
ks
82
Aba
tem
ent t
ask
forc
e to
be
chai
red
by C
ount
y A
ttorn
ey's
off
ice
and
com
pris
ed o
f re
pres
enta
tives
fro
m n
eigh
borh
oods
, the
hou
sing
indu
stry
,an
d lo
cal,
coun
ty a
nd s
tate
gov
ernm
ents
; rec
omm
enda
tions
to b
e re
ady
for
1999
sta
te le
gisl
ativ
e se
ssio
n
Add
res
ourc
es in
nex
t City
of
Phoe
nix
budg
et to
exp
and
code
enf
orce
men
tst
aff
and
Com
mun
ity P
rose
cutio
n pr
ogra
m; c
reat
e w
ithin
the
Nei
ghbo
rhoo
dSe
rvic
es D
epar
tmen
t an
outr
each
eff
ort m
obili
zing
res
iden
ts to
bec
ome
invo
lved
in b
light
rem
edia
tion
stra
tegi
es
Con
vene
imm
edia
tely
the
revi
ew p
roce
ss n
eede
d to
rev
ise
Phoe
nix
zoni
ngpo
licie
s re
latin
g to
mul
tifam
ily d
ensi
ty is
sues
; exp
lore
use
of
City
gen
eral
fund
s or
fed
eral
ass
ista
nce
to a
ssis
t with
the
acqu
isiti
on o
f tr
oubl
ed p
rope
rtie
s
TH
IS IN
ITIA
TIV
E R
EC
OM
ME
ND
ED
BY
TH
E N
EIG
HB
OR
HO
OD
S A
ND
CO
MM
UN
ITIE
S W
OR
K G
RO
UP
.
30 I
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
E
83
13O
NO
TIA
TIV
ES
: TH
E B
UIL
DIN
G E
LOC
KS
OF
TH
E P
HO
EN
IX V
IOL
EN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N S
TR
AT
EG
Y
Initi
ativ
e
Rat
iona
le
Incr
ease
par
ticip
atio
n of
res
iden
ts in
nei
ghbo
rhoo
d ac
tiviti
es,
asso
ciat
ions
and
ava
ilabl
e se
lf-h
elp
trai
ning
pro
gram
s in
ord
er to
deve
lop
safe
, hea
lthy
com
mun
ities
and
impr
ove
loca
l qua
lity
of li
fe
Alth
ough
res
earc
h in
dica
tes
that
, by
itsel
f, c
omm
unity
mob
iliza
tion
is n
otal
way
s ef
fect
ive
agai
nst s
erio
us c
rim
e in
low
-inc
ome
neig
hbor
hood
s, it
is o
ften
cons
ider
ed a
nec
essa
ry c
ondi
tion
for
othe
r cr
ime
prev
entio
n st
rate
gies
to ta
kepl
ace.
Enc
oura
ging
com
mun
ity p
artic
ipat
ion,
how
ever
, is
diff
icul
t. T
here
fore
,it
mus
t be
neig
hbor
hood
-bas
ed, h
ave
long
-ter
m f
undi
ng, a
nd b
e fa
cilit
ated
by
trai
ned
indi
vidu
als
with
bili
ngua
l cap
abili
ty. I
n ne
ighb
orho
ods
with
exi
stin
g
crim
e pr
oble
ms,
Blo
ck W
atch
pro
gram
s ha
ve p
rove
n to
be
usef
ul a
ppro
ache
sto
cur
bing
vio
lenc
e as
wel
l as
enco
urag
ing
resi
dent
par
ticip
atio
n. F
urth
er,
com
mun
ity-b
ased
pol
icin
g st
rate
gies
hav
e re
sulte
d no
t onl
y in
impr
oved
enfo
rcem
ent a
nd r
espo
nse,
but
hei
ghte
ned
inte
ract
ion
amon
g an
d be
twee
n la
wen
forc
emen
t off
icer
s an
d lo
cal n
eigh
borh
ood
resi
dent
s.
Rec
omm
ende
d S
teps
Cre
ate
prog
ram
s of
feri
ng P
hoen
ix-a
rea
resi
dent
s di
rect
tech
nica
l ass
ista
nce
to s
timul
ate
neig
hbor
hood
par
ticip
atio
n an
d de
velo
p lo
cal l
eade
rshi
p sk
ills;
prog
ram
s sh
ould
be
bilin
gual
, nei
ghbo
rhoo
d-ba
sed,
foc
used
on
trai
ning
, and
have
long
-ter
m f
undi
ng
Enc
oura
ge p
artn
ersh
ips
amon
g fa
ith c
omm
unity
, sch
ools
and
bus
ines
ses
tosu
ppor
t nei
ghbo
rhoo
ds b
y of
feri
ng r
esou
rces
, fac
ilitie
s, a
nd/o
r st
aff
for
com
mun
ity p
rogr
ams
and
even
ts
Exp
and
com
mun
ity p
olic
ing
reso
urce
s to
pro
vide
for
: inc
reas
ed in
tera
ctio
nw
ith B
lock
Wat
ch g
roup
s; a
llow
com
mun
ity a
ctio
n of
fice
rs to
reg
ular
lyat
tend
nig
ht a
nd w
eeke
nd n
eigh
borh
ood
mee
tings
; and
exp
and
trai
ning
for
Blo
ck W
atch
on
Patr
ol
Exp
lore
the
poss
ibili
ty o
f fu
rthe
r de
cent
raliz
ing
polic
e re
sour
ces
thro
ugho
utth
e ci
ty
Goa
ls/B
ench
mar
ksId
entif
y a
loca
l non
-pro
fit o
r co
mm
unity
dev
elop
men
t cor
pora
tion
capa
ble
of p
rovi
ding
com
mun
ity p
artic
ipat
ion
tech
nica
l ass
ista
nce;
exp
lore
fun
ding
for
serv
ices
to b
e de
liver
ed f
rom
city
, sta
te a
nd f
eder
al g
over
nmen
ts,
foun
datio
ns, n
on-p
rofi
ts a
nd/o
r pr
ivat
e se
ctor
; est
ablis
h m
echa
nism
s fo
rci
tizen
inpu
t reg
ardi
ng s
ervi
ces
to b
e de
liver
ed
Org
aniz
e pu
blic
-pri
vate
coa
litio
n to
pro
mot
e co
mm
unity
par
tner
ship
s ci
ty-
wid
e; e
stab
lish
goal
s to
mon
itor
loca
tions
and
num
ber
of p
artn
ersh
ips
crea
ted
Phas
e-in
fun
ds, b
egin
ning
with
Pho
enix
' FY
'98-
99 b
udge
t, fo
r in
crea
sed
com
mun
ity p
olic
ing
effo
rts
city
wid
e; c
onsi
der
sale
s ta
x re
fere
ndum
or
tax
on s
ales
of
prof
essi
onal
spo
rts
ticke
ts, a
s po
ssib
le s
ourc
es f
or p
erm
anen
tfu
ndin
g of
com
mun
ity p
olic
ing
goal
s
Con
vene
a p
lann
ing
com
mitt
ee to
ana
lyze
sce
nari
os f
or f
urth
er d
ecen
tral
izin
gof
pol
ice
reso
urce
s; c
onsi
der
bond
ele
ctio
n to
fin
ance
cap
ital c
osts
of
such
an in
itiat
ive
TH
IS IN
ITIA
TIV
E R
EC
OM
ME
ND
ED
BY
TH
E N
EIG
HB
OR
HO
OD
S A
ND
CO
MM
UN
ITIE
S W
OR
K G
RO
UP
.
84
85
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
EI 3
1
UM
PIL
,LE
IMIN
UA
UIO
NI P
LAN
Phas
e Il
l
will
con
nect
the
13 in
itiat
ives
to p
eopl
e an
d
orga
niza
tions
who
can
put t
hem
into
act
ion.
Con
sist
ently
fro
m th
e st
art,
PVPI
has
bee
n a
com
ing
toge
ther
of
peop
le
and
reso
urce
s to
del
iver
an
actio
n pl
an. T
he p
lan,
con
tain
ing
thir
teen
initi
ativ
es, i
s pr
esen
ted
in th
is d
ocum
ent.
The
nex
t ste
p is
to im
plem
ent
the
initi
ativ
es.
The
pur
pose
of
Phas
e II
Iis
to c
onne
ct th
e th
irte
en in
itiat
ives
to
peop
le a
nd o
rgan
izat
ions
who
can
hel
p de
velo
p th
em f
urth
er a
nd th
en p
ut
them
into
act
ion.
To
that
end
, the
PV
PI S
teer
ing
Com
mitt
ee r
ecom
men
ds
the
follo
win
g st
ruct
ure
for
Phas
e II
I:
The
par
tner
ship
am
ong
the
City
of
Phoe
nix,
Ari
zona
Sup
rem
e C
ourt
,
Gre
ater
Pho
enix
Lea
ders
hip,
Mar
icop
a C
ount
y A
ttorn
ey, M
aric
opa
Cou
nty,
and
ASU
's M
orri
son
Inst
itute
for
Pub
lic P
olic
y sh
ould
cont
inue
to p
rovi
de th
e ne
twor
k an
d "g
lue"
to le
vera
ge c
omm
unity
reso
urce
s to
pro
mot
e vi
olen
ce p
reve
ntio
n in
the
Phoe
nix
met
ro a
rca.
The
PV
PI S
teer
ing
Com
mitt
ee s
houl
d co
ntin
ue a
s th
e le
ader
ship
orga
niza
tion
resp
onsi
ble
for
over
seei
ng a
nd m
onito
ring
the
com
mun
ity's
pro
gres
s to
war
d im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e Ph
oeni
x V
iole
nce
Prev
entio
n In
itiat
ives
. Act
iviti
es m
ay in
clud
ing
fund
rai
sing
, com
mun
i-
catio
n an
d lo
bbyi
ng s
uppo
rt f
or th
e in
itiat
ives
.
The
Ste
erin
g C
omm
ittee
sho
uld
esta
blis
h va
riou
s co
mm
ittee
s
com
pris
ed o
f PV
PI S
teer
ing
Com
mitt
ee m
embe
rs a
nd o
ther
s to
gui
de
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
initi
ativ
es, c
arry
out
spe
cifi
c su
bsta
ntia
l tas
ks,
and
mak
e qu
arte
rly
prog
ress
rep
orts
.
87
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
EI 3
3
The
sch
emat
ic th
at f
ollo
ws
grap
hica
lly d
epic
ts th
is o
rgan
izat
iona
l
stru
ctur
e as
wel
l as
the
rela
tions
hips
am
ong
the
initi
ativ
es.
YO
UT
H S
UP
PO
RT
INIT
IAT
IVE
S
PU
BLI
C A
WA
RE
NE
SS
INIT
IAT
IVE
S
NE
IGH
BO
RH
OO
DS
INIT
IAT
IVE
S
TA
. to
neig
hbor
hood
orga
niza
tions
IVP
I ST
EE
RIN
GC
OM
MIT
TE
EE
XE
CU
TIV
E C
OM
MIT
TE
E-
.-6
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N.
CO
MM
ITT
EE
S
qual
itych
ild c
are
jobs
for
yout
h
Hea
lthy
Fam
ilies
Hea
lth S
tart
,ex
pans
ion
fund
ing
stra
tegi
esfo
rpr
even
tion
non-
scho
olho
urpr
ogra
ms
EA
RLY
CH
ILD
HO
OD
YO
UT
H A
CT
IVIT
IES
pare
ntIN
ITIA
TIV
ES
trai
ning
/IN
ITIA
TIV
ES
fam
ilyse
rvic
es
PA
RE
NT
AL
SU
PP
OR
TIN
ITIA
TIV
ES
3 4
I PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
E
8 9
SOU
RC
ES
Bry
ant a
nd D
aro,
199
4, c
ited
in P
hase
I P
hoen
ix V
iole
nce
Prev
entio
nIn
itiat
ive
Rep
ort,
Sept
embe
r 19
97.
Bui
ldin
g on
the
Pres
iden
ts' C
all t
o A
ctio
n, J
oin
Tog
ethe
r, s
peci
al is
sue,
no.
4,
1997
.
Dilu
lio, J
ohn
J., J
r., "
Cri
me:
The
Rea
l Roo
t Cau
ses,
"Job
s &
Cap
ital,
vol.
4,
feat
ure
artic
le 7
, Win
ter
1995
.
Dry
foos
, Joy
G.,
Ado
lesc
ents
at R
isk:
Pre
vale
nce
and
Prev
entio
n, N
ew Y
ork:
Oxf
ord
Pres
s, 1
990.
Fede
ral a
nd S
tate
Pri
sons
: Inm
ate
Popu
latio
ns, C
osts
, and
Pro
ject
ion
Mod
els,
Gen
eral
Acc
ount
ing
Off
ice,
Nov
embe
r 19
96.
The
Fut
ure
of C
hild
ren,
Cen
ter
for
the
Futu
re o
f C
hild
ren,
vol
.5, n
o. 3
,W
inte
r 19
95.
Gre
ater
Min
neap
olis
Day
Car
e A
ssoc
iatio
n, V
alui
ng F
amili
es, t
he H
igh
Cos
t
of W
aitin
g fo
r C
hild
Car
e Sl
idin
g Fe
e A
ssis
tanc
e, 1
995.
Gre
enw
ood,
Pet
er W
,K
aryn
E. M
odel
, C. P
eter
Ryd
ell a
nd J
ames
Chi
sea,
Div
ertin
g C
hild
ren
from
a L
ife
of C
rim
e. p
repa
red
for
the
Uhi
vers
ity
of C
alif
orni
a B
erke
ley
and
the
Jam
es I
rvin
e Fo
unda
tion
by R
AN
D,
1996
.
Hea
ling
the
Hat
e, E
duca
tions
Dev
elop
men
t Cen
ter,
Inc
., 19
97.
John
son,
Rya
n, N
ancy
Wel
ch, J
ack
Pfis
ter,
and
Rob
Mel
nick
, Wha
t Mat
ters
in G
reat
er P
hoen
ix: 1
997
Indi
cato
rs o
f O
ur Q
ualit
y of
Lif
t. T
empe
, AZ
:
Mor
riso
n In
stitu
te f
or P
ublic
Pol
icy,
199
7.
A M
atte
r of
Tim
e, R
isk
and
Opp
ortu
nity
in th
e N
on-S
choo
l Hou
rs. R
epor
t of
the
Tas
k Fo
rce
on Y
outh
Dev
elop
men
t and
Com
mun
ity P
rogr
ams,
Car
negi
e C
orpo
ratio
n of
New
Yor
k, C
arne
gie
Cou
ncil
on A
dole
scen
tD
evel
opm
ent,
Dec
embe
r 19
92.
90
Men
del,
Ric
hard
A.,
Prev
entio
n or
Por
k? A
Har
d-H
eade
d L
ook
at Y
outh
-
Ori
ente
d A
nti-
Cri
me
Prog
ram
s, W
ashi
ngto
n D
.C.:
Am
eric
an Y
outh
Pol
icy
Foru
m, 1
995.
Mon
itori
ng th
e Fu
ture
, Ins
titut
e of
Soc
ial R
esea
rch,
199
3.
Qua
lity
Chi
ld C
are
and
Aft
er-S
choo
l Pro
gram
s: K
ey W
eapo
ns A
gain
st C
rim
e.
Was
hing
ton
D.C
.: Fi
ght C
rim
e, I
nves
t in
Kid
s.
Sher
man
, Law
renc
e,W
hat W
orks
, Wha
tD
oesn
't, W
hat's
Prom
isin
g,
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Nat
iona
l Ins
titut
e of
Jus
tice,
199
6.
Som
e T
hing
s D
O M
ake
A D
iffe
renc
e fo
r Y
outh
: A C
ompe
ndiu
m o
f E
valu
atio
ns o
f
You
th P
rogr
ams
and
Prac
tices
. Am
eric
an Y
outh
Pol
icy
Foru
m, I
nstit
ute
for
Edu
catio
nal L
eade
rshi
p, 1
997.
Star
ting
Poin
ts: M
eetin
g th
e N
eeds
of
Our
You
nges
t Chi
ldre
n. C
arne
gie
Foun
datio
n, 1
994.
Wils
on, J
ames
Q.,
"Wha
t to
do a
bout
cri
me,
" C
omm
enta
ry, v
ol. 9
8, n
o. 3
,
Sept
embe
r 19
94.
Wri
ght,
Kev
in N
. and
Kar
en E
. Wri
ght,
Fam
ily L
ife,
Del
inqu
ency
and
Cri
me:
A P
olic
ymak
er's
Gui
de, U
.S. D
ept.
of J
ustic
e O
ffic
e of
Juv
enile
Jus
tice
and
Del
inqu
ency
Pre
vent
ion,
May
199
4
Yos
hika
wa
Hir
okaz
u, "
Lon
g T
erm
Eff
ects
of
Ear
ly C
hild
hood
Pro
gram
s on
Soci
al O
utco
mes
and
Del
inqu
ency
," T
he F
utur
e of
Chi
ldre
n, v
ol. 5
, no.
3,
Win
ter
1995
.
91P
HO
EN
IX V
IOLE
NC
E P
RE
VE
NT
ION
INIT
IAT
IVE
I3
5
AP
EN
DU
KR
OC
E S
S E
GA
DA
P
PHA
SE 92
The
fol
low
ing
Proc
ess
Roa
d M
ap f
or th
e Ph
oeni
x V
iole
nce
Prev
entio
n
Initi
ativ
e's
seco
nd p
hase
pro
vide
s de
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nix
Co-
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ustic
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harl
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. Jon
es,
Ari
zona
Sup
rem
e C
ourt
Car
olyn
And
rew
s, A
mer
ican
Exp
ress
Reg
inal
d M
. Bal
lant
yne
III,
PM
H H
ealth
Res
ourc
es, I
nc.
Lin
da B
less
ing,
Ari
zona
Dep
artm
ent o
f E
cono
mic
Sec
urity
Cla
udia
Cam
acho
, You
th R
epre
sent
ativ
e, M
etro
Tec
h
Jam
es A
. Col
ley,
City
of
Phoe
nix
Park
s, R
ecre
atio
n &
Lib
rari
es
Geo
rge
Dea
n, G
reat
er P
hoen
ix U
rban
Lea
gue
Rob
ert D
onof
rio,
Mur
phy
Ele
men
tary
Dis
tric
t No.
21
L. E
dwar
d E
isel
e, H
olsu
m B
aker
y, I
nc.
Paul
Epp
inge
r, A
rizo
na E
cum
enic
al C
ounc
il
Ken
Fuj
imot
o, V
alle
y In
terf
aith
Pro
ject
Den
nis
Gar
rett,
Pho
enix
Pol
ice
Dep
artm
ent
Alf
redo
G. G
utie
rrez
, Jam
ieso
n &
Gut
ierr
ez
Bri
an H
asse
tt, V
alle
y of
the
Sun
Uni
ted
Way
Win
fiel
d L
. Hol
den,
PH
OE
NIX
Mag
azin
e
Gre
gg H
olm
es, C
ox C
omm
unic
atio
ns
Har
old
Hur
tt, P
hoen
ix P
olic
e D
epar
tmen
t
Lui
s lb
arra
, Fri
endl
y H
ouse
Mic
hael
Joh
nson
, Pho
enix
Pol
ice
Dep
artm
ent A
dvis
ory
Boa
rd
Pam
Joh
nson
, Pho
enix
New
spap
ers,
Inc
.
Car
ol K
amin
, Chi
ldre
n's
Act
ion
Alli
ance
Jaim
ie L
eopo
ld, N
eigh
borh
ood
Part
ners
, Inc
.
Bill
Mac
Don
ald,
Mac
Don
ald
Dir
ect M
arke
ting,
Inc
.
Ric
k M
iller
, Boy
s an
d G
irls
Clu
bs o
f M
etro
Pho
enix
Law
renc
e M
oore
, Pub
lic A
ffai
rs, M
otor
ola
Will
iam
T. M
urph
ree,
Cen
tral
Ari
zona
Lab
or C
ounc
il97
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
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PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
EI
41
Rob
ert M
yers
, Mar
icop
a C
ount
y Su
peri
or C
ourt
John
New
son,
Shi
loh
Bap
tist C
hurc
h
John
ny O
jeda
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epre
sent
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y O
rton
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tral
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zona
She
lter
Serv
ices
, Inc
(fo
rmer
ly)
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l Par
ra, Y
outh
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rese
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ive,
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ro T
ech
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hard
M. R
omle
y, M
aric
opa
Cou
nty
Atto
rney
Ern
est J
. Sal
azar
Paul
Sar
zoza
, Chi
cano
s Po
r L
a C
ausa
Ter
ry S
mith
, Gov
erno
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ivis
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ldre
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telo
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mac
ulat
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eart
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rch
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pley
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ount
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zona
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te B
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men
cy
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n W
ashi
ngto
n, C
ity o
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uman
Ser
vice
s
Man
ny W
ong,
Asi
an-A
mer
ican
Tim
es
AD
VIS
OR
Y G
RO
UP
Jacq
ues
M. A
vent
, City
of
Phoe
nix
Irw
in B
akin
, Pho
enix
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ice
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artm
ent
R. T
hom
as B
row
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ater
Pho
enix
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ders
hip
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cent
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olan
, Ari
zona
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rem
e C
ourt
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n Jo
hnso
n, M
orri
son
Inst
itute
for
Pub
lic P
olic
y, A
SU
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k K
lym
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te f
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y K
ornr
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en L
elan
d, M
orri
son
Inst
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Pub
lic P
olic
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SU
Mic
hael
McC
ort,
Phoe
nix
Polic
e D
epar
tmen
t
Car
ol L
. McF
adde
n, O
ffic
e of
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Mar
icop
a C
ount
y A
ttorn
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Rob
Mel
nick
, Mor
riso
n In
stitu
te f
or P
ublic
Pol
icy,
ASU
Ric
k N
aim
ark,
City
of
Phoe
nix
Am
y R
ex, M
aric
opa
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nty
Che
ryln
Tow
nsen
d, M
aric
opa
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nty
Juve
nile
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batio
n D
epar
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934
2I
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
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PR
EV
EN
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ITIA
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Mar
y Jo
Wai
ts, M
orri
son
Inst
itute
for
Pub
lic P
olic
y, A
SU
Lyn
n W
ilets
ky, A
rizo
na S
upre
me
Cou
rt
Ed
Zue
rche
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ity o
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IAT
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irFr
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alle
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erry
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ith, G
over
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ren
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anno
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othe
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ealth
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abie
s
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ta C
arba
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Lyd
ia C
arbo
ne, L
inco
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ouse
Ann
e C
hris
tens
en
Kat
hryn
Coe
, Ari
zona
Dep
artm
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f H
ealth
Ser
vice
s
Mar
ilee
Dal
Pra
, Mar
icop
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ount
y A
dult
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Mic
hael
Dea
n, C
ity o
f Ph
oeni
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Pam
del
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a, D
el-S
tar
Kat
hy D
ouch
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thw
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uman
Dev
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Patr
icia
Eri
ckso
n, G
over
nor's
Div
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ldre
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Rhi
an E
vans
, Chi
ldre
n's
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ance
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dy F
orce
, Pho
enix
Pol
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Dep
artm
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y Fo
rem
an, H
ead
Star
t
Nan
cy F
ried
man
, A.C
.Y
Sara
h G
reen
way
, Chi
ld P
rote
ctiv
e Se
rvic
es
Dya
nne
Gre
er, O
ffic
e of
Mar
icop
a C
ount
y A
ttorn
ey
Bru
ce H
arve
y, F
amily
Ser
vice
Age
ncy
Jam
es H
elfe
rs, G
rand
Can
yon
Uni
vers
ity
Den
nis
Hin
z
Ow
en J
ones
, Sch
ool o
f L
aw, A
rizo
na S
tate
Uni
vers
ity
Ann
Kel
lis,J
ohn
C. L
inco
ln H
ospi
tal
9 9
Kat
hryn
Kev
e, S
cotts
dale
Lin
ks P
roje
ct
Stev
e an
d C
athe
rine
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ce, L
ance
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ketin
g G
roup
Bru
ce L
igge
tt, C
hild
ren'
s A
ctio
n A
llian
ce
War
ren
Mill
s, M
icro
age
Wilb
ert N
elso
n, H
uman
Ser
vice
Com
mis
sion
Bru
ce N
ittle
Kar
yn P
arke
r, P
hoen
ix D
ay C
hild
Dev
elop
men
t Cen
ter
Mar
sha
Port
er, C
risi
s N
urse
ry
Mel
inda
Pra
tt-M
artin
ez, H
uman
Ser
vice
s C
omm
issi
on
Chr
istin
e Pt
aszn
ik
Arn
old
Ram
irez
, City
of
Phoe
nix
Val
orie
Rob
erts
on, H
ealth
y Fa
mili
es A
rizo
na
Wen
dy S
abat
ini,
Chi
ld a
nd F
amily
Res
ourc
es
Nef
reta
ri S
alah
deen
, Alf
red
E G
arci
a Sc
hool
Sylv
ia S
alas
Ely
se S
mith
, Fri
endl
y H
ouse
Mar
y St
eenh
oek
Den
ise
Tho
mps
on, A
.B.I
.L.
Paul
Und
erw
ood,
Adv
ance
d C
ardi
ac S
peci
alis
ts
Gin
ger
War
d, S
outh
wes
t Hum
an D
evel
opm
ent
Susa
n W
ilkin
s, A
ssoc
iatio
n of
Sup
port
ive
Chi
ld C
are
Penn
y W
illri
ch, J
uven
ile C
ourt
Dia
ne Y
azzi
e D
evin
e, I
ndia
n R
ehab
ilita
tion
Dw
ayne
You
rko,
Hon
eyw
ell
ND
OV
IDU
AL
'YO
UT
H W
OR
K G
RO
UP
Co-
Cha
irL
. Edw
ard
Eis
ele,
Hol
sum
Bak
ery,
Inc
.
Co-
Cha
irC
hery
ln T
owns
end,
Mar
icop
a C
ount
y Ju
veni
lePr
obat
ion
Dep
artm
ent
Car
olyn
And
rew
s, A
mer
ican
Exp
ress
Ros
emar
y A
rana
100
Dav
id B
arnh
ouse
Joel
Blu
men
thal
, Juv
enile
Cor
rect
ions
Par
tner
ship
Joel
Bre
shin
, Ant
i-D
efam
atio
n L
eagu
e
Lin
da C
anno
n, C
anno
n &
Gill
Vin
cent
Car
olan
, Ari
zona
Sup
rem
e C
ourt
Luc
ia C
ause
y, V
olun
teer
Cen
ter
Ros
e C
habo
t, G
reat
er A
rizo
na C
ity D
ads
Jam
es A
. Col
ley,
City
of
Phoe
nix
Don
na D
avis
, Sum
mer
Job
s fo
r V
alle
yYou
th
Ken
Dav
is
Phil
de C
asel
o, Y
MC
A
Cha
ron
Dill
ard,
Ari
zona
Dep
artm
ent o
f E
cono
mic
Sec
urity
Ilen
e D
ode,
Em
pact
Hen
ry D
omin
quez
Rob
ert I
. Don
ofri
o, M
urph
y E
lem
enta
ry D
istr
ict #
21
Dor
is E
vans
-Gat
es, O
ffic
e of
Wom
en's
and
Chi
ldre
n's
Hea
lth, A
DH
S
John
For
eman
, Sup
erio
r C
ourt
Arm
ando
Gan
dari
lla
Jane
t Gar
cia,
Hum
an S
ervi
ces
Com
mis
sion
Deb
ra G
entr
y, P
roje
ct I
nter
vent
ion
Coo
rdin
ator
Gar
y G
oss,
SA
FE S
choo
l Pro
batio
n O
ffic
er
Faye
Gra
y
Fatim
ah H
alim
, City
of
Phoe
nix
Rut
hann
a H
all
Car
ry H
anso
n, M
aric
opa
Cou
nty
Atto
rney
Off
ice
Mic
hael
Hug
hes,
Pre
-Nab
ofA
rizo
na
Cam
ille
Jenk
ins
Car
ol K
ratz
, Mar
icop
a A
ssoc
iatio
n of
Gov
ernm
ents
Mar
iann
e K
riva
nk
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
EI
43
101
Eri
k K
ropp
, City
of
Phoe
nix
Mar
y A
nne
Leg
arsk
i, A
dult
Prob
atio
n
Gai
l Loo
se, T
umbl
ewee
d
Soph
ia L
opez
, Mot
hers
Aga
inst
Gan
gs
Jose
Lyb
a, I
ssac
Sch
ool D
istr
ict
Bar
bara
Mar
shal
l
Ric
hard
Mar
tinez
, Sou
thw
est H
uman
Dev
elop
men
t
Gai
l Max
wel
l, Ph
oeni
x Po
lice
Dep
artm
ent
Don
na M
cHen
ry, V
alle
y O
ne I
n T
en Y
outh
Ser
vice
s
Ed
McL
ella
nd, S
outh
wes
t Beh
avio
ral H
ealth
Ric
k M
iller
, Boy
s &
Gir
ls C
lubs
of
Met
ro P
hoen
ix
Kat
e M
uldo
on, V
olun
teer
Cen
ter
Sue
Mye
rs, T
rini
ty B
ible
Chu
rch
Sand
y N
aatz
, Cen
ter
Aga
inst
Sex
ual A
buse
Non
a Pa
yest
ewa-
Rom
ero,
Par
ents
Ano
nym
ous
Cyn
thia
Pet
ers,
Pho
enix
Par
ks, R
ecre
atio
n, &
Lib
rary
Rob
erta
Pic
azo,
Chu
rch
of G
od o
f Pr
ophe
cy
Nan
cy Q
uay,
Pho
enix
Chi
ldre
n's
Hos
pita
l
Alis
on J
. Rap
ping
, Mak
e a
Dif
fere
nce
Rita
San
ta M
aria
, Fri
endl
y H
ouse
Patr
ick
Schn
eide
r, U
.S. A
ttorn
ey's
Off
ice
Vic
ki S
cott,
Gov
erno
r's O
ffic
e of
Com
mun
ity a
nd F
amily
Lin
da S
earf
oss,
Val
ley
Big
Bro
ther
s/B
ig S
iste
rs
Stan
Sha
ntz,
Tri
nity
Men
noni
te C
hurc
h
Jess
ica
Shin
ynda
Jenn
ifer
Stie
ha, V
alle
y O
ne I
n T
en Y
outh
Ser
vice
s
June
Sur
iano
, Em
pact
-SPC
Cla
renc
e T
urne
r, H
uman
Ser
vice
s C
omm
issi
on
Patr
icia
Vel
iz G
ilber
t, C
omm
unity
Ser
vice
s D
ivis
ion
102
44 I
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
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PR
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TIO
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ITIA
TIV
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Lin
da V
olhe
in, C
ritte
nton
Ser
vice
s
Cur
tis W
allin
g
Lyn
n W
ilets
ky, A
rizo
na S
upre
me
Cou
rt
Man
ny W
ong,
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Tim
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Dee
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Woo
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outh
Pho
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You
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Ver
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ende
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City
of
Phoe
nix
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MIL
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Co-
Cha
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Alle
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tin I
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y of
the
Sun
Uni
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Way
Jem
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Ack
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oys
and
Gir
ls C
lub
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etro
Pho
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Che
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llen,
Pal
omin
o E
lem
enta
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choo
l
Can
dy A
rnol
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Irw
in B
akin
, Pho
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Pol
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Dep
artm
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Jodi
Bec
kley
, Off
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of th
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Mic
kie
Ber
ry, M
aric
opa
Cou
nty
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ki B
ourn
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ity o
f Ph
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osec
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's O
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Alic
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ustil
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aric
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Cou
nty
Prob
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epar
tmen
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Chr
ista
Cav
an
Kat
Coo
per,
Mar
icop
a C
ount
y
Don
na C
ross
The
Hon
orab
le S
usan
Ehr
lich,
Cou
rt o
f A
ppea
ls
Jam
es F
rank
lin
Bre
yeh
Free
sol
Vic
ki F
renc
h, C
ity o
f Sc
otts
dale
Lar
ry F
ultz
, Chu
rch
of th
e V
alle
y
Car
olyn
Gar
dom
, Pho
enix
Pol
ice
Dep
artm
ent
Mar
isue
Gar
gant
a
Dic
k G
easl
and,
You
th E
TC
Am
y G
ibbo
ns, Y
WC
A o
f M
aric
opa
Cou
nty
1103
Mar
iflo
yd H
amil,
4-H
Coo
pera
tive
Cyn
thia
Her
skow
itz, C
hild
Pro
tect
ive
Serv
ices
Bet
ty H
osm
er, M
aric
opa
Cou
nty
Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
Ser
vice
s
Rus
s H
uber
, Chi
ld H
elp
USA
Joe
Hud
ock
Mar
tin J
ones
, Chi
ld P
rote
ctiv
e Se
rvic
es
Mic
hele
Kca
l, Pa
rent
s A
nony
mou
s
Car
ol L
opin
ski,
Chi
ld C
risi
s C
ente
r of
the
Eas
t Val
ley
Ann
a-M
aria
Mal
dona
do
Lyn
ne M
cClu
re, M
cClu
re A
ssoc
iate
s
Tom
McS
herr
y, H
uman
Ser
vice
Com
mis
sion
Alic
e M
endo
za
Gre
g M
endo
za, G
ila R
iver
Ind
ian
Com
mun
ity
Cin
dy M
iller
, Sun
nysl
ope
Vill
age
Alli
ance
Chr
istin
e M
onta
gue,
Fri
endl
y H
ouse
Pam
ela
Mor
riso
n, M
urph
y Sc
hool
Dis
t. #2
1
Kev
in M
urph
y, H
uman
Ser
vice
s C
omm
issi
on
Deb
ra N
ewel
l, B
utle
r Fi
ght B
ack
Patr
icia
Nig
htin
gale
, City
of
Phoe
nix
Step
hani
e O
rr, C
ente
r A
gain
st S
exua
l Abu
se
Mar
y O
rton
, Cen
tral
Ari
zona
She
lter
Serv
ices
(fo
rmer
ly)
Cla
rk O
verl
and,
Mou
nt o
f O
lives
Lut
hera
n C
hurc
h
Lyn
ne P
atte
rson
, Hum
an S
ervi
ces
Com
mis
sion
Bill
ie P
auls
on, C
entr
al A
rizo
na S
helte
r Se
rvic
es
Ver
a Pe
rkin
s, P
arks
, Rec
reat
ion
&L
ibra
ry, C
ity o
f Ph
oeni
x
Con
nie
Phill
ips,
Soj
ourn
er C
ente
r
John
M. P
ombi
er, C
ity o
f Ph
oeni
x
Hen
ry R
ojas
The
Hon
orab
le K
imba
ll R
ose
t04
Irw
in S
andl
er, P
rogr
am f
or P
reve
ntio
n R
esea
rch,
ASU
Law
renc
e Sa
nds,
Mar
icop
a C
ount
y D
epar
tmen
t of
Publ
ic H
ealth
Ser
vice
s
Ann
a Sc
herz
er
The
Hon
orab
le B
arry
Sch
neid
er, S
uper
ior
Cou
rt
Rus
sell
Scho
enem
an, D
over
Sho
res
Mar
ilyn
Seym
ann,
M-O
ne, I
nc.
Lyn
Shi
pp, A
lham
bra
Vill
age
Plan
ning
Com
mitt
ee
Mar
ty S
oto,
Adu
lt Pr
obat
ion
Rho
nda
Step
hens
on, S
imps
on N
eigh
borh
ood
Shei
lah
Stub
ler,
Par
ks, R
ecre
atio
n &
Lib
rari
es
Ben
jam
in T
hom
as, T
anne
r C
hape
l AM
E C
hurc
h
Mar
y T
hom
as, S
outh
wes
t Hum
an D
evel
opm
ent
Way
ne T
orm
ala,
City
of
Phoe
nix
Mar
ia T
orre
z, M
urph
y Sc
hool
Dis
t #21
Eva
ngel
ina
Tur
ner
Joan
Tw
ohey
, Ari
zona
Sta
te U
nive
rsity
Don
na V
ogt,
Env
isio
n, I
nc.
Mau
rice
War
d, P
lann
ed P
aren
thoo
d
Haz
el W
illia
ms
Jeff
Zim
mer
man
SCH
OO
LS
'WO
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Co-
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eggy
A. B
ilste
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irA
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utie
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ieso
n &
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ierr
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ela
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ton,
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ro T
ech
Ros
alie
Aub
ucho
n
Dav
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vila
, Wils
on E
lem
enta
ry S
choo
l Dis
tric
t #7
Vic
tori
a A
vile
z, R
yley
, Car
lock
&A
pple
whi
te
Sher
yll B
elsh
er
105
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
CE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
N IN
ITIA
TIV
EI
4 5
Tom
Bla
ine
Cla
udia
Cam
acho
, You
th R
epre
sent
ativ
e/ M
etro
Tec
h
Ron
Car
pio,
Val
le D
el S
ol
Nic
k C
arus
o, C
ity o
f Ph
oeni
x
John
ny C
have
z, L
arry
C. K
enne
dy S
choo
l
Vic
ki C
hris
wel
l, B
utle
r Fi
ght B
ack
J. C
. Col
lins,
Pho
enix
Pol
ice
Dep
artm
ent
Oly
Cow
les,
SA
FE S
choo
l
Kim
berl
y C
yr, B
oys
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irls
Clu
b
Car
a D
alm
olin
Cla
renc
e D
avis
Bill
Dic
kens
on, P
hoen
ix P
olic
e D
epar
tmen
t
Deb
bie
Dill
on, C
ity o
f Ph
oeni
x
Don
ald
C. D
oyle
, City
of
Phoe
nix
Dav
id E
berh
ardt
, Pen
derg
ast S
choo
l Dis
tric
t
Ric
hard
Ebe
rt, P
alom
ino
Scho
ol
Jesu
s E
scar
cega
, Hum
an S
ervi
ces
Com
mis
sion
Mar
y G
oitia
, Pen
derg
ast S
choo
l Dis
tric
t
Kat
hy G
rani
llo-B
eebe
, Hum
an S
ervi
ces
Com
mis
sion
Bill
ie G
robe
, Adu
lt Pr
obat
ion
Ath
ie H
ardt
, Har
dt &
Junc
k
Rob
Har
ris,
Pho
enix
Sun
s
Shei
la H
arri
s, C
orp.
for
Supp
ortiv
e H
ousi
ng
Mar
ty H
oeff
el, M
etro
'Tec
h
Pam
Jon
es, M
urph
y E
lem
enta
ry S
choo
ls
Rab
bi K
ravi
tz, A
mer
ican
Jew
ish
Com
mitt
ee
Dal
e L
arse
n, P
hoen
ix P
arks
, Rec
reat
ion,
&L
ibra
ries
Lot
tie L
ecia
n
Ber
nice
Lev
er, A
rizo
na C
all-
a-T
een 10
646
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HO
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IX V
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E P
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INIT
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Rut
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nn M
arts
en, K
enilw
orth
Ele
men
tary
Sch
ool
Ana
nias
Mas
on
Dia
ne M
cCar
thy,
WE
STM
AR
C
Lyn
McD
onou
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alle
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the
Sun
Uni
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Way
Car
ol M
cFad
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Off
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Atto
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Jenn
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Jack
G. M
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y U
nifi
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choo
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tric
t No.
69
Col
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O'D
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Hill
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ourt
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ou P
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Mou
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choo
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Ann
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aria
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eff,
Off
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Loi
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ix H
uman
Ser
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s C
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Ram
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Rog
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omer
o, W
ilson
Ele
men
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Sch
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istr
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Pat S
dao,
Des
ert V
iew
Sch
ool
Bill
She
el, A
rizo
na D
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tmen
t of
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catio
n
Mar
y E
llen
Sim
onso
n, L
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oca
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mith
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stitu
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Ele
men
tary
Sch
ool
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ne T
alaz
us, L
ongv
iew
Sch
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Ken
Tim
s, P
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ix P
olic
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t
Tim
Tre
nt, N
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Ele
men
tary
Sch
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Ren
e V
era,
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ks a
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Mar
ia V
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uven
ile C
ourt
Alis
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ines
, Mar
icop
a C
ount
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ourt
s 107
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Whi
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cotts
dale
Hor
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Cha
rter
Sch
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Jane
t Wils
on, E
sper
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Ele
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tary
Sch
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nifi
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Ass
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hurc
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and
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Nor
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Figh
t Bac
k A
ssoc
Dea
n B
rekk
e, L
uthe
ran
Bro
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Tom
Bre
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Ini
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Con
cilia
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and
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e B
uild
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Pat B
uckm
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r, M
urph
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hool
Dis
tric
t Boa
rd
Tom
Car
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, NO
TL
A
Aar
on C
arre
on-A
insa
, City
of
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nix
Law
Dep
artm
ent
Lor
ie C
obb,
Cen
ter
Aga
inst
Sex
ual A
buse
Mik
e D
olan
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enix
Pol
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Dep
artm
ent
Paul
Enn
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Ed
Est
fan,
Com
mun
ity J
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ente
rs
Rob
in H
anna
, Ban
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Am
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Coa
litio
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Nan
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awki
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urne
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unity
For
um
Bill
Hic
key,
Sim
pson
Nei
ghbo
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d
Kim
Hum
phre
y, P
hoen
ix P
olic
e D
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tmen
t
Mar
ia H
yatt,
Hum
an S
ervi
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Dep
artm
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City
of
Phoe
nix
Lui
s lb
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, Fri
endl
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ouse
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ley
John
s
Pam
Joh
nson
, The
Ari
zona
Rep
ublic
Bill
Lam
ar, P
hoen
ix P
olic
e D
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tmen
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Stev
e L
ance
, Pal
mcr
oft-
Enc
anto
Ass
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108
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eigh
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Part
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lock
wat
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iam
Mac
Don
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Ari
zona
Hum
an R
ight
s Fu
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McG
arry
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Roc
a
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ain
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Pho
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by R
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Pho
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Fir
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kinn
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arks
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and
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rary
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Stev
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acca
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Ser
vice
s C
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issi
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109
PH
OE
NIX
VIO
LEN
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TIV
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PH
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OF
PU
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S, A
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IVE
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