document resume - eric · george dean, greater phoenix urban league robert donofrio, murphy...

57
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 426 514 EA 029 627 AUTHOR Waits, Mary Jo; Johnson, Ryan; Kornreich, Toby; Klym, Mark; Leland, Karen TITLE Phoenix Violence Prevention Initiative, Phase II Report. INSTITUTION Arizona State Univ., Tempe. Morrison Inst. for Public Policy. PUB DATE 1998-08-00 NOTE 111p.; For Phase I report, see EA 029 626. PUB TYPE Reports - Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC05 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Antisocial Behavior; Crime; *Crime Prevention; Elementary Secondary Education; *Urban Education; Urban Improvement; *Urban Problems; *Urban Youth; *Violence IDENTIFIERS *Arizona (Phoenix) ABSTRACT In 1996, drawing from religious, educational, social services, media, neighborhoods, nonprofits, and health-providing sectors of the community, the Phoenix Violence Prevention Initiative (PVPI) was conceived. During Phase One of the initiative, the following seven points regarding prevention and prevention design strategies were assembled: (1) Violence prevention is about efforts to prevent or interrupt problems from developing into greater hardship and the need for more costly responses; (2) violence-prevention strategies are typically directed at young people and increasingly at their families and home situations; (3) prevention needs to start very early in life, perhaps as early as the first 2 or 3 years; (4) recognizing the full range of odds that have to be overcome such as childhood impulsivity, low self-esteem, incompetent parenting, and disorderly neighborhoods, effective preventative tactics will need to be intensive and multipathed, not quick and cheap; (5) the dedicated effort of all sectors of society is needed to prevent violence; (6) the track record for funding preventive measures is a "mixed picture"; and (7) the economic advantages of prevention are both persuasive and encouraging. Phase Two formulated a comprehensive violence-prevention strategy organized into five Work Groups: prenatal and early childhood, families, individual youth, neighborhoods and communities, and schools. After 4 months these Work Groups developed 13 major violence-prevention initiatives that revolve around five central themes and address violence prevention as follows: Fill the unsupervised "gap periods" for youth; strengthen youth support systems; strengthen parental support systems; guarantee "right start" services to all preschool children; and strengthen neighborhood assets and protective factors. Phase Three is the implementation plan designed to link the 13 initiatives to people and organizations who can provide further development and actualization. This book contains the action blueprint for Phase Three that is scheduled to commence in late summer 1998. Graphs and tables supplement the text by emphasizing major points of the developmental process and the Initiative itself. Includes a list of the Steering Committee, Advisory Group, and Work Group participants. (RIB)

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DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 426 514 EA 029 627

AUTHOR Waits, Mary Jo; Johnson, Ryan; Kornreich, Toby; Klym, Mark;Leland, Karen

TITLE Phoenix Violence Prevention Initiative, Phase II Report.INSTITUTION Arizona State Univ., Tempe. Morrison Inst. for Public

Policy.PUB DATE 1998-08-00NOTE 111p.; For Phase I report, see EA 029 626.PUB TYPE Reports - Descriptive (141)EDRS PRICE MF01/PC05 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS Antisocial Behavior; Crime; *Crime Prevention; Elementary

Secondary Education; *Urban Education; Urban Improvement;*Urban Problems; *Urban Youth; *Violence

IDENTIFIERS *Arizona (Phoenix)

ABSTRACTIn 1996, drawing from religious, educational, social

services, media, neighborhoods, nonprofits, and health-providing sectors ofthe community, the Phoenix Violence Prevention Initiative (PVPI) wasconceived. During Phase One of the initiative, the following seven pointsregarding prevention and prevention design strategies were assembled: (1)

Violence prevention is about efforts to prevent or interrupt problems fromdeveloping into greater hardship and the need for more costly responses; (2)

violence-prevention strategies are typically directed at young people andincreasingly at their families and home situations; (3) prevention needs tostart very early in life, perhaps as early as the first 2 or 3 years; (4)

recognizing the full range of odds that have to be overcome such as childhoodimpulsivity, low self-esteem, incompetent parenting, and disorderlyneighborhoods, effective preventative tactics will need to be intensive andmultipathed, not quick and cheap; (5) the dedicated effort of all sectors ofsociety is needed to prevent violence; (6) the track record for fundingpreventive measures is a "mixed picture"; and (7) the economic advantages ofprevention are both persuasive and encouraging. Phase Two formulated acomprehensive violence-prevention strategy organized into five Work Groups:prenatal and early childhood, families, individual youth, neighborhoods andcommunities, and schools. After 4 months these Work Groups developed 13 majorviolence-prevention initiatives that revolve around five central themes andaddress violence prevention as follows: Fill the unsupervised "gap periods"for youth; strengthen youth support systems; strengthen parental supportsystems; guarantee "right start" services to all preschool children; andstrengthen neighborhood assets and protective factors. Phase Three is theimplementation plan designed to link the 13 initiatives to people andorganizations who can provide further development and actualization. Thisbook contains the action blueprint for Phase Three that is scheduled tocommence in late summer 1998. Graphs and tables supplement the text byemphasizing major points of the developmental process and the Initiativeitself. Includes a list of the Steering Committee, Advisory Group, and WorkGroup participants. (RIB)

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.6

Tab

le 2

Exa

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valu

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Pre

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and

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17

9

EX

EC

UT

IVE

SU

MM

AR

Y

In th

e ea

rly

1990

s, th

e cr

imin

al ju

stic

e de

bate

in A

mer

ica

was

dom

inat

ed

by p

hras

es li

ke "

thre

e st

rike

s an

d yo

u're

out

," "

juve

nile

s w

ho c

omm

it ad

ult

crim

e sh

ould

ser

ve a

dult

time,

" an

d "l

ock

'em

up

and

thro

w a

way

the

key.

"

In th

e la

tter

half

of

the

1990

s, h

owev

er, t

he d

ialo

gue

has

shif

ted.

Rec

ogni

zing

the

enor

mou

s so

cial

and

cap

ital c

osts

ass

ocia

ted

with

lock

ing

peop

le u

p an

d "t

hrow

ing

away

the

key,

" m

any

incl

udin

g so

me

of th

e

stro

nges

t get

-tou

gh-o

n-cr

ime

advo

cate

s ju

st a

few

yea

rs a

goha

ve tu

rned

to a

dif

fere

nt c

once

pt: p

reve

ntio

n. I

ndee

d, th

e si

mpl

e co

st/b

enef

it w

isdo

m

of p

reve

ntin

g vi

olen

t eve

nts

from

eve

r oc

curr

ing

is n

ow b

eing

pro

mot

ed

by a

div

erse

gro

up w

hich

incl

udes

soc

ial s

cien

tists

like

Jam

es G

arba

rino

and

Jam

es Q

. Wils

on, c

rim

inol

ogis

ts li

ke L

awre

nce

Sher

man

, a n

atio

nal

orga

niza

tion

of p

olic

e ch

iefs

and

pro

secu

tors

, and

eve

n th

e fa

ther

of

Cal

ifor

nia'

s "t

hree

str

ikes

" la

w, G

over

nor

Pete

Wils

on.

Lik

e th

ese

natio

nally

-pro

min

ent n

ames

, man

y of

the

infl

uent

ial v

oice

s

in G

reat

er P

hoen

ix h

ave

com

e to

bel

ieve

in th

e po

wer

of

prev

entio

n. I

n la

te

1996

, a d

iver

se c

oalit

ion

of lo

cal l

eade

rshi

p fr

om th

e bu

sine

ss c

omm

unity

,

law

enf

orce

men

t, ci

ty a

nd c

ount

y go

vern

men

t, ac

adem

ia, a

nd th

e co

urt

syst

em c

ame

toge

ther

to c

reat

e th

e Ph

oeni

x V

iole

nce

Prev

entio

n In

itiat

ive

(PV

PI).

A S

teer

ing

Com

mitt

ee c

onsi

stin

g of

mor

e th

an 4

0 ci

tizen

s an

d le

ader

s

was

ass

embl

ed to

ens

ure

a w

ide

vari

ety

of v

oice

s w

as h

eard

fro

m th

e fa

ith

com

mun

ity, e

duca

tion,

soc

ial s

ervi

ce p

rovi

ders

and

adv

ocat

es, t

he m

edia

,

neig

hbor

hood

s, n

on-p

rofi

ts, a

nd h

ealth

.

Dur

ing

muc

h of

199

7, th

e St

eeri

ng C

omm

ittee

met

with

bot

h lo

cal a

nd

natio

nal e

xper

ts f

or b

rief

ings

and

dia

logu

e ab

out t

he n

atur

e of

vio

lenc

e an

d

prov

en p

reve

ntio

n so

lutio

ns. A

t the

con

clus

ion

of th

is f

irst

edu

catio

nal

phas

e of

PV

PI, t

he f

ollo

win

g se

ven

poin

ts w

ere

asse

mbl

ed a

s a

sim

ple

and

acce

ssib

le s

umm

ary

of th

e la

test

thin

king

reg

ardi

ng p

reve

ntio

n an

d w

hat

the

desi

gn o

f an

eff

ectiv

e vi

olen

ce p

reve

ntio

n st

rate

gy w

ould

ent

ail:

1011

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

EI

Vio

lenc

e pr

even

tion

is a

bout

eff

orts

to p

reve

nt o

r in

terr

upt

prob

lem

s fr

om d

evel

opin

g in

to g

reat

er h

ards

hip

and

the

need

for

mor

e co

stly

res

pons

es. I

t is

anal

ogou

s to

the

prev

entio

nph

iloso

phie

s th

at a

re in

flue

ncin

g m

oder

n m

edic

ine:

an

ounc

e of

prev

entio

n is

wor

th a

pou

nd o

f cu

re.

Vio

lenc

e pr

even

tion

stra

tegi

es a

re ty

pica

lly d

irec

ted

atyo

ung

peop

le a

nd in

crea

sing

ly a

t the

ir f

amili

es a

nd h

ome

situ

atio

ns. R

educ

ing

viol

ence

thro

ugh

prev

entio

n, in

the

fina

l ana

lysi

s,

requ

ires

look

ing

holis

tical

ly a

t wha

t is

jeop

ardi

zing

kid

s' f

utur

e, w

hat

fact

ors

are

lead

ing

them

to a

life

of

drug

s, g

angs

, del

ique

ncy

and

othe

r

poor

out

com

es, a

nd w

ho o

r w

hat c

an h

elp

to p

reve

nt th

ose

prob

lem

s

in th

e fi

rst p

lace

.

Prev

entio

n, f

or a

cha

nce

to m

ake

a la

rge

diff

eren

ce, n

eeds

to s

tart

ver

y ea

rly

in li

fe, p

erha

ps a

s ea

rly

as th

e fi

rst t

wo

or th

ree

year

s. U

CL

A P

rofe

ssor

Jam

es Q

. Wils

on e

xpla

ins

that

duri

ng th

ese

year

s, "

som

e ch

ildre

n ar

e pu

t gra

vely

at r

isk

of p

oor

outc

omes

by

som

e co

mbi

natio

n of

her

edita

ry tr

aits

, pre

nata

l ins

ults

(mat

erna

l dru

g an

d al

coho

l abu

se a

nd/o

r di

et),

wea

k pa

rent

-chi

ld

atta

chm

ent,

poor

sup

ervi

sion

, and

dis

orde

rly

fam

ily e

nvir

onm

ent"

(Wils

on, 1

994)

.

Rec

ogni

zing

the

full

rang

e of

odd

s th

at h

ave

to b

e ov

erco

me

child

hood

impu

lsiv

ity, l

ow s

elf-

este

em, i

ncom

pete

ntpa

rent

ing,

dis

orde

rly

neig

hbor

hood

sef

fect

ive

prev

enta

tive

tact

ics

will

nee

d to

be

inte

nsiv

e an

d m

ulti-

path

ed, n

otqu

ick

and

chea

p. P

rom

isin

g st

rate

gies

to c

ount

er-a

ttack

suc

hne

gativ

e lif

e ci

rcum

stan

ces

incl

ude

good

pre

nata

l car

e, h

ome

visi

tatio

n

prog

ram

s fo

r ne

wbo

rns

at r

isk

of a

buse

and

neg

lect

, ste

ps to

str

engt

hen

pare

nts'

ski

lls f

or d

ealin

g w

ith c

risi

s, s

truc

ture

d yo

uth

activ

ities

, and

men

tori

ng p

rogr

ams.

12i

IP

HO

EN

IX V

IOLE

NC

E P

RE

VE

NT

ION

INIT

IAT

IVE

The

ded

icat

ed e

ffor

t of

all s

ecto

rs o

f so

ciet

y is

nee

ded

topr

even

t vio

lenc

e. A

s on

e ex

pert

arg

ues,

"A

mer

ica'

s ul

timat

e an

ti-cr

ime

insu

ranc

e po

licie

s ar

e no

t cop

s, ju

dges

, pro

batio

n of

fice

rs, o

rpr

ison

gua

rds;

they

are

inst

ead

good

par

ents

, car

ing

frie

nds,

insp

irin

g

men

tors

, loc

al r

elig

ious

lead

ers,

ded

icat

ed c

o-w

orke

rs, a

nd d

ecen

tem

ploy

ers"

(D

iIul

io, 1

995)

.

The

trac

k re

cord

for

fun

ding

pre

vent

ive

mea

sure

s is

a"m

ixed

pic

ture

." M

ost p

reve

ntio

n pr

ogra

ms

have

bee

n pi

lot o

rex

peri

men

tal p

roje

cts

oper

atin

g on

mea

ger

budg

ets

and

impl

emen

ted

on a

sm

all s

cale

.

Eve

n so

, the

eco

nom

ic a

dvan

tage

s of

pre

vent

ion

are

both

pers

uasi

ve a

nd e

ncou

ragi

ng. F

or e

xam

ple,

a r

ecen

t stu

dy b

yPr

ofes

sor

Mar

k A

. Coh

en o

f V

ande

rbilt

Uni

vers

ity e

stim

ates

that

eac

h

high

-ris

k yo

uth

prev

ente

d fr

om a

dopt

ing

a lif

e of

cri

me

coul

d sa

veth

e co

untr

y fr

om $

1.7

mill

ion

to $

2.3

mill

ion

(Fig

ht C

rim

e, I

nves

t in

Kid

s, 1

997)

.

With

this

com

mon

und

erst

andi

ng, P

VPI

laun

ched

a s

econ

d ph

ase

whi

ch b

roug

ht a

n ad

ditio

nal 3

00 c

itize

ns a

nd le

ader

s in

to th

e pr

oces

sth

roug

h a

set o

f W

ork

Gro

ups.

The

ir g

oal:

to d

evel

op th

e st

rate

gies

that

toge

ther

, as

a pa

ckag

e, w

ould

for

m th

e ar

ea's

fir

st c

ompr

ehen

sive

vio

lenc

e

prev

entio

n st

rate

gy. T

his

repo

rt p

rese

nts

the

resu

lts o

f th

at p

roce

ss.

At t

he d

irec

tion

of th

e St

eeri

ng C

omm

ittee

, the

Wor

k G

roup

pro

cess

was

org

aniz

ed in

to f

ive

trac

ks, b

ased

on

solid

evi

denc

e an

d re

sear

chre

gard

ing

the

com

pone

nts

nece

ssar

y fo

r yo

ung

peop

le to

gro

w in

tohe

alth

y, p

rodu

ctiv

e an

d no

n-vi

olen

t adu

lts. T

he f

ive

Wor

k G

roup

s cr

eate

d

wer

e: p

rena

tal/e

arly

chi

ldho

od; f

amili

es; i

ndiv

idua

l you

th; s

choo

ls; a

ndne

ighb

orho

ods/

com

mun

ities

. 13

The

fou

r-m

onth

Wor

k G

roup

pro

cess

res

ulte

d in

thir

teen

maj

orin

itiat

ives

, rea

dy f

or im

plem

enta

tion.

In

this

rep

ort,

each

initi

ativ

e is

acco

mpa

nied

by

a ra

tiona

le, k

ey im

plem

enta

tion

step

s fo

r su

cces

s, a

nd

goal

s fo

r th

e fu

ture

. Tak

en to

geth

er a

s a

pack

age

as th

ey w

ere

desi

gned

to d

oPV

PI's

initi

ativ

es f

it in

to s

ever

al m

ajor

them

es w

hich

add

ress

viol

ence

pre

vent

ion

acro

ss th

e co

ntin

uum

dev

elop

ed f

or th

e W

ork

Gro

up p

roce

ss:

Fill

the

unsu

perv

ised

"ga

p pe

riod

s" f

or y

outh

by

prov

idin

gm

ore

afte

r-sc

hool

, wee

kend

and

sum

mer

act

iviti

es, a

nd e

xpan

ding

job

prog

ram

s fo

r yo

uth.

Stre

ngth

en y

outh

sup

port

sys

tem

s by

incr

easi

ng m

ento

rshi

pop

port

uniti

es, p

rovi

ding

for

mor

e sc

hool

-bas

ed c

ase

man

agem

ent,

and

chan

ging

sch

ool p

olic

ies

whi

ch c

urre

ntly

det

er th

e de

velo

pmen

t

of a

ltern

ativ

e sc

hool

s an

d st

uden

ts' p

lace

men

t in

such

sch

ools

.

Stre

ngth

en p

aren

tal s

uppo

rt s

yste

ms

by a

ddin

g in

tens

ive

pare

ntin

g tr

aini

ng a

nd c

ase-

man

agem

ent s

uppo

rt a

t exi

stin

g co

mm

unity

reso

urce

cen

ters

, and

mak

ing

qual

ity c

hild

car

e m

ore

affo

rdab

le

and

acce

ssib

le.

Gua

rant

ee "

righ

t sta

rt"

serv

ices

to a

ll pr

esch

ool c

hild

ren

by p

rovi

ding

pre

nata

l car

e to

all

preg

nant

wom

en, h

ealth

car

e to

all

child

ren,

in-h

ome

visi

tatio

n to

new

par

ents

, and

exp

andi

ng s

tate

appr

opri

atio

ns to

suc

cess

ful p

rogr

ams

such

as

Hea

lthy

Fam

ilies

,H

ealth

Sta

rt, a

nd F

amily

Lite

racy

.

Stre

ngth

en n

eigh

borh

ood

asse

ts a

nd p

rote

ctiv

e fa

ctor

s by

upgr

adin

g in

fras

truc

ture

, pro

vidi

ng n

eede

d co

mm

unity

res

ourc

es,

expa

ndin

g co

mm

unity

pol

icin

g re

sour

ces,

cha

ngin

g ci

ty-w

ide

polic

ies

rega

rdin

g de

nsity

, zon

ing,

cod

e en

forc

emen

t, bl

ight

elim

inat

ion,

and

offe

ring

mor

e te

chni

cal a

ssis

tanc

e an

d re

sour

ces

to s

timul

ate

the

part

icip

atio

n of

res

iden

ts.

14

Whi

le th

ese

them

es m

irro

r w

hat m

any

natio

nal e

xper

ts a

re c

allin

g fo

r

to p

reve

nt v

iole

nce,

som

e m

ay r

aise

que

stio

ns r

egar

ding

issu

es s

eem

ingl

y

not a

ddre

ssed

by

the

PVPI

initi

ativ

esfo

r ex

ampl

e, g

angs

, dru

gs, a

nd

guns

. Bas

ed o

n th

e co

re p

rem

ise

that

the

regi

on's

pri

mar

y cr

ime

chal

leng

e

is to

pre

vent

at-

risk

chi

ldre

n fr

om b

ecom

ing

gang

mem

bers

, sub

stan

ceab

user

s, o

r de

linqu

ents

in th

e fi

rst p

lace

, the

Ste

erin

g C

omm

ittee

and

Wor

k G

roup

s de

velo

ped

stra

tegi

es to

add

ress

cer

tain

issu

es k

now

n to

jeop

ardi

ze k

ids'

fut

ures

in w

ays

that

mig

ht b

e co

nsid

ered

"w

ell i

n ad

vanc

e"

of p

oten

tial v

iole

nce.

For

exa

mpl

e, a

lthou

gh s

ever

al W

ork

Gro

ups

iden

tifie

d ci

rcum

stan

ces

such

as

gang

mem

bers

hip,

alc

ohol

and

dru

gab

use,

and

pos

sess

ion

of w

eapo

ns a

s fa

ctor

s w

hich

oft

en r

esul

t in

viol

ence

,

the

initi

ativ

es p

ropo

sed

are

inte

nded

to a

ddre

ss a

nd in

terc

ept t

he o

rigi

n of

the

issu

e, n

ot it

s su

bseq

uent

sym

ptom

s. A

lthou

gh c

raft

ing

stra

tegi

es to

undo

gan

g m

embe

rshi

p an

d ge

t peo

ple

off

drug

s is

impo

rtan

t, ha

lting

the

perp

etua

tion

of s

uch

activ

ities

req

uire

s st

rong

chi

ld-p

aren

t atta

chm

ent,

afte

r-sc

hool

pro

gram

s, a

nd m

ento

ring

to p

reve

nt g

ang

invo

lvem

ent,

drug

/alc

ohol

abu

se, a

nd a

ggre

ssio

n fr

om e

ver

occu

rrin

g in

the

firs

t pla

ce.

The

Pho

enix

Vio

lenc

e Pr

even

tion

Initi

ativ

e's

thir

d ph

ase,

in w

hich

the

actio

n bl

uepr

int c

onta

ined

her

e w

ill b

e im

plem

ente

d, is

sch

edul

ed to

com

men

ce in

late

sum

mer

199

8.

15P

HO

EN

IX V

IOLE

NC

E P

RE

VE

NT

ION

INIT

IAT

IVE

IIID

1 3

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

NIN

ITIA

TIV

ES

TH

IS T

EA

R-O

UT

SU

MM

AR

IZE

ST

HE

TH

IRT

EE

NS

TR

AT

EG

IES

OF

TH

EP

HO

EN

IX V

IOLE

NC

EP

RE

VE

NT

ION

INIT

IAT

IVE

WH

ICH

WE

RE

DE

VE

LOP

ED

BY

MO

RE

TH

AN

300

CIT

IZE

N V

OLU

NT

EE

RS

BE

TW

EE

N D

EC

EM

BE

R

1997

AN

D A

PR

IL 1

998.

WH

ILE

AN

AB

BR

EV

IAT

ED

RA

TIO

NA

LE IS

PR

OV

IDE

DF

OR

EA

CH

INIT

IAT

IVE

HE

RE

,

AD

DIT

ION

AL

DE

TA

IL -

INC

LUD

ING

OT

HE

R R

ELE

VA

NT

DA

TA

, GO

ALS

, AN

DS

UG

GE

ST

ED

ST

EP

S T

OA

CH

IEV

E

TH

E IN

ITIA

TIV

E -

CA

NB

E F

OU

ND

IN T

HE

RE

PO

RT

.

00

00

TH

E P

HO

EN

IX V

IOLE

NC

EP

RE

VE

NT

ION

INIT

IAT

IVE

(PV

PI)

IS A

PA

RT

NE

RS

HIP

AM

ON

GT

HE

CIT

Y O

FP

HO

EN

IX,

AR

IZO

NA

SU

PR

EM

EC

OU

RT

, GR

EA

TE

RP

HO

EN

IX L

EA

DE

RS

HIP

,M

AR

ICO

PA

CO

UN

TY

AT

TO

RN

EY

,

MA

RIC

OP

A C

OU

NT

Y, A

ND

AS

U's

MO

RR

ISO

NIN

ST

ITU

TE

FO

R P

UB

LIC

PO

LIC

Y

17

ckf

CIT

Y O

F P

HO

EN

IXA

RIZ

ON

A S

UP

RE

ME

CO

UR

TG

RE

AT

ER

PH

OE

NIX

LE

AD

ER

SH

IPA

.

Q.

MA

RIC

OP

A C

OU

NT

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TT

OR

NE

YM

AR

ICO

PA

CO

UN

TY

AS

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ISO

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ST

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FO

R P

UB

LIC

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LIC

Y

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oEm

uKV

uolL

EM

CIE

EV

ER

MO

N Ii

HO

UU

AU

lvE

S

Bet

wee

n D

ecem

ber

1997

and

Apr

il 19

98, m

ore

than

thre

e-hu

ndre

d V

alle

y ci

tizen

s pa

rtic

ipat

ed in

fiv

e W

ork

Gro

ups

unde

r th

e Ph

oeni

x V

iole

nce

Prev

entio

n In

itiat

ive

(PV

PI).

The

ir g

oal w

as to

dev

ise

viol

ence

pre

vent

ion

stra

tegi

es in

eac

h of

the

dom

ains

ass

igne

d to

the

Wor

k G

roup

s (p

rena

tal/e

arly

child

hood

, ind

ivid

ual y

outh

, fam

ily, s

choo

l, an

d ne

ighb

orho

od/c

omm

unity

). E

ach

grou

p m

et tw

ice

mon

thly

to d

iscu

ss r

esea

rch

rega

rdin

g w

hat w

orks

and

wha

t

does

n't w

ork,

hea

r fr

om lo

cal e

xper

ts a

nd p

ract

ition

ers,

and

dis

cuss

pro

blem

s sp

ecif

ic to

Gre

ater

Pho

enix

. The

res

ult o

f th

ese

effo

rts

is th

irte

en v

iole

nce

prev

entio

n in

itiat

ives

org

aniz

ed a

roun

d th

e fi

ve m

ajor

them

es b

elow

().

Tog

ethe

r, th

ey f

orm

the

fram

ewor

k of

the

regi

on's

fir

st c

ompr

ehen

sive

viol

ence

pre

vent

ion

stra

tegy

. (N

ote:

this

is a

n ab

brev

iate

d su

mm

ary

of th

e 13

initi

ativ

es. P

leas

e co

nsul

t the

PV

PI P

hase

II

repo

rt f

or m

ore

deta

il).

OF

ILL

GA

P P

ER

IOD

S IN

SC

HO

OL-

AG

E C

HIL

DR

EN

'S S

UP

ER

VIS

ION

AN

D A

CT

IVIT

YIn

itiat

ive

1.Pr

ovid

e fo

r gr

eate

r va

riet

y, n

umbe

rs a

nd a

cces

s to

aft

er-s

choo

l,w

eeke

nd, a

nd s

umm

er a

ctiv

ities

2.E

xpan

d th

e sc

ope

of e

xist

ing

effe

ctiv

e yo

uth

jobs

pro

gram

s

Rat

iona

leSt

udie

s sh

ow th

at y

outh

are

mor

e lik

ely

to e

ngag

e in

ris

ky o

r de

linqu

ent

beha

vior

dur

ing

non-

scho

ol h

ours

. In

fact

, the

pea

k ho

urs

for

juve

nile

crim

e ar

e 3:

00 P

M-8

:00

PM.

Sim

ilar

to th

e ne

ed f

or p

rogr

ams

and

activ

ities

dur

ing

the

afte

r-sc

hool

,pe

ak c

rim

e ho

urs

of 3

:00

PM-8

:00

PM, y

outh

jobs

pro

gram

s he

lp to

fill

the

criti

cal "

gap

peri

ods"

in a

you

ng p

erso

n's

life,

giv

e hi

m o

r he

r pr

ide,

and

enab

le th

em to

ear

n m

oney

.

:tCT

IE

RIG

TH

ER

I Y

OU

TH

SQ

.DPF

UR

T S

YST

EM

S

Oni

tiativ

e3.

Incr

ease

the

num

ber

of a

nd tr

aini

ng f

or m

ento

rs (

men

tor

prog

ram

sco

nnec

t you

ng p

eopl

e to

adu

lt ro

le m

odel

s w

ho c

are

abou

t the

m, a

ndhe

lp th

em d

evel

op a

nd g

row

)

4.Pr

ovid

e fo

r m

ore

scho

ol-b

ased

cas

e m

anag

emen

t tha

t pro

mot

esin

terd

isci

plin

ary

team

s to

wor

k w

ith y

outh

and

thei

r fa

mili

es to

gai

nac

cess

to s

ervi

ces

and

mon

itor

thei

r pr

ogre

ss

185.

Prom

ote

chan

ges

in s

choo

l pol

icie

s w

hich

cur

rent

ly d

eter

the

deve

lop-

men

t of

alte

rnat

ive

scho

ols

for

stud

ents

who

are

exp

elle

d or

dro

p-ou

tan

d th

e pl

acem

ent o

f st

uden

ts in

suc

h fa

cilit

ies

Rat

iona

IeR

esea

rch

now

sho

ws

the

pow

er o

f w

ell-

cond

ucte

d m

ento

ring

: tho

seyo

uth

who

hav

e a

posi

tive

and

cons

iste

nt r

elat

ions

hip

with

an

adul

t are

less

like

ly to

ski

p sc

hool

and

beg

in u

sing

ille

gal d

rugs

and

alc

ohol

.

Incr

easi

ngly

, soc

iety

has

com

e to

rel

y on

sch

ools

to h

elp

addr

ess

man

y of

the

soci

alill

sth

at tr

oubl

e sc

hool

-age

d ch

ildre

n an

d th

eir

fam

ilies

.U

nfor

tuna

tely

, man

y of

the

new

pro

gram

s an

d in

itiat

ives

are

add

ed-o

nw

ithou

t the

impo

rtan

t con

side

ratio

ns o

f co

ordi

natio

n an

d lo

ng-t

erm

com

mitm

ent t

o re

sour

ces.

Edu

cato

rs, l

aw e

nfor

cem

ent,

and

rese

arch

ers

conc

ur o

n th

e st

rong

link

age

betw

een

scho

ol f

ailu

re a

nd d

elin

quen

t beh

avio

r. W

ithou

t an

alte

rnat

ive

educ

atio

nal o

ppor

tuni

ty, y

outh

oft

en f

ind

them

selv

es in

trou

ble

with

the

law

.

CIS

TR

EN

GT

HE

N P

AR

EN

TA

L S

UP

PO

RT

SY

ST

EM

SIn

itiat

ive

6.A

dd s

ervi

ces

at e

xist

ing

com

mun

ity r

esou

rce

cent

ers

to p

rovi

depa

rent

ing

trai

ning

and

cas

e m

anag

ers

to h

elp

fam

ilies

gai

n ac

cess

toan

arr

ay o

f se

rvic

es

7.D

evel

op a

str

ong

med

ia c

ampa

ign

to r

aise

aw

aren

ess

abou

t the

impo

rtan

ce o

f ea

rly

child

hood

dev

elop

men

t, th

e pr

eval

ence

and

cons

eque

nces

of

dom

estic

and

chi

ld a

buse

, and

the

serv

ices

that

are

avai

labl

e to

hel

p

Rat

iona

lePa

rent

al n

egle

ct h

as b

een

show

n to

be

as s

tron

g a

pred

icto

r of

sub

sequ

ent

viol

ent b

ehav

ior

as p

hysi

cal a

buse

. Res

earc

h no

w s

how

s th

at w

ell-

impl

emen

ted

pare

ntin

g tr

aini

ng is

cap

able

of

redu

cing

del

inqu

ent b

ehav

ior

in c

hild

ren

unde

r 14

. In

addi

tion,

rel

atio

nshi

p bu

ildin

g am

ong

fam

ilym

embe

rs h

as b

een

show

n to

incr

ease

com

mun

icat

ion

and

resp

ect.

Whi

le u

ndou

bted

ly a

fac

tor

in p

erpe

tuat

ing

viol

ence

, the

med

ia c

an a

lSo

play

an im

port

ant a

nd p

ositi

ve r

ole

in p

reve

ntin

g vi

olen

ce.T

hree

PV

PI W

ork

Gro

ups

stro

ngly

rec

omm

ende

d us

ing

the

pow

er o

f th

e m

edia

for

'pub

licaw

aren

ess,

cam

paig

ns, a

nd p

rodu

ctio

ns th

at w

ill r

einf

orce

pos

itive

par

entin

gva

lues

and

mak

e an

impa

ct o

n cr

eatin

g no

n-vi

olen

t fam

ilies

.

DG

UA

RA

NT

EE

"R

IGH

T S

TA

RT

" S

ER

VIC

ES

TO

ALL

Initi

ativ

e8.

Exp

and

prev

entio

n an

d ea

rly

inte

rven

tion

serv

ices

to a

ll at

-ris

kfa

mili

es, p

rovi

ding

pre

nata

l car

e to

all

preg

nant

wom

en a

nd h

ealth

care

cov

erag

e to

all

child

ren

9.E

xpan

d ac

cess

to h

igh

qual

ity a

nd c

ompr

ehen

sive

ear

ly c

hild

hood

prog

ram

s an

d ch

ild c

are

10. D

evel

op lo

ng-t

erm

fun

ding

sol

utio

ns to

ear

ly c

hild

hood

and

fam

ily is

sues

PH

OE

NIX

PR

ES

CH

OO

L C

HIL

DR

EN

Rat

iona

leV

ery

com

preh

ensi

ve in

-hom

e pr

enat

al c

are

and

new

born

sup

port

prog

ram

s, w

hen

follo

wed

by

high

-qua

lity,

par

ent-

invo

lved

child

car

e an

dpr

esch

ool h

ave

been

sho

wn

to im

prov

e ch

ild d

evel

opm

ent a

nd r

educ

eab

use

by a

s m

uch

as 8

0 pe

rcen

t.

A c

hild

's b

rain

dev

elop

s up

to 8

0 pe

rcen

t of

its f

unct

ions

dur

ing

the

firs

tth

ree

year

s of

life

, inc

ludi

ng th

e ab

ilitie

s to

lear

n, c

ope,

and

dea

l with

oth

ers

peac

eful

ly. T

he q

ualit

y of

ear

ly c

hild

car

e ca

n in

crea

se o

r de

crea

se th

eab

ility

to le

arn

by 2

5 pe

rcen

t or

mor

e an

d ha

s a

deci

sive

impa

ct o

n th

eca

paci

ty to

reg

ulat

e em

otio

ns.

Num

erou

s st

udie

s no

w s

how

that

inve

stm

ents

in p

rogr

ams

that

hel

p ki

dsge

t the

rig

ht s

tart

can

red

uce

crim

e an

d cr

imin

al ju

stic

e co

sts

subs

tant

ially

in th

e fu

ture

.

DS

TR

EN

GT

HE

N N

EIG

HB

OR

HO

OD

AS

SE

TS

AN

D P

RO

TE

CT

IVE

FA

CT

OR

S

Initi

ativ

eR

atio

nale

11. M

ake

Phoe

nix

neig

hbor

hood

s le

ss h

ospi

tabl

e to

cri

me

by u

pgra

ding

infr

astr

uctu

re, p

rovi

ding

nee

ded

com

mun

ity d

evel

opm

ent

reso

urce

s, a

nd e

xpan

ding

nei

ghbo

rhoo

d po

licin

g re

sour

ces

12. A

dopt

city

-wid

e po

licie

s w

hich

add

ress

den

sity

, zon

ing

and

code

enf

orce

men

t, an

d bl

ight

elim

inat

ion

to p

reve

nt/m

itiga

tecr

imin

al a

ctiv

ity

13. O

ffer

mor

e te

chni

cal a

ssis

tanc

e an

d re

sour

ces

to e

ncou

rage

par

ticip

atio

nof

res

iden

ts in

nei

ghbo

rhoo

d se

lf-h

elp

activ

ities

Res

earc

h in

dica

tes

that

the

abili

ty to

pre

vent

vio

lent

cri

me

may

be

dire

ctly

rela

ted

to th

e ab

ility

to r

esha

pe c

omm

unity

life

in o

ur m

ost t

roub

led

neig

hbor

hood

s. T

he k

ey c

ompo

nent

of

this

initi

ativ

e is

the

emph

asis

on

qual

ity o

f lif

e im

prov

emen

t and

nei

ghbo

rhoo

d-ba

sed

serv

ices

.

Phys

ical

dis

orde

r in

nei

ghbo

rhoo

ds (

i.e.,

brok

en w

indo

ws,

gra

ffiti

, etc

.)ha

s be

en c

ited

as a

com

mun

ity r

isk

fact

or w

hich

con

trib

utes

to c

rim

e an

dvi

olen

ce. M

akin

g ab

atem

ent l

aws

stro

nger

and

enf

orci

ng c

ode

viol

atio

nsca

n he

lp n

eigh

borh

oods

bat

tle b

light

and

ther

efor

e im

prov

e pu

blic

saf

ety.

Com

mun

ity m

obili

zatio

n is

oft

en c

onsi

dere

d a

nece

ssar

y co

nditi

on f

orce

rtai

n cr

ime

prev

entio

n st

rate

gies

to b

e ef

fect

ive.

Blo

ckW

atch

, for

exa

mpl

e,ha

s sh

own

succ

ess

in c

urbi

ng v

iole

nce

and

enco

urag

ing

resi

dent

par

ticip

atio

n.

2021

Cop

yrig

ht ©

1998

by

the

Ariz

ona

Boa

rd o

f Reg

ents

for

and

on b

ehal

f of A

rizon

a S

tate

Uni

vers

ityan

d its

Mor

rison

Inst

itute

for

Pub

lic P

olic

y.

INT

RO

DU

CT

ION

Des

pite

hea

dlin

es

abou

t fal

ling

viol

ent c

rim

e ra

tes,

the

publ

ic

does

not

bel

ieve

enou

gh is

bein

g do

ne.

VIO

LEN

T C

RIM

E R

AT

ES

AR

E F

ALL

ING

,B

UT

HO

LD T

HE

AP

PLA

US

E

Vio

lent

cri

me,

hom

icid

e in

par

ticul

ar, h

as b

een

decl

inin

g fo

r th

e pa

st s

ix

year

s in

Pho

enix

and

acr

oss

the

coun

try.

Whi

le th

e tr

end

is g

reet

ed w

ith

proc

lam

atio

ns o

f vi

ctor

y by

som

e ex

pert

s an

d po

licy

mak

ers,

man

y m

ore

are

caut

ious

ly h

oldi

ng th

eir

appl

ause

.

The

re a

re g

ood

reas

ons

to h

old

appl

ause

. For

one

thin

g, n

o on

e re

ally

know

s w

hy v

iole

nt c

rim

e is

dec

linin

g. V

ario

us e

xper

ts a

nd p

olic

y m

aker

s

have

off

ered

wid

ely

diff

eren

t exp

lana

tions

incl

udin

g: r

ecen

t cha

nges

in p

olic

ing

stra

tegi

es e

mph

asiz

ing

com

mun

ity p

olic

ing;

shi

fts

in th

e w

ay

illeg

al d

rugs

are

sol

d, e

spec

ially

cra

ck, t

hat m

ake

it le

ss p

ublic

and

less

like

ly

to c

ause

vio

lenc

e; s

ubtle

dem

ogra

phic

dec

reas

es b

oth

in th

e nu

mbe

rs o

f

youn

g m

en a

nd in

thei

r pr

open

sity

to c

omm

it cr

imes

; ris

ing

empl

oym

ent,

whi

ch ta

kes

peop

le in

to le

ss r

isky

live

s; a

nd in

crea

sed

impr

ison

men

t

resu

lting

fro

m m

anda

tory

sen

tenc

ing,

suc

h as

Ari

zona

's la

w s

endi

ng s

erio

us

juve

nile

off

ende

rs to

adu

lt co

urt.

Whi

le th

ese

are

all r

easo

nabl

e ex

plan

a-

tions

, pic

king

onl

y on

e to

com

mit

to, o

r ta

king

a b

reat

her

from

the

figh

t,

is n

ot a

goo

d id

ea b

ecau

se u

nder

stan

ding

the

ebbs

and

flo

ws

of v

iole

nce

is

a co

mpl

ex c

halle

nge.

Ano

ther

rea

son

to h

old

any

appl

ause

is th

at th

e pu

blic

doe

s no

t bel

ieve

the

situ

atio

n ha

s im

prov

ed. F

or e

xam

ple,

an

Ari

zona

Rep

ublic

/Mor

riso

n

Inst

itute

sur

vey

show

s th

at r

esid

ents

in th

e Ph

oeni

x m

etro

reg

ion

gene

rally

thin

k cr

ime

is a

pro

blem

and

is g

ettin

g w

orse

. Spe

cifi

cally

, alm

ost 9

out

of 1

0 th

ink

crim

e is

a p

robl

em o

r a

seve

re p

robl

em. M

ore

than

hal

f of

the

resi

dent

s th

ink

that

the

over

all l

evel

of

crim

e in

the

Val

ley

incr

ease

d du

ring

1996

(M

orri

son

Inst

itute

, 199

7). W

hile

the

Val

ley'

s pr

oper

ty c

rim

e ra

te

has

seen

ann

ual i

ncre

ases

, the

vio

lent

cri

me

rate

has

bee

n on

a s

tead

y

dow

nwar

d tr

end

sinc

e 19

93.

2425

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

EI

1

Perh

aps

the

mos

t im

port

ant r

easo

n to

sta

y an

y ce

lebr

atio

n is

gro

win

g

evid

ence

that

cur

rent

cri

me

figh

ting

stra

tegi

es a

re r

apid

ly b

ecom

ing

pote

ntia

l bud

get b

uste

rs. P

uttin

g m

ore

polic

e of

fice

rs o

n th

e st

reet

s,

stif

feni

ng th

e pe

nalti

es a

gain

st a

par

ticul

ar k

ind

of o

ffen

der,

bui

ldin

g m

ore

pris

ons,

and

oth

er s

uch

get-

toug

h po

licie

s ha

ve b

een

the

pron

ounc

ed a

nti-

crim

e st

rate

gy in

Ari

zona

and

in th

e co

untr

y fo

r m

ost o

f th

is d

ecad

e. T

he

publ

ic h

as g

ener

ally

bee

n su

ppor

tive

of, a

nd in

man

y ca

ses

has

even

vot

ed

for,

thes

e po

licie

s, w

hich

ess

entia

lly d

eleg

ate

the

crim

e pr

oble

m to

the

law

enfo

rcem

ent c

omm

unity

and

cri

min

al ju

stic

e sy

stem

. Lat

ely,

how

ever

,

com

ing

up o

n th

e ra

dar

scre

en a

re c

once

rns

abou

t the

cos

ts a

nd c

ost-

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

thes

e so

lutio

ns a

nd s

ome

conc

erns

abo

ut r

elyi

ng s

o he

avily

on p

olic

e de

part

men

ts a

nd ju

stic

e-sy

stem

age

ncie

s fo

r fi

ghtin

g cr

ime.

The

bes

t exa

mpl

e of

ris

ing

conc

erns

abo

ut th

e af

ford

abili

ty a

nd

long

-ter

m v

iabi

lity

of g

et-t

ough

str

ateg

ies

is R

AN

D's

stu

dy o

f C

alif

orni

a's

"thr

ee s

trik

es"

law

, whi

ch m

anda

tes

sent

ence

s ra

ngin

g fr

om 2

5 ye

ars

to li

fe

for

cert

ain

thre

e-tim

e fe

lony

off

ende

rs. T

he 1

994

stud

y by

the

prom

inen

t

thin

k ta

nk, w

hich

wei

ghed

cri

me

redu

ctio

n an

d co

st, c

oncl

uded

that

the

Cal

ifor

nia

law

, if

fully

impl

emen

ted,

cou

ld r

educ

e se

riou

s fe

loni

es

com

mitt

ed b

y ad

ults

in th

e st

ate

betw

een

22 a

nd 3

4 pe

rcen

t bel

ow w

hat

may

hav

e oc

curr

ed. B

ut th

e st

udy

also

con

clud

ed th

at th

e re

duct

ion

in c

rim

e w

ould

be

achi

eved

at a

n ad

ditio

nal c

ost b

etw

een

$4.5

bill

ion

and

$6.5

bill

ion

in c

urre

nt d

olla

rs a

nnua

lly. A

ccor

ding

to th

e st

udy,

mos

t

of th

e co

st in

crea

se w

ould

res

ult f

rom

the

need

to b

uild

and

ope

rate

addi

tiona

l pri

sons

to h

ouse

the

inm

ate

popu

latio

n, w

hich

cou

ld b

e ex

pect

ed

to d

oubl

e as

a r

esul

t of

sent

enci

ng u

nder

the

law

(G

AO

, 199

6). A

mor

e

rece

nt R

AN

D s

tudy

indi

cate

s th

at s

ome

prev

enta

tive

mea

sure

s, s

uch

as

pare

nt tr

aini

ng a

nd g

radu

atio

n in

cent

ives

, cou

ld p

oten

tially

red

uce

crim

e

rate

s m

ore

cost

eff

ectiv

ely

than

inca

rcer

atio

n (G

reen

woo

d et

al.,

199

6).

0

2 I

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

E

Res

earc

h in

stitu

tes

like

RA

ND

are

not

the

only

one

s to

rai

se th

e co

st-

effe

ctiv

enes

s is

sue

or to

sug

gest

for

pol

icy

mak

ers

to m

ove

beyo

nd r

eact

ive

polic

ies

that

is, m

ove

to p

unis

hmen

t plu

s pr

even

tion,

not

just

pun

ishm

ent

and

mor

e pu

nish

men

t. A

gro

win

g nu

mbe

r of

exp

erts

, inc

ludi

ng tr

aditi

onal

"loc

k-'e

m u

p" f

olks

, sen

se th

at th

e po

wer

of

puni

shm

ent h

as b

een

over

sold

and

that

a c

ours

e co

rrec

tion

tow

ard

prev

entio

n is

nee

ded.

One

of

the

late

st e

xam

ples

of

this

shi

ft in

sup

port

and

thin

king

com

es f

rom

pol

ice

chie

fs. W

hen

a re

cent

Nor

thea

ster

n U

nive

rsity

sur

vey

aske

d 78

0 po

lice

chie

fs th

roug

hout

the

coun

try

to p

ick

the

stra

tegy

that

wou

ld b

e m

Ost

effe

ctiv

e in

the

long

-ter

m f

or r

educ

ing

crim

e an

d vi

olen

ce, t

he c

hief

sch

ose

"inc

reas

ing

inve

stm

ents

in p

rogr

ams

that

hel

p al

l chi

ldre

n an

d yo

uth

to g

et a

goo

d st

art,"

nea

rly

4 to

1 o

ver

"try

ing

mor

e ju

veni

les

as a

dults

,"

or e

ven

hiri

ng a

dditi

onal

pol

ice

offi

cers

(Fi

ght C

rim

e, I

nves

t in

Kid

s, 1

998)

.

But

per

haps

the

mos

t str

ikin

g of

the

new

end

orse

men

ts f

or p

reve

ntiv

em

easu

res

com

es f

rom

Cal

ifor

nia

Gov

erno

r Pe

te W

ilson

fath

er o

f th

eor

igin

al "

thre

e st

rike

s" le

gisl

atio

n in

the

mid

-199

0s. G

over

nor

Wils

on

devo

ted

a la

rge

port

ion

of h

is 1

998

Stat

e of

the

Stat

e ad

dres

s to

prev

entio

n in

itiat

ives

.

It is

an

inte

rest

ing

turn

of

even

ts. T

o re

cap:

des

pite

hea

dlin

es a

bout

falli

ng v

iole

nt c

rim

e ra

tes,

the

publ

ic d

oes

not b

elie

ve e

noug

h is

bei

ngdo

ne. M

ore

and

mor

e ex

pert

s ar

e be

ginn

ing

to a

ddre

ss th

e pu

blic

's c

once

rns

by s

ugge

stin

g th

at th

e be

st a

ntic

rim

e in

sura

nce

polic

ies

are

not c

ops,

judg

es, p

roba

tion

offi

cers

, or

pris

on g

uard

s, b

ut in

stea

d ar

e go

od p

aren

ts,

cari

ng f

rien

ds, i

nspi

ring

teac

hers

, loc

al r

elig

ious

lead

ers,

and

dec

ent

empl

oyer

s. A

t the

sam

e tim

e, s

ome

of th

e le

adin

g "g

et-t

ough

" pr

opon

ents

of th

is d

ecad

e ar

e no

w s

ome

of th

e st

rong

est a

dvoc

ates

for

doi

ng m

ore

on

the

prev

entio

n fr

ont.

27

PH

OE

NIX

' RE

SP

ON

SE

It is

aga

inst

this

bac

kdro

p th

at th

e Ph

oeni

x V

iole

nce

Prev

entio

n In

itiat

ive

(PV

PI)

was

sta

rted

. In

1996

, the

City

of

Phoe

nix

Polic

e D

epar

tmen

t ask

ed

the

Mor

riso

n In

stitu

te f

or P

ublic

Pol

icy

to f

acili

tate

an

effo

rt to

dev

elop

a

com

preh

ensi

ve v

iole

nce

prev

entio

n st

rate

gy f

or P

hoen

ix. S

peci

fica

lly, t

he

City

wan

ted

to g

et a

wid

e va

riet

y of

org

aniz

atio

ns a

nd s

take

hold

ers

arou

nd th

e ta

ble

to d

evel

op th

e st

rate

gy a

nd m

ake

it cl

ear

that

vio

lenc

e is

not j

ust a

pol

ice

mat

ter,

but

als

o re

quir

es th

e at

tent

ion

of p

aren

ts, e

duca

tors

,

relig

ious

lead

ers,

judg

es, s

ocia

l ser

vice

pro

vide

rs, n

eigh

borh

ood

resi

dent

s,

youn

g pe

ople

, the

med

ia a

nd th

e bu

sine

ss c

omm

unity

. Ano

ther

impo

rtan

t

obje

ctiv

e w

as to

cha

nge

the

dial

ogue

abo

ut h

ow to

red

uce

viol

ence

and

crim

e, a

nd to

rai

se p

ublic

aw

aren

ess

abou

t pre

vent

ion

mea

sure

s.

Tow

ard

this

end

, a p

artn

ersh

ip o

f fi

ve o

rgan

izat

ions

was

laun

ched

in

Nov

embe

r 19

96: t

he C

ity o

f Ph

oeni

x, A

rizo

na S

upre

me

Cou

rt, G

reat

erPh

oeni

x L

eade

rshi

p, M

aric

opa

Cou

nty

Atto

rney

, Mar

icop

a C

ount

y, a

nd

ASU

's M

orri

son

Inst

itute

for

Pub

lic P

olic

y. R

ecog

nizi

ng th

at th

e In

itiat

ive

wou

ld n

eed

to b

e br

oad-

base

d, th

e pa

rtne

rs in

vite

d 40

rep

rese

ntat

ives

of d

iffe

rent

bus

ines

ses,

non

-pro

fits

, com

mun

ity o

rgan

izat

ions

, and

gov

ern-

men

t ent

ities

to p

artic

ipat

e on

a p

roje

ct s

teer

ing

com

mitt

ee. T

his

was

the

firs

t tim

e so

man

y di

ffer

ent o

rgan

izat

ions

and

com

mun

ity le

ader

s ha

d m

et

to d

iscu

ss c

omm

on c

once

rns

abou

t vio

lenc

e an

d to

col

labo

rate

on

solu

tions

.

The

re w

ere

man

y ke

y ev

ents

in th

e PV

PI p

roce

ssm

ost a

re h

igh-

light

ed o

n pa

ges

4 an

d 5.

The

y oc

curr

ed in

thre

e ph

ases

:

Phas

e I:

Ana

lysi

s"U

nder

stan

ding

the

Prob

lem

"th

e St

eeri

ng

Com

mitt

ee f

ocus

ed o

n un

ders

tand

ing

the

natu

re a

nd e

xten

t of

the

viol

ence

prob

lem

in th

e Ph

oeni

x m

etro

are

a. I

t als

o st

udie

d w

hat w

orks

and

wha

t

does

not

wor

k in

term

s of

vio

lenc

e pr

even

tion

prog

ram

s an

d st

rate

gies

.M

uch

of th

e in

form

atio

n w

as s

umm

ariz

ed in

a p

oste

r th

e M

orri

son

Inst

itute

pro

duce

d in

Sep

tem

ber

1997

.

28

Phas

e II

: Par

ticip

ator

y St

rate

gy"C

olla

bora

ting

to P

reve

nt

Vio

lenc

e"th

e St

eeri

ng C

omm

ittee

laun

ched

fiv

e W

ork

Gro

ups,

invo

lvin

g

mor

e th

an 3

00 p

eopl

e, to

dev

elop

the

best

idea

s to

pre

vent

vio

lenc

e in

the

Phoe

nix

area

. The

Wor

k G

roup

s' in

itiat

ives

are

pre

sent

ed la

ter

inth

is r

epor

t.

Phas

e II

I: I

mpl

emen

tatio

nw

ill c

onne

ct th

e in

itiat

ives

with

the

peop

le a

nd o

rgan

izat

ions

who

can

hel

p de

velo

p th

em f

urth

er a

nd th

en p

ut

them

into

act

ion.

29

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

EI

3

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

EH

IGH

LIG

HT

S A

ND

TIM

ELI

NE

: 199

6-19

98

Nov

embe

r 19

96

The

City

of

Phoe

nix,

Ari

zona

Sup

rem

eC

ourt

, Gre

ater

Phoe

nix

Lea

ders

hip,

Mar

icop

a C

ount

yA

ttorn

ey's

Off

ice,

Mar

icop

a C

ount

yan

d A

rizo

na S

tate

Uni

vers

ity's

Mor

riso

n In

stitu

tefo

r Pu

blic

Pol

icy

form

a p

artn

ersh

ipto

initi

ate

a w

ide-

spre

ad, c

olla

bora

tive

proc

ess

for

deve

lop-

ing

the

regi

on's

fir

st

viol

ence

pre

vent

ion

stra

tegy

.

30

Feb

ruar

y 19

97M

arch

199

7A

pril

1997

May

199

7

The

new

ly-f

orm

edU

CL

A P

rofe

ssor

Phas

e I

Beg

ins

Pres

enta

tions

to th

ePh

oeni

x V

iole

nce

Dr.

Jam

es Q

. Wils

onT

he f

irst

pha

se o

fSt

eeri

ng C

omm

ittee

Prev

entio

n In

itiat

ive

(who

for

mul

ated

the

the

Phoe

nix

Vio

lenc

ere

gard

ing

viol

ence

send

s le

tters

of

"Bro

ken

Win

dow

s"Pr

even

tion

Initi

ativ

epr

even

tion

inin

vita

tion

to m

ore

theo

ry o

f cr

ime)

("U

nder

stan

ding

the

neig

hbor

hood

s an

dth

an 4

0 lo

cal

kick

s-of

f th

ePr

oble

m")

beg

ins

dom

estic

vio

lenc

e.

busi

ness

, civ

ic, a

ndIn

itiat

ive

with

aw

ith p

rese

ntat

ions

Pres

ente

rs in

clud

e:go

vern

men

t lea

ders

keyn

ote

lunc

heon

to th

e St

eeri

ngA

ssis

tant

Pho

enix

aski

ng th

em to

spee

ch to

mor

eC

omm

ittee

reg

ardi

ngPo

lice

Chi

ef E

rnie

part

icip

ate

in th

eth

an 2

00 p

eopl

e.vi

olen

ce p

reve

ntio

nB

akin

, Com

man

der

Initi

ativ

e as

The

PV

PI S

teer

ing

in p

rena

tal a

nd e

arly

Mik

e M

cCor

tSt

eeri

ng C

omm

ittee

mem

bers

.C

omm

ittee

mee

tsfo

r th

e fi

rst t

ime

child

hood

yea

rs, a

ndvi

olen

ce in

fam

ilies

(City

of

Phoe

nix)

,Ju

dy V

ande

grif

tan

d co

nsul

ts w

ith

Dr.

Wils

on a

bout

and

scho

ols.

Pres

ente

rs to

the

(Mor

riso

n In

stitu

te,

ASU

), D

onna

Nei

ll

how

to p

roce

edSt

eeri

ng C

omm

ittee

(Wes

twoo

d N

eigh

-

with

the

Initi

ativ

e.

An

edito

rial

in th

ear

e: C

arol

Kam

in(C

hild

ren'

s A

ctio

n

borh

ood

Ass

ocia

tion,

Phoe

nix)

, Bri

an

Ari

zona

Rep

ublic

Alli

ance

, Pho

enix

),N

elso

n (W

est

abou

t PV

PI s

tate

s,

"May

be, j

ust m

aybe

,

the

seed

s ha

ve b

een

plan

ted

(thr

ough

PVPI

) to

turn

the

Cla

udia

Cam

acho

and

Abe

l Par

ra(s

tude

nts,

Pho

enix

),D

ebbi

e D

illon

(City

of

Phoe

nix)

,

Phoe

nix

Bus

ines

sA

llian

ce),

and

Mad

ora

Moo

re,

Ram

ona

Cru

mpe

,an

d M

arga

rita

prov

erbi

al c

orne

ran

d A

rt L

ebow

itzR

odri

guez

(on

yout

h vi

olen

ce).

"(P

hoen

ix U

nion

Hig

h Sc

hool

Dis

tric

t).

(nei

ghbo

rhoo

dac

tivis

ts, P

hoen

ix).

314

IP

HO

EN

IX V

IOLE

NC

E P

RE

VE

NT

ION

INIT

IAT

IVE

June

199

7

Pres

enta

tions

to th

eSt

eeri

ng C

omm

ittee

rega

rdin

g vi

olen

ce

prev

entio

n in

the

wor

kpla

ce a

ndvi

olen

ce is

sues

fro

m

the

pers

pect

ive

of th

e co

urt a

ndpr

obat

ion

syst

ems.

Pres

ente

rs: L

ynne

McC

lure

(M

cClu

re

and

Ass

ocia

tes,

Tem

pe),

Mar

icop

a

Cou

nty

Atto

rney

Ric

k R

om le

y,

Mar

icop

a C

ount

y

Chi

ef J

uven

ile

Prob

atio

n O

ffic

er

Che

ryln

Tow

nsen

d,

Mar

icop

a C

ount

y

Chi

ef A

dult

Prob

atio

n O

ffic

erN

orm

an H

elbe

r,Su

peri

or C

ourt

Com

mis

sion

erD

avid

And

erso

n

and

Supr

eme

Cou

rtA

dmin

istr

ativ

eD

irec

tor

Dav

id B

yers

.

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

EH

IGH

LIG

HT

S A

ND

TIM

ELI

NE

: 199

6-19

98

July

199

7

Pres

enta

tion

to th

eSt

eeri

ng C

omm

ittee

rega

rdin

g "w

hat w

orks

"in

vio

lenc

e pr

even

tion

prog

ram

min

g in

the

U.S

., ba

sed

on e

valu

atio

n

and

anal

ysis

.

Dr.

Law

renc

e Sh

erm

an

(Uni

vers

ity o

f M

aryl

and)

pres

ents

to th

e St

eeri

ngC

omm

ittee

the

find

ings

from

his

199

7 pu

blic

atio

n,

Prev

entin

g C

rim

e,W

hat

Wor

ks,W

hat D

oesn

't,

Wha

t's P

rom

isin

g.

Sep

tem

ber

1997

The

Ste

erin

g C

omm

ittee

mee

ts to

dis

cuss

the

proc

ess

and

orga

niza

tiona

l

stru

ctur

e fo

r PV

PI's

Phas

e II

("C

olla

bora

ting

to P

reve

nt V

iole

nce"

)

in w

hich

sm

alle

r W

ork

Gro

ups

wer

e fo

rmed

tode

vise

vio

lenc

e pr

even

tion

prio

ritie

s an

d st

rate

gies

.

The

Ste

erin

g C

omm

ittee

vote

s to

for

m f

ive

Wor

k

Gro

ups:

pren

atal

and

ear

lych

ildho

od

indi

vidu

al y

outh

scho

ols

fam

ilies

neig

hbor

hood

s an

dco

mm

uniti

es.

The

Mor

riso

n In

stitu

tepr

oduc

es a

pos

ter

sum

-m

ariz

ing

the

"les

sons

lear

ned"

fro

m th

e fi

rst

phas

e of

the

Phoe

nix

Vio

lenc

e Pr

even

tion

Initi

ativ

e.

Dec

embe

r 19

97

Phas

e II

Beg

ins

Mor

e th

an 3

00 in

vite

es

agre

e to

par

ticip

ate

inPh

ase

II b

y at

tend

ing

the

kick

off

of

PVPI

's f

ive

Wor

k G

roup

s.

The

Wor

k G

roup

s ar

e

each

co-

chai

red

by o

ne

Stee

ring

Com

mitt

eem

embe

r an

d on

e no

n-

Stee

ring

Com

mitt

eem

embe

r.

Eac

h of

the

Wor

k G

roup

s

mee

ts f

or th

e fi

rst t

ime

to e

stab

lish

timel

ines

,sc

hedu

les,

and

fut

ure

mee

ting

date

s.

Seve

ral o

f th

e W

ork

Gro

ups

brai

nsto

rm,

disc

uss,

and

vot

e to

desi

gnat

e th

e "p

rior

ityis

sues

" w

ithin

thei

r br

oad

dom

ain

and

begi

n to

disc

uss

way

s to

add

ress

the

prio

rity

issu

es.

Janu

ary-

Mar

ch 1

998

Eac

h of

the

five

Wor

k

Gro

ups

mee

ts u

p to

fiv

e

times

to d

iscu

ss "

wha

t

wor

ks a

nd w

hat d

oesn

'tw

ork,

" as

soci

ated

with

thei

r pr

iori

ty is

sues

.

Eac

h of

the

Wor

k G

roup

s

brai

nsto

rms

and

disc

usse

svi

olen

ce p

reve

ntio

nst

rate

gies

to b

e un

der-

take

n in

its

dom

ain.

The

rec

omm

ende

dst

rate

gies

and

impl

emen

-

tatio

n st

eps

are

pres

ente

dby

the

Wor

k G

roup

co-c

hair

s to

the

Stee

ring

Com

mitt

ee.

Apr

il-Ju

ne 1

998

The

dra

ft v

iole

nce

prev

entio

n st

rate

gydo

cum

ent i

s re

view

ed.

The

Pho

enix

City

Cou

ncil

is b

rief

ed b

y

PVPI

co-

chai

rs a

nd

Stee

ring

Com

mitt

eem

embe

rs.

Fina

l str

ateg

y is

anno

unce

d.

Phas

e II

I B

egin

s("

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

Stra

tegi

es")

.

33

39,

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

EI

5

Who

?

IIMA

BLE

TH

E W

HO

, WH

AT

, WH

EN

, WH

ER

E A

ND

WH

Y O

F V

IOLE

NC

EA

dults

. Adu

lts c

onst

itute

d 77

% o

f th

e to

tal n

umbe

r of

vio

lent

off

ense

arr

ests

in P

hoen

ix. I

n 19

96, j

uven

iles

acco

unte

d fo

r 23

% o

f to

tal v

iole

nt o

ffen

se a

rres

ts.

Mal

es. M

ales

(ju

veni

le a

nd a

dult)

acc

ount

ed f

or 7

6% o

f al

l arr

ests

for

par

t I v

iole

nt o

ffen

ses

in A

rizo

na in

199

6. (

Adu

lt m

ales

con

stitu

ted

51%

of a

ll vi

olen

tar

rest

s, ju

veni

le m

ales

acc

ount

ed f

or r

ough

ly 2

4% o

f al

l vio

lent

arr

ests

.)

Whi

tes

and

His

pani

cs. W

hite

s ac

coun

ted

for

83%

of

all a

rres

ts f

or p

art I

vio

lent

off

ense

s in

Ari

zona

in 1

996;

per

sons

of

His

pani

c or

igin

(an

y ra

ce)

acco

unte

dfo

r ro

ughl

y 30

% o

f ar

rest

s fo

r vi

olen

t cri

me

in A

rizo

na in

199

6.

Peop

le o

n dr

ugs.

Fif

ty-s

ix p

erce

nt o

f al

l per

sons

arr

este

d fo

r a

viol

ent c

rim

e in

Pho

enix

are

eith

er u

nder

the

infl

uenc

e of

dru

gs o

r te

st p

ositi

vefo

r us

ing

drug

s re

cent

ly.

Wha

t?V

iole

nt a

nd p

rope

rty

crim

e. A

fter

pea

king

in 1

993,

the

City

of

Phoe

nix'

rat

e of

vio

lent

cri

me

(mur

der,

agg

rava

ted

assa

ult,

forc

ible

rap

e, a

nd r

obbe

ry o

ffen

ses

per

100,

000)

, has

dec

lined

for

fou

r st

raig

ht y

ears

(19

94-1

997)

. Add

ition

ally

, the

rat

e of

pro

pert

y cr

ime

(bur

glar

y, la

rcen

y, m

otor

veh

icle

thef

t and

ars

on o

ffen

ses

per

100,

000)

pea

ked

in 1

995,

and

has

dec

lined

in b

oth

1996

and

199

7. A

lthou

gh r

ecen

t med

ia r

epor

ts h

ave

corr

ectly

pub

liciz

ed a

n in

crea

se in

the

Phoe

nix'

Cri

me

Inde

x T

otal

(th

e to

tal n

umbe

r of

vio

lent

and

pro

pert

y of

fens

es r

epor

ted

in a

yea

r), t

hese

rep

orts

fai

l to

acco

unt f

or th

e la

rge

in-m

igra

tion

of p

opul

atio

nto

the

arca

whi

ch c

an d

rive

the

over

all r

ate

of c

rim

e do

wn

even

whe

n th

e to

tal n

umbe

r of

off

ense

s is

goi

ng u

p.

Agg

rava

ted

assa

ult a

nd la

rcen

y-th

eft.

In th

e C

ity o

f Ph

oeni

x in

199

7, th

e la

rges

t num

ber

of v

iole

nt c

rim

e in

cide

nts

invo

lved

agg

rava

ted

assa

ult (

6,04

8),

whi

le th

e la

rges

t num

ber

of s

erio

us p

rope

rty

crim

e in

cide

nts

invo

lved

larc

eny-

thef

t (61

,635

; lar

ceny

-the

ft d

oes

not i

nclu

de m

otor

veh

icle

thef

t). D

urin

g 19

97in

the

City

of

Phoe

nix,

ther

e w

ere

172

hom

icid

es r

epor

ted

to p

olic

e, 4

28 r

apes

, 3,7

25 r

obbe

ries

, and

6,0

48 a

ggra

vate

d as

saul

ts (

part

I v

iole

nt o

ffen

ses)

; 21,

027

burg

lari

es, 6

1,63

5 la

rcen

y/th

efts

, 18,

619

vehi

cle

thef

ts, a

nd 2

77 a

rson

s (p

art I

pro

pert

y of

fens

es).

Aga

inst

Who

m?

Pers

ons

of th

e sa

me

race

. In

Phoe

nix,

mos

t hom

icid

e vi

ctim

s ar

e of

the

sam

e ra

ce/e

thni

city

as

thei

r ki

ller.

Sim

ilar

vict

im d

ata

for

viol

ent c

rim

es o

ther

than

hom

icid

e is

not

com

pile

d.

Dis

prop

ortio

nally

Bla

cks

and

His

pani

cs. A

ccor

ding

to th

e Ph

oeni

x Po

lice

Dep

artm

ent,

Bla

cks

wer

e 21

% o

f al

l mur

der

vict

ims,

but

con

stitu

te o

nly

5% o

fth

e po

pula

tion.

Sim

ilarl

y, 3

6% o

f al

l hom

icid

e vi

ctim

s w

ere

of H

ispa

nic

orig

in, w

hile

mak

ing

up o

nly

23%

of

the

over

all p

opul

atio

n.

Peop

le th

ey k

now

. Mos

t hom

icid

e vi

ctim

s kn

ow th

eir

kille

r in

som

e w

ay (

i.e.,

rela

tive,

spo

use/

pare

nt, a

cqua

inta

nce)

.

Whe

n?

Whe

re?

Why

?

Satu

rday

s, 6

pm-2

am. S

atur

day

is th

e m

ost c

omm

on d

ay o

f th

e w

eek

for

a m

urde

r to

occ

ur in

Ari

zona

, and

gen

eral

ly th

e hi

ghes

t num

ber

of m

urde

rsoc

cur

betw

een

the

hour

s of

6pm

and

2am

. Sim

ilar

data

for

vio

lent

cri

mes

oth

cr th

an m

urde

r ar

e no

t com

pile

d.

Stre

et a

nd h

omes

. A s

tudy

of

205

hom

icid

es in

Pho

enix

rec

ently

rev

eale

d th

at 4

6% o

ccur

red

on s

tree

ts, i

n pa

rkin

g lo

ts, p

arks

, or

fiel

ds. A

n ad

ditio

nal

48%

of

mur

ders

occ

urre

d in

a r

esid

ence

. In

1996

, 53%

of

all r

obbe

ries

in A

rizo

na o

ccur

red

on th

e hi

ghw

ay (

stre

ets,

alle

ys, a

nd s

idew

alks

).

3 4

A s

tudy

of

Phoe

nix

hom

icid

es in

rec

ent y

ears

rev

eale

d th

c to

p fi

ve r

easo

ns li

sted

for

mur

ders

as:

1.V

erba

l dis

pute

s/m

utua

l com

bat;

2. D

omes

tic d

ispu

te (

eith

erpa

rtne

r, c

hild

or

rela

tive)

3. N

arco

tic-r

elat

ed 4

. Gan

g-re

late

d, a

nd 5

. Rob

bery

/bur

glar

y.

SO

UR

CE

: PH

AS

E I

PV

PI

6 I

PH

OE

NIX

VI1

:1L'

iNC

E P

RE

VE

NT

ION

INIT

IAT

IVE

35

WH

AU

US

A P

RE

WE

IMU

OW

E

AP

PR

OA

CH

UC

D V

UB

LEN

CE

?

The

ded

icat

ed

effo

rt o

f al

l

sect

ors

of

soci

ety

is n

eede

d

to p

reve

nt

viol

ence

.

3 6

Bef

ore

pres

entin

g th

e st

rate

gy d

evel

oped

spe

cifi

cally

for

the

Phoe

nix

area

,

it is

use

ful t

o re

view

wha

t is

gene

rally

mea

nt b

y vi

olen

ce p

reve

ntio

n. T

he

follo

win

g se

ven

poin

ts p

rovi

de a

sim

ple,

acc

essi

ble

sum

mar

y of

the

late

st

thin

king

abo

ut w

hat a

pre

vent

ion

stra

tegy

is a

nd w

hat t

he d

esig

n of

an

effe

ctiv

e st

rate

gy w

ould

ent

ail.

Alth

ough

vio

lenc

e-pr

even

tion

effo

rts

can

take

man

y fo

rms,

and

ther

e is

a la

rge

volu

me

of li

tera

ture

on

the

subj

ect,

thes

e se

ven

"sta

tem

ents

" ef

fect

ivel

y co

nvey

the

wha

t, ho

w a

nd w

hy o

fpr

even

tion.

The

y al

so r

epre

sent

the

subs

tant

ive

inpu

t the

Ste

erin

gC

omm

ittee

rec

eive

d du

ring

the

educ

atio

nal p

hase

in p

repa

ratio

n fo

r th

e

stra

tegy

dev

elop

men

t pha

se o

f th

e Ph

oeni

x In

itiat

ive.

Vio

lenc

e pr

even

tion

is a

bout

eff

orts

to p

reve

nt o

r in

terr

upt

prob

lem

s fr

om d

evel

opin

g in

to g

reat

er h

ards

hip

and

the

need

for

mor

e co

stly

res

pons

es. I

t is

anal

ogou

s to

the

prev

entiv

e ph

iloso

-

phie

s th

at a

re n

ow in

flue

ncin

g m

oder

n m

edic

ine:

pre

vent

ing

viol

ent

even

ts f

rom

occ

urri

ng in

the

firs

t pla

ce is

muc

h ch

eape

rin

dol

lars

and

in h

uman

mis

ery

than

atte

mpt

s to

cle

an u

p th

e pr

oble

ms

that

fol

low

them

. A la

rge

part

of

the

stra

tegy

invo

lves

giv

ing

peop

le th

e in

form

atio

n,

skill

s, a

ttitu

des,

sup

port

s an

d op

port

uniti

es th

at c

an in

ocul

ate

them

fro

m

drug

use

, sch

ool p

robl

ems,

teen

pre

gnan

cy, a

nd d

elin

quen

cy.

Vio

lenc

e pr

even

tion

stra

tegi

es a

re ty

pica

lly d

irec

ted

atyo

ung

peop

le, a

nd in

crea

sing

ly a

t the

ir f

amili

es a

nd h

ome

situ

atio

ns. A

s su

ch, t

hese

str

ateg

ies

invo

lve

effo

rts

to r

epai

r ru

ptur

ed

fam

ily s

truc

ture

s an

d in

adeq

uate

life

ski

lls, a

nd to

com

pens

ate

for

the

cons

eque

nces

of

livin

g in

trou

bled

com

mun

ities

. The

rea

sons

for

targ

etin

g yo

uth

are

obvi

ous.

Wha

t, m

any

ask,

cou

ld b

e m

ore

impo

rtan

t

than

hel

ping

you

ng p

eopl

e na

viga

te th

e pa

ssag

e fr

om c

hild

hood

toad

ulth

ood

with

out f

allin

g pr

ey to

dru

gs, e

arly

pre

gnan

cy, p

over

ty,

crim

e, f

amily

bre

ak u

p, a

busc

, vio

lenc

e an

d sc

hool

dro

p ou

t? W

hile

man

y yo

ung

peop

le a

re a

ble

to a

void

edu

catio

nal f

ailu

re, s

erio

us in

jury

,

dise

ase,

jail,

and

eco

nom

ic in

com

pete

nce,

far

too

man

y of

our

fut

ure

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

AN

.NIT

IAT

IVE

I7

wor

kers

, par

ents

and

citi

zens

are

at h

igh

or m

oder

ate

risk

for

suc

h

outc

omes

. Mos

t obs

erve

rs a

gree

that

the

soci

al a

nd e

cono

mic

for

ces

conf

ront

ing

yout

h to

day

are

far

mor

e ch

alle

ngin

g th

an th

ey w

ere

20

year

s ag

o, p

uttin

g th

em a

t muc

h gr

eate

r ri

sk f

or tr

oubl

ed f

utur

es.

The

rea

son

for

targ

etin

g fa

mili

es f

or s

uppo

rt a

nd a

ttent

ion,

alo

ng

wit.

h yo

ung

peop

le, i

s si

mpl

e: f

amili

es h

ave

a m

ajor

infl

uenc

e on

sha

ping

yout

h. I

n fa

ct, f

amili

es a

re b

oth

a la

rge

cont

ribu

ting

fact

or to

the

prob

lem

and

to th

e so

lutio

n fo

r m

any

of th

e pr

oble

ms

note

d ab

ove.

For

exam

ple,

a m

yria

d of

res

earc

h sh

ows

that

"cr

ime-

pron

e yo

uth

are

mor

e lik

ely

to c

ome

from

fam

ilies

whe

re p

aren

ts a

re a

busi

ve o

rne

glec

tful

, pro

vide

har

sh o

r er

ratic

dis

cipl

ine,

or

exhi

bit m

arita

ldi

scor

d" (

Men

del,

1995

). C

onve

rsel

y, c

hild

ren

in h

ealth

y fa

mili

es w

ho

feel

love

d, v

alue

d an

d su

perv

ised

hav

e a

grea

ter

chan

ce to

get

a g

ood

educ

atio

n an

d be

com

e pr

oduc

tive

mem

bers

of

the

soci

ety

and

are,

ther

efor

e, le

ss li

kely

to c

omm

it ac

ts o

f vi

olen

ce a

nd s

ubst

ance

abu

se.

As

one

vete

ran

crim

inol

ogis

t put

it, "

The

clo

ser

the

child

's r

elat

ions

hip

with

his

par

ents

, the

mor

e he

is a

ttrac

ted

to a

nd id

entif

ied

with

them

,

the

low

er h

is c

hanc

es o

f de

linqu

ency

" (W

righ

t & W

righ

t, 19

94).

Thi

s

find

ing

hold

s co

nsis

tent

in o

ne-

and

two-

pare

nt f

amili

es a

like.

Prev

entio

n, f

or a

cha

nce

to m

ake

a la

rge

diff

eren

ce, n

eeds

to s

tart

ver

y ea

rly

in li

fe, p

erha

ps a

s ea

rly

as th

e fi

rst t

wo

or th

ree

year

s. P

ublic

dis

cuss

ions

of

prev

entio

n pr

ogra

ms

usua

llyem

phas

ize

targ

etin

g hi

gh-r

isk

yout

h in

the

ages

whe

re ju

veni

lede

linqu

ency

is m

ost p

reva

lent

, aro

und

15 to

20

year

s of

age

. Man

y of

thes

e pr

ogra

ms

focu

s on

dis

pute

-res

olut

ion

skill

s, m

ento

ring

, aft

er-

scho

ol a

ctiv

ities

and

ant

i-tr

uanc

y pr

ogra

ms.

But

a d

iver

se g

roup

of

expe

rts

incl

udin

g sc

hola

rs, p

edia

tric

ians

, and

pol

ice

offi

cers

is

begi

nnin

g to

str

ongl

y ad

voca

te ta

rget

ing

youn

ger

child

ren.

The

key

to p

reve

ntio

n, th

is g

roup

say

s, is

to "

alte

r th

e w

ay in

whi

ch a

t-ri

sk

338

IP

HO

EN

IX V

IOLE

NC

E P

RE

VE

NT

ION

INIT

IAT

IVE

child

ren

expe

rien

ce th

e fi

rst f

ew y

ears

of

life.

" U

CL

A p

rofe

ssor

Jam

es

Q. W

ilson

exp

lain

s, "

duri

ng th

ese

year

s, s

ome

child

ren

are

put g

rave

ly

at r

isk

by s

ome

com

bina

tion

of h

erita

ble

trai

ts, p

rena

tal i

nsul

ts(m

ater

nal d

rug

and

alco

hol a

buse

or

poor

die

t), w

eak

pare

nt-c

hild

atta

chm

ent,

poor

sup

ervi

sion

, and

dis

orde

rly

fam

ily e

nvir

onm

ent"

(Wils

on, 1

994)

. Pro

mis

ing

stra

tegi

es to

cou

nter

-atta

ck s

uch

nega

tive

life

circ

umst

ance

s in

clud

e go

od p

rena

tal c

are,

hom

e vi

sita

tion

prog

ram

s fo

r ne

wbo

rns

at r

isk

of a

buse

and

neg

lect

, ste

ps to

str

engt

hen

pare

nts'

ski

lls f

or d

ealin

g w

ith c

rise

s, a

nd in

itiat

ives

to p

repa

rech

ildre

n fo

r sc

hool

.

Man

y ge

t-to

ugh-

on-c

rim

e fo

lks

have

com

e to

agr

ee w

ith s

ocia

lsc

ient

ists

and

hea

lth c

are

prof

essi

onal

s th

at q

ualit

y ea

rly

child

hood

prog

ram

s, q

ualit

y af

ter-

scho

ol p

rogr

ams,

and

ear

ly in

terv

entio

npr

ogra

ms

for

fam

ilies

at r

isk

will

, ove

r th

e lo

ng h

aul,

redu

ce c

rim

e.O

ne o

f th

e la

test

suc

h en

dors

emen

ts c

omes

fro

m a

bi-

part

isan

gro

upof

pol

ice

chie

fs, p

rose

cuto

rs, c

rim

e vi

ctim

s' a

dvoc

ates

, and

sch

olar

sfr

om th

roug

hout

the

U.S

. Thi

s di

vers

e gr

oup

reco

mm

ends

the

adop

tion

of th

ree

polic

ies

as th

e co

rner

ston

es f

or c

rim

e pr

even

tion:

Prov

ide

all i

nfan

ts, t

oddl

ers,

and

pre

scho

ol c

hild

ren

acce

ss to

qual

ity c

hild

car

e at

a p

rice

thei

r pa

rent

s ca

n af

ford

;

Stre

ngth

en f

amili

es a

nd r

educ

e ch

ild a

buse

, neg

lect

and

del

inqu

ency

by o

ffer

ing

all p

aren

ts "

pare

ntin

g co

ache

s" th

roug

h pr

oven

hom

evi

sitin

g pr

ogra

ms,

as

wel

l as

acce

ss to

com

mun

ity-b

ased

fam

ily

reso

urce

pro

gram

s; a

nd

Prov

ide

all o

f A

mer

ica'

s sc

hool

-age

chi

ldre

n an

d te

ens

acce

ss to

afte

r-sc

hool

, wee

kend

and

sum

mer

pro

gram

s th

at o

ffer

rec

reat

ion,

acad

emic

sup

port

and

com

mun

ity s

ervi

ce e

xper

ienc

e (F

ight

Cri

me,

Inv

est i

n K

ids,

199

8).

t ,t

39

Tab

le 2

bri

efly

des

crib

es a

sam

ple

of p

reve

ntio

n pr

ogra

ms

divi

ded

by a

ge g

roup

and

incl

udes

any

evi

denc

e fr

om p

ublis

hed

rese

arch

repo

rts

of th

eir

succ

ess.

Rec

ogni

zing

the

full

rang

e of

odd

s th

at n

eed

to b

e ov

erco

me

child

hood

impu

lsiv

ity, l

ow s

elf-

este

em, i

ncom

pete

nt p

ar-

entin

g, d

isor

derl

y ne

ighb

orho

ods

effe

ctiv

e pr

even

tive

tact

ics

will

nee

d to

be

inte

nsiv

e an

d m

ulti-

path

ed, n

ot q

uick

and

chea

p. W

ithin

the

scho

larl

y an

d pr

ofes

sion

al c

omm

uniti

es, i

nfa

ct, a

n im

port

ant c

onse

nsus

has

em

erge

d ab

out t

he f

acto

rs a

ssoc

iate

d

with

less

suc

cess

ful p

rogr

ams

and

outc

omes

(A

mer

ica

You

th P

olic

y

Foru

m, 1

997)

. The

se f

acto

rs in

clud

e:

Sing

le-c

ompo

nent

inte

rven

tions

add

ress

ing

only

one

dim

ensi

on

of a

you

ng p

erso

n's

or f

amily

's d

evel

opm

enta

l nee

ds;

Shor

t-te

rm o

r lo

w-i

nten

sity

inte

rven

tions

(e.

g., c

onta

ct o

r

serv

ice

occu

rs in

freq

uent

ly);

and

Ove

rloo

king

the

impo

rtan

ce o

f fa

mily

, pee

rs, a

nd c

omm

unity

in p

rovi

ding

the

supp

orts

and

pos

itive

rei

nfor

cem

ents

to s

usta

in

forw

ard

prog

ress

in th

e pr

ogra

m a

nd o

utsi

de it

.

In o

ther

wor

ds, i

t tak

es ti

me,

con

tinuo

us in

volv

emen

t, an

da

rang

e of

pre

vent

ive

inte

rven

tions

invo

lvin

g fr

ontli

ne in

stitu

tions

such

as

scho

ols,

com

mun

ity o

rgan

izat

ions

(in

clud

ing

faith

-bas

ed),

heal

th c

are

inst

itutio

ns, a

nd th

e m

edia

to c

hang

e th

e pa

thw

ays

thro

ugh

whi

ch a

ggre

ssiv

e ch

ildre

n de

velo

p in

to p

rodu

ctiv

e, r

athe

r th

anvi

olen

t, ad

ults

.

40

The

ded

icat

ed e

ffor

t of

all s

ecto

rs o

f so

ciet

y is

nee

ded

topr

even

t vio

lenc

e. G

over

nmen

t can

be

in th

e fo

refr

ont o

f ac

tion

and

shou

ld b

e bo

ld in

citi

ng th

e pr

oven

val

ue o

f of

feri

ng p

rogr

ams

aim

ed a

t pre

vent

ing

not j

ust r

eact

ing

toth

e ca

uses

and

con

ditio

ns

that

put

larg

e nu

mbe

rs o

f ch

ildre

n an

d fa

mili

es a

t ris

k of

cri

min

alca

reer

s an

d ot

her

poor

out

com

es. B

ut g

over

nmen

t can

not d

o th

ejo

b

alon

e. T

he w

ork

of f

orm

ulat

ing

prev

entio

n pr

ogra

ms

and

polic

ies

shou

ld b

e em

brac

ed b

y al

l con

cern

ed g

roup

s an

d ci

tizen

s. I

n fa

ct,

Prin

ceto

n Pr

ofes

sor

John

DiI

ulio

arg

ues

that

"A

mer

ica'

s ul

timat

e an

ti-

crim

e in

sura

nce

polic

ies

are

not c

ops,

judg

es, p

roba

tion

offi

cers

, or

pris

on g

uard

s; th

ey a

re in

stea

d go

od p

aren

ts, c

arin

g fr

iend

s, in

spir

ing

teac

hers

, loc

al r

elig

ious

lead

ers,

ded

icat

ed c

o-w

orke

rs, a

nd d

ecen

tem

ploy

ers"

(D

iIul

io, 1

995)

. And

aft

er s

pend

ing

mor

e th

an a

dec

ade

inte

rvie

win

g an

d ob

serv

ing

just

ice

offi

cial

s al

l acr

oss

the

coun

try,

Prof

esso

r D

ilulio

is c

onvi

nced

that

mos

t cop

s, ju

dges

, pro

batio

nof

fice

rs, c

orre

ctio

ns o

ffic

ials

and

cri

min

olog

ists

see

it th

at w

ay.

Dilu

lio a

nd o

ther

s al

so h

old

that

ove

r th

e la

st s

ever

al d

ecad

es,

mos

t ant

icri

me

effo

rts

in A

mer

ica

have

bee

n, a

nd c

ontin

ue to

be,

priv

ate,

not

gov

ernm

enta

l: "P

aren

ts h

ave

lect

ured

thei

r ch

ildre

n to

be

mor

e ca

refu

l. H

omeo

wne

rs h

ave

purc

hase

d bu

rgla

r al

arm

s. C

ar o

wne

rs

have

bou

ght a

nti-

thef

t dev

ices

. Nei

ghbo

rs h

ave

esta

blis

hed

tow

nw

atch

gro

ups.

Bus

ines

ses

have

hir

ed s

mal

l arm

ies

of p

riva

te s

ecur

ity

guar

ds."

In

othe

r w

ords

, Am

eric

ans

have

bee

n fo

cuse

d on

doi

ng w

hat-

ever

it ta

kes

to m

ake

the

envi

ronm

ents

in w

hich

they

live,

wor

k,

recr

eate

, atte

nd s

choo

l, an

d sh

op le

ss v

ulne

rabl

e to

cri

me.

Wer

e it

not

for

such

pri

vate

ant

icri

me

effo

rts,

Dilu

lio m

aint

ains

, the

nat

ion'

scr

ime

prob

lem

wou

ld s

urel

y be

wor

se th

an it

is to

day.

The

cha

lleng

e

now

, acc

ordi

ng to

DiI

ulio

and

oth

ers,

is to

get

Am

eric

ans

from

eve

ry

soci

oeco

nom

ic a

nd d

emog

raph

ic d

escr

iptio

n to

join

for

ces

to a

ddre

ss

root

cau

ses

of c

rim

e an

d to

take

up

the

task

of

prev

entio

n, n

ot ju

st th

e

task

of

dete

rren

ce.

41P

HO

EN

IX V

IOLE

NC

E P

RE

VE

NT

ION

INIT

IAT

IVE

I 9

TA

BLE

2. E

XA

MR

LES

OF

EV

ALU

AT

ED

tiR

EV

EN

TIO

N A

ND

EA

RLY

INT

Eki

fEki

fibis

i PR

bAM

s

Ear

ly C

hild

hood

Pro

gram

s:

Perr

y Pr

e-Sc

hool

(M

ichi

gan)

: A tw

o-ye

ar p

re-s

choo

l edu

catio

nal

prog

ram

in th

e ea

rly

1960

s fo

r ch

ildre

n in

pov

erty

, with

wee

kly

hom

evi

sits

by

teac

her.

Ben

efits

incl

uded

cri

me

redu

ctio

n, in

crea

sed

earn

ings

,w

elfa

re r

educ

tions

, and

sch

ool c

ost s

avin

gs.

Syra

cuse

Fam

ily D

evel

opm

ent (

New

Yor

k): A

fiv

e-ye

ar e

arly

197

0spr

ogra

m f

or lo

w-i

ncom

e, m

ostly

sin

gle

pare

nt, f

amili

es w

ith p

rena

tal

care

, wee

kly

hom

e vi

sits

, par

ent t

rain

ing,

chi

ld c

are,

and

nut

ritio

n. A

tfo

llow

-up,

ten

year

s la

ter,

chi

ldre

n sh

owed

red

uced

rat

es o

f de

linqu

ent

or c

rim

inal

act

s.

Ava

nce

Fam

ily S

uppo

rt a

nd E

duca

tion

(Tex

as):

A m

ulti-

stra

tegy

prog

ram

in th

e 19

70s

for

birt

h to

two-

year

-old

s an

d th

eir

fam

ilies

prov

idin

g ad

ult-

focu

sed,

par

ent-

focu

sed,

and

chi

ld-f

ocus

ed s

ervi

ces

via

hom

e vi

sits

, in

cent

ers

and

linka

ges

to k

ey s

ervi

ces

(par

ent j

obtr

aini

ngan

d ed

ucat

ion)

. The

se "

two-

gene

ratio

n"pr

ogra

ms

are

desi

gned

to s

erve

child

ren

and

thei

r pa

rent

s si

mul

tane

ousl

y, g

ivin

gpa

rent

s th

e to

ols

toim

prov

e th

eir

own

lives

. Sho

wed

pos

itive

eff

ects

in p

aren

ting

and

larg

ein

crea

ses

in m

othe

rs o

btai

ning

GE

D.

Hea

lthy

Fam

ilies

(A

rizo

na):

Aft

eran

in-h

ospi

tal a

sses

smen

t, at

-ris

kfa

mili

es w

ith n

ewbo

rns

rece

ive

tuto

ring

in p

aren

ting,

chi

ld d

evel

opm

ent,

fam

ily h

ealth

, and

str

ess

man

agem

ent t

hrou

gh h

ome

visi

ts a

nd li

nks

tova

riet

y of

ser

vice

s. A

udito

r G

ener

al r

epor

t fou

nd r

educ

tions

in c

hild

abus

e, im

prov

ed c

hild

hea

lth,ta

nd le

ss d

epen

denc

eon

wel

fare

.

Cas

h In

cent

ives

(O

rego

n): C

ash

ince

ntiv

esas

low

as

$50

per

mon

thgi

ven

to y

oung

, low

inco

me

preg

nant

wom

en a

nd th

eir

fam

ilyor

fri

ends

to q

uit s

mok

ing.

Stu

dy s

how

s w

omen

fou

r to

fiv

e tim

esm

ore

likel

y to

quit

smok

ing

than

thei

r co

unte

rpar

ts w

ho r

ecei

ve th

esa

me

coun

selin

gan

d ed

ucat

ion,

but

no

mon

ey.

"di p

m

1 0

IP

HO

EN

IX V

IOLE

NC

E P

RE

VE

NT

ION

INIT

IAT

IVE

4).

Mid

dle

Chi

ldho

od P

rogr

ams:

Seat

tle S

ocia

l Dev

elop

men

t Pro

ject

(W

ashi

ngto

n): A

cla

ssro

omm

anag

emen

t and

inst

ruct

iona

l pro

gram

for

gra

des

1 to

6 w

ith c

ompo

nent

s

desi

gned

to p

reve

nt d

elin

quen

cy a

nd s

ubst

ance

abu

se. E

valu

atio

n sh

ows

prog

ram

is e

ffec

tive

in r

educ

ing

felo

nies

and

is c

ost-

effe

ctiv

e.

Fam

ilies

and

Sch

ool T

oget

her

(FA

ST S

tart

) (1

4 st

ates

): A

n in

itial

eigh

t-w

eek

scho

ol-b

ased

trai

ning

pro

gram

, with

two

year

fol

low

-up,

for

at-r

isk

stud

ents

, the

ir p

aren

ts, e

duca

tors

, and

ser

vice

age

ncie

s to

dea

lw

ith d

rugs

, alc

ohol

, abu

se a

nd a

band

onm

ent f

amily

situ

atio

ns. S

how

sim

pres

sive

res

ults

impr

ovin

g be

havi

or p

robl

ems,

fam

ily c

ohes

ion,

and

pare

nt in

volv

emen

t in

scho

ols;

long

-ter

m, m

any

pare

nts

got j

obs

orso

ught

trea

tmen

t and

cou

nsel

ing.

Ado

lesc

ent P

rogr

ams:

Big

Bro

ther

s/B

ig S

iste

rs M

ento

ring

(A

rizo

na a

nd n

atio

nal)

: An

inte

rven

tion

that

mat

ches

you

th w

ith a

pos

itive

, car

ing

adul

t vol

unte

erfo

r at

leas

t a y

ear.

Sho

ws

sign

ific

ant d

elay

s in

the

onse

t of

drug

s an

dal

coho

l usa

ge, p

lus

boos

ts in

sch

ool r

etai

nmen

t and

per

form

ance

.

Qua

ntum

Opp

ortu

nitie

s (5

com

mun

ities

in 5

sta

tes)

: The

inte

rven

tion

was

a f

our-

year

pro

gram

for

dis

adva

ntag

ed h

igh-

scho

ol y

outh

that

incl

uded

men

tori

ng, t

utor

ing,

life

ski

lls, a

nd f

inan

cial

ince

ntiv

esto

grad

uate

. Sho

ws

stro

ng p

ositi

ve e

ffec

ts o

n gr

adua

tion

and

colle

geat

tend

ance

rat

es.

Safe

Alte

rnat

ives

and

Vio

lenc

e E

duca

tion

(SA

VE

) (C

alil4

nia)

:1-

day

clas

s on

vio

lenc

e ed

ucat

ion

and

awar

enes

s st

arte

d in

199

3 fo

rst

uden

ts a

ge 1

0-18

at r

isk

of e

xpul

sion

(w

eapo

ns v

iola

tions

) an

d th

eir

pare

nts.

78%

of

stud

ents

rem

aine

d vi

olen

ce-f

ree

for

two

year

s.

4 3

The

trac

k re

cord

for

fun

ding

pre

vent

ive

mea

sure

s is

a"m

ixed

pic

ture

." A

hig

hly

char

ged

and

impa

tient

pol

itica

l env

iron

-

men

t has

res

ulte

d in

pub

lic f

inan

cial

sup

port

bei

ng a

ltern

atel

y of

fere

d

and

with

draw

n. M

ost o

ften

, pre

vent

ion

prog

ram

s ha

ve b

een

pilo

t or

expe

rim

enta

l pro

ject

s op

erat

ing

on m

eage

r bu

dget

s an

d im

plem

ente

d

on a

sm

all s

cale

. Typ

ical

ly, i

t has

bee

n a

scra

mbl

e fo

r re

sour

ces

to h

elp

a fe

w d

ozen

or

a hu

ndre

d ou

t of

a co

mm

unity

's th

ousa

nds

of a

t-ri

sk

kids

and

fam

ilies

. In

Ari

zona

, for

exa

mpl

e, H

ealth

y Fa

mili

es, a

succ

essf

ul, c

ompr

ehen

sive

pro

gram

ass

istin

g ne

w p

aren

ts, s

erve

d ju

st

5.5%

of

the

13,9

97 e

ligib

le a

t-ri

sk b

irth

s in

Ari

zona

in 1

996.

Bec

ause

pro

gram

s lik

e H

ealth

y Fa

mili

es a

re c

apita

lized

on

an

annu

al b

asis

by

legi

slat

ive

appr

opri

atio

ns, t

hey

typi

cally

can

not g

row

to e

ffec

tivel

y m

eet d

eman

d if

it is

larg

e or

rap

idly

exp

andi

ng. T

he

resu

lt: e

ven

whe

n pr

ogra

ms

appe

ar e

ffec

tive

at p

rovi

ding

a q

ualit

y

good

or

serv

ice,

thei

r im

pact

and

ben

efits

are

not

ful

ly r

ealiz

edbe

caus

e th

ey a

re u

nder

-cap

italiz

ed a

nd th

eir

"rea

ch"

is o

ften

mod

est

(Men

del,

1995

).

Eve

n so

, the

eco

nom

ic a

dvan

tage

s of

pre

vent

ion

are

both

pers

uasi

ve a

nd e

ncou

ragi

ng. A

lthou

gh m

ost p

reve

ntio

n pr

o-gr

ams

in th

e U

.S. a

nd A

rizo

na h

ave

neve

r fu

lly r

each

ed th

eir

"mar

ket"

or b

een

rigo

rous

ly e

valu

ated

, som

e ha

ve s

how

n m

easu

rabl

y be

tter

outc

omes

for

thos

e se

rved

and

for

thei

r co

mm

uniti

es. R

esea

rch

show

s, f

or e

xam

ple:

For

ever

y $3

spe

nt o

n ch

ild a

buse

pre

vent

ion,

we

save

at l

east

$6 th

at w

ould

oth

erw

ise

be s

pent

on

child

wel

fare

ser

vice

s,

spec

ial e

duca

tion,

med

ical

car

e, f

oste

r ca

re, c

ouns

elin

g, a

nd

juve

nile

just

ice

(Bry

ant &

Dar

o, 1

994)

;

4 4

A r

ecen

t stu

dy b

y Pr

ofes

sor

Mar

k A

. Coh

en o

f V

ande

rbilt

Uni

vers

ity e

stim

ates

that

eac

h hi

gh-r

isk

yout

h pr

even

ted

from

adop

ting

a lif

e of

cri

me

coul

d sa

ve th

e co

untr

y fr

om $

1.7

mill

ion

to $

2.3

mill

ion

(Fig

ht C

rim

e, I

nves

t in

Kid

s, 1

997)

;

You

ng p

eopl

e in

wel

l-co

nduc

ted

men

tor

prog

ram

s (i

.e.,

prog

ram

s

conn

ectin

g yo

ung

peop

le w

ith a

dults

who

car

e ab

out t

hem

and

help

them

dev

elop

and

gro

w)

are

45%

less

like

ly to

beg

in to

use

drug

s, 2

7% le

ss li

kely

to b

egin

to u

se a

lcoh

ol, 3

2% le

ss li

kely

to in

itiat

e ph

ysic

al v

iole

nce,

37%

less

like

ly to

ski

p cl

ass,

and

52%

less

like

ly to

ski

p da

ys o

f sc

hool

(A

mer

ican

You

th P

olic

y

Foru

m, 1

997)

;

A m

ento

r co

sts

abou

t $1,

000

per

mat

ch w

here

as o

ne in

carc

erat

ed

pers

on c

osts

taxp

ayer

s an

est

imat

ed $

21,0

00 p

er y

ear

(acc

ordi

ng

to R

AN

D),

plu

s po

lice

and

cour

t cos

ts, p

riso

n co

nstr

uctio

nco

sts,

insu

ranc

e co

sts,

and

inca

lcul

able

cos

ts to

vic

tims

(Gre

enw

ood

et a

l., 1

996)

.

In A

rizo

na a

vol

unta

ry h

ome

visi

ting

prog

ram

pro

vidi

ng h

igh-

risk

fam

ilies

and

thei

r ne

wbo

rns

with

cou

nsel

ing,

ass

ista

nce

with

pare

ntin

g sk

ills

and

links

to h

ealth

car

e se

rvic

es c

osts

$3,

000

per

part

icip

ant p

er y

ear,

whi

le in

carc

erat

ion

in a

n A

rizo

na p

riso

n

cell

cost

s $1

7,08

5 pe

r in

mat

e pe

r ye

ar e

xclu

ding

cap

ital c

osts

(Ari

zona

Dep

artm

ent o

f C

orre

ctio

ns, 1

996

Ann

ual R

epor

t).

Figu

re 1

is a

n ill

ustr

atio

n of

the

cost

con

tinuu

m f

or a

sam

ple

ofpr

even

tion

prog

ram

s as

com

pare

d to

the

inca

rcer

atio

n al

tern

ativ

e. I

tal

so il

lust

rate

s th

e ec

onom

ic a

dvan

tage

s of

atta

ckin

g pr

oble

ms

at a

ver

y

earl

y ag

e.

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

EI

1 1

FIG

UR

E 1

. CO

NT

INU

UM

OF

CO

ST

Thi

s fig

ure

illus

trat

es th

e co

sts

for

a sa

mpl

e of

pre

vent

ion

prog

ram

s as

com

pare

d to

the

inca

rcer

atio

n al

tern

ativ

e.It

also

illu

stra

tes

the

econ

omic

adv

anta

ges

to a

ttack

ing

prob

lem

s at

ave

ry e

arly

age

4

Reh

abili

tatio

n

Cris

is In

terv

entio

n

Ear

ly In

terv

entio

n

Pre

vent

ion

Eff

orts

to p

reve

nt p

robl

ems

from

happ

enin

g in

the

firs

t pla

ce

If p

robl

ems

have

n't b

een

prev

ente

d, u

sual

ly in

nee

dof

inte

rven

tion

by th

e tim

ead

oles

cenc

e ar

rive

s

Whe

n pr

even

tion

and

earl

yin

terv

entio

n ef

fort

i hav

e ei

ther

faile

d or

igno

red,

it is

likel

y th

at m

any

adol

esce

nts

will

fin

dat

the

stag

e of

cri

sis

Part

icip

atio

n in

cer

tain

type

sof

inst

itutio

nal o

r co

mm

unity

-ba

sed

trea

tmen

t pro

gram

s

Det

entio

n/In

carc

erat

ion

Puni

sh a

nd lo

ck-u

p fo

rcr

imin

al b

ehav

ior

$800

Hea

lth S

tart

(pre

nata

l car

eou

trea

ch)

4 6

Cos

t Per

Par

ticip

ant P

er Y

ear

$1,0

00$3

,000

$12,

528

$14,

000

Men

tor

Hea

lthy

Fam

ilies

*C

ompr

ehen

sive

Pre

vent

ativ

eS

ervi

ces

Par

entin

g T

rain

ing

*SE

E T

AB

LE 2

FO

R P

RO

GR

AM

DE

SC

RIP

TIO

NS

e

12 I

P _ H

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

E

Qua

ntum

Per

ryO

ppor

tuni

ties

Pre

-Sch

ool*

**E

XC

LUD

ING

CA

PIT

AL

CO

ST

S ST C

OPY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

4 7

$17,

085

Ariz

ona

pris

on c

ell'

SO

UR

CE

: MO

RR

ISO

N IN

ST

ITU

TE

FO

R P

UB

LIC

PO

LIC

Y

AN

INT

EG

RA

TE

D F

RA

ME

WO

RK

FO

RV

IOLE

NC

E P

RE

VE

NT

ION

With

this

sub

stan

tive

inpu

t, th

e PV

PI S

teer

ing

Com

mitt

ee w

isel

yre

cogn

ized

that

the

mos

t pro

mis

ing

prev

entiv

e ap

proa

ches

atta

ck th

epr

oble

m f

rom

a n

umbe

r of

ang

les

and

invo

lve

an a

rray

of

inte

rest

s an

d

citiz

ens

in th

eir

desi

gn. T

he p

roce

ss f

or d

evel

opin

g th

e ar

ea's

fir

stco

mpr

ehen

sive

vio

lenc

e pr

even

tion

stra

tegy

, the

refo

re, e

volv

ed in

to a

five

-tra

ck a

ppro

ach

with

mor

e th

an 3

00 p

eopl

e pa

rtic

ipat

ing.

One

trac

k

focu

sed

on s

trat

egie

s di

rect

ed to

war

d in

fant

s, to

ddle

rs, y

oung

chi

ldre

nan

d th

eir

care

give

rs, w

hile

ano

ther

trac

k fo

cuse

d on

str

ateg

ies

mor

eap

prop

riat

e fo

r te

enag

ers

and

adol

esce

nts.

A th

ird

trac

k em

phas

ized

fam

ilies

and

hom

e si

tuat

ions

; the

fou

rth

trac

k fo

cuse

d on

sch

ool-

base

d

prev

entiv

e ef

fort

s; a

nd th

e fi

fth

trac

k co

ncen

trat

ed o

n in

terv

entio

ns a

t the

com

mun

ity a

nd n

eigh

borh

ood

leve

l.

A f

ram

ewor

k fo

r th

inki

ng a

bout

the

inte

rcon

nect

ion

amon

g th

ese

five

trac

ks, a

nd u

ltim

atel

y th

e ke

y el

emen

ts o

f a

prev

entio

n st

rate

gy is

pres

ente

d in

Fig

ure

2. T

he f

ram

ewor

k is

bas

ed o

n re

sear

ch e

vide

nce

that

youn

g pe

ople

s' a

bilit

y to

gro

w in

to h

ealth

y, n

onvi

olen

t, m

atur

e ad

ults

is

grea

tly in

flue

nced

by:

Gui

danc

e fr

om th

eir

fam

ilies

and

car

egiv

ers;

Skill

s an

d kn

owle

dge

acqu

ired

at s

choo

l;

Supp

orts

and

exp

erie

nces

in th

eir

neig

hbor

hood

s; a

nd

Rei

nfor

cem

ents

and

opp

ortu

nitie

s in

the

larg

er c

omm

unity

.

48

FIG

UR

E 2

. AN

INT

EG

RA

TE

D F

RA

ME

WO

RK

FO

R V

IOLE

NC

E P

RE

VE

NT

ION

LAR

GE

R C

OM

MIW

VIIT

Y

YO

UN

G P

EO

PLE

Pre

nata

lan

d E

arly

Chi

ldho

od0-

5 Y

ears

Chi

ldre

nan

d Y

outh

6-18

Yea

rs

SC

HO

OLS

49P

HO

EN

IX V

IOLE

NC

E P

RE

VE

NT

ION

INIT

IAT

IVE

I 13

The

cha

lleng

e in

cre

atin

g a

prev

entio

n st

rate

gy is

, the

refo

re, t

o th

ink

abou

t the

type

s of

initi

ativ

es th

at c

ould

be

deve

lope

d to

add

ress

wea

k-

ness

es w

ithin

eac

h of

the

four

ele

men

ts a

nd to

str

engt

hen

the

capa

bilit

yof

eac

h on

e to

con

trib

ute

posi

tivel

y to

you

th d

evel

opm

ent.

Furt

her,

thes

e

initi

ativ

es n

eed

to b

e di

ffer

entia

ted

and

appr

opri

atel

y de

sign

ed f

or a

t lea

st

two

age

grou

ps: p

rena

tal a

nd e

arly

chi

ldho

od (

0-5

year

s of

age

) an

dch

ildre

n an

d yo

uth

(6-1

8 ye

ar-o

lds)

. Exa

mpl

es o

f w

hat t

hese

initi

ativ

esm

ight

incl

ude

are

show

n in

the

diag

ram

to th

e ri

ght:

50

14 I

P _ H

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

E

You

th N

eeds

Pre

vent

ion

Initi

ativ

es

Gui

danc

e fr

om fa

mily

:St

rate

gies

to e

nhan

ce p

aren

t ski

lls

Stra

tegi

es to

impr

ove

mot

her's

hea

lthan

d en

hanc

e pr

enat

al c

are

Ski

lls/k

now

ledg

e ac

quire

dat

sch

ool:

Stra

tegi

es to

kee

p ki

ds in

sch

ool

Stra

tegi

es to

impr

ove

acad

emic

per

form

ance

Cla

ssro

om c

urri

cula

to te

ach

criti

cal l

ife

skill

s (g

oal s

ettin

g, d

ecis

ion

mak

ing,

com

mun

icat

ion,

pro

blem

sol

ving

)

Sup

port

s an

d ex

perie

nces

in n

eigh

borh

ood:

Rei

nfor

cem

ents

from

the

larg

er c

omm

unity

:

Nei

ghbo

rhoo

ds o

rgan

ize

to "

wat

ch"

and

repo

rt c

rim

es

Nei

ghbo

rhoo

d-ba

sed

serv

ice

cent

ers

to li

nkfa

mili

es w

ith a

ssis

tanc

e

Polic

ing

stra

tegi

es e

mph

asiz

ing

com

mun

itypo

licin

g

51

Publ

ic a

war

enes

s ca

mpa

igns

to d

isco

urag

evi

olen

ce

Prog

ram

s to

con

nect

car

ing

adul

ts to

kid

s

Supe

rvis

ed, w

ell d

esig

ned

non-

scho

ol h

our

prog

ram

s an

d jo

bs f

or y

outh

Acc

ess

to q

ualit

y an

d af

ford

able

chi

ld c

are

Pm(D

EN

OK

VO

OLE

NC

E

PR

EW

IEN

UM

N U

NF

TU

AT

HW

ES

The

bui

ldin

g

bloc

ks

of th

e

Phoe

nix

stra

tegy

The

re a

re 1

3 in

itiat

ives

whi

ch c

onst

itute

the

build

ing

bloc

ks o

f th

e

Phoe

nix

viol

ence

pre

vent

ion

stra

tegy

. Tab

le 3

hig

hlig

hts

the

initi

ativ

es b

y

maj

or o

bjec

tive.

Loo

king

at T

able

3, s

ome

may

ask

, whe

re a

re th

e in

itiat

ives

add

ress

ing

drug

s, g

angs

and

gun

s? I

t is

a se

nsib

le q

uest

ion

beca

use

ofte

n, th

ese

are

the

issu

es th

at g

rab

head

lines

. How

ever

, lur

king

beh

ind

the

ques

tion

may

be

a

larg

e an

d fu

ndam

enta

l mis

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

the

conc

ept o

f pr

even

tion.

Med

ia c

omm

only

rep

ort a

bout

the

prev

alen

ce o

f w

eapo

ns o

n th

e

stre

ets

and

viol

ent c

rim

e pe

rpet

rato

rs b

cing

on

drug

s, a

busi

ng a

lcoh

ol,

and

disp

layi

ng g

ang

colo

rs. I

t is

alm

ost e

qual

ly c

omm

on to

hea

r po

litic

ians

prop

ose

dram

atic

sol

utio

nsdr

ug b

usts

, gan

g pa

trol

s an

d w

eapo

n m

elt-

dow

nsin

rea

ctio

n to

thes

e pr

oble

ms.

And

so

it m

ay b

e a

little

per

plex

ing

to s

ome

that

this

doc

umen

t doe

s no

t con

tain

sim

ilar,

exp

licit

gang

, dru

g

and

gun

initi

ativ

es. I

nste

ad it

foc

uses

on

good

pre

nata

l car

e, h

ome

visi

tatio

n

prog

ram

s fo

r ne

wbo

rns

at r

isk

of a

buse

and

neg

lect

, ini

tiativ

es to

pro

vide

men

tori

ng a

nd a

fter

-sch

ool p

rogr

ams,

and

ste

ps to

rep

air

neig

hbor

hood

deca

y an

d bl

ight

.

Thi

s qu

estio

n do

es n

ot a

rise

, how

ever

, whe

n on

e un

ders

tand

s th

at th

e

road

to v

iole

nt c

rim

e be

gins

in e

arly

chi

ldho

od a

nd th

at f

ight

ing

gang

s,

drug

s, a

nd g

uns

in th

e lo

ng te

rm h

as a

gre

at d

eal t

o do

with

par

entin

g sk

ills,

pren

atal

car

e, a

nd s

truc

ture

d yo

uth

activ

ities

. The

re is

now

a b

ody

of

evid

ence

to s

ugge

st th

at w

hene

ver

adol

esce

nts

expe

rien

ce s

usta

ined

, pos

itive

adul

t rel

atio

nshi

ps, c

oope

rativ

e ac

tiviti

es w

ith p

eers

, hig

h ex

pect

atio

ns,

resp

onsi

bilit

y, a

nd r

ecre

atio

n, g

ood

thin

gs h

appe

n: k

ids

don'

t use

dru

gs,

don'

t joi

n ga

ngs,

and

don

't dr

op o

ut o

f sc

hool

. In

gene

ral,

delin

quen

cy;

take

s a

nose

-div

e. T

here

are

cor

olla

ry f

indi

ngs

whi

ch s

ugge

st th

at w

hene

ver

5253

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

EI

1 5

child

ren

are

abus

ed a

nd n

egle

cted

by

thei

r pa

rent

s, le

ft to

look

aft

er th

em-

selv

es in

non

-sch

ool h

ours

, exp

erie

nce

scho

ol f

ailu

re, a

nd li

ve in

dis

orde

rly

neig

hbor

hood

s, b

ad th

ings

hap

pen:

chi

ldre

n en

gage

in a

t-ri

sk b

ehav

iors

i.e.,

toba

cco,

alc

ohol

, illi

cit d

rugs

, sex

and

ant

isoc

ial b

ehav

ior.

Bot

h se

ts o

f da

ta p

rovi

de c

ompe

lling

sug

gest

ions

abo

ut w

here

pre

vent

ion

effo

rts

shou

ld b

e co

ncen

trat

ed. T

he a

rgum

ent i

s no

t so

muc

h th

at th

e m

ore

"dra

mat

ic"

inte

rven

tion

effo

rts

are

unne

cess

ary,

but

rat

her

it is

a s

tate

men

t

abou

t the

lim

its o

f su

ch e

ffor

ts o

ver

the

long

hau

l.

The

13

Phoe

nix

Vio

lenc

e Pr

even

tion

Initi

ativ

es a

re th

e re

sults

of

five

Wor

k G

roup

s: (

1) p

rena

tal/e

arly

chi

ldho

od, (

2) in

divi

dual

you

th, (

3)

scho

ols,

(4)

fam

ilies

, and

(5)

nei

ghbo

rhoo

ds/c

omm

uniti

es. E

ach

Wor

k

Gro

up id

entif

ied

and

deve

lope

d co

nsen

sus

arou

nd th

e be

st id

eas

to p

reve

nt

viol

ence

fro

m it

s pa

rtic

ular

per

spec

tive.

Eac

h gr

oup

was

co-

chai

red

by tw

o

peop

le, s

taff

ed b

y a

faci

litat

or, a

nd m

ade

up o

f vo

lunt

eers

fro

m th

e V

alle

y's

publ

ic, p

riva

te, e

duca

tion,

med

ia a

nd c

omm

unity

sec

tors

. The

y m

et a

t lea

st

five

tim

es in

a f

our-

mon

th p

erio

d, m

ovin

g fr

om id

entif

ying

cri

tical

pro

blem

s,

to g

ener

atin

g po

ssib

le s

olut

ions

, to

deve

lopi

ng a

ctio

n in

itiat

ives

. App

endi

x

A s

how

s th

e "r

oad

map

" fo

r th

e W

ork

Gro

ups'

task

s an

d pr

oces

s.

The

text

that

fol

low

s pr

esen

ts e

ach

initi

ativ

e, a

long

with

rat

iona

le,

goal

s, a

nd k

ey im

plem

enta

tion

step

s. W

hile

edi

ted

by th

e M

orri

son

Inst

itute

to p

rovi

de s

imila

r st

ruct

ure

and

to e

limin

ate

dupl

icat

ion

in in

itiat

ives

,

the

repo

rts

genu

inel

y re

flec

t com

mun

ity in

put.

Wor

k G

roup

par

ticip

ants

shou

ld b

e ab

le to

see

thei

r w

ork

in e

ach

repo

rt.

5 4

1 6

IP

HO

EN

IX V

IOLE

NC

E P

RE

VE

NT

ION

INIT

IAT

IVE

TA

BLE

3. O

VE

RV

IEW

OF

INIT

IAT

IVE

S

As

a "p

acka

ge"

the

Wor

k G

roup

initi

ativ

es fi

t int

o fiv

em

ajor

them

es:

1. F

ill "

gap

peri

ods"

in s

choo

l-ag

e ch

ildre

ns' s

uper

visi

on a

ndac

tivity

by:

Prov

idin

g fo

r gr

eate

r va

riet

y, n

umbe

rs, a

nd a

cces

s to

aft

er-s

choo

l,w

eeke

nd; a

nd s

umm

er a

ctiv

ities

(Y

outh

, Sch

oolS

, and

Pre

nata

l/E

arly

Chi

ldho

od W

ork

Gro

ups)

Exp

andi

ng th

e sc

ope

of e

xist

ing

effe

ctiv

e yo

uth

jobs

pro

gram

s

(You

th W

ork

Gro

up)

2. S

tren

gthe

n yo

uth

supp

ort s

yste

ins

by:

Incr

easi

ng n

umbe

rs a

nd tr

aini

ng f

or m

ento

rs (

You

th W

ork

Gro

up)

Prov

idin

g fo

r m

ore

scho

oi-b

ased

cas

e m

anag

emen

t whi

ch p

rom

otes

inte

rdis

cipl

inar

y te

ams

(e.g

. cou

nsel

ors,

nur

ses,

pro

batio

n of

fice

rs,

soci

al w

orke

rs, s

choo

l res

ourc

e of

fice

rs)

to w

ork

with

you

th a

ndth

eir

fam

ilies

to g

ain

acce

ss to

ser

vice

s an

d m

onito

r th

eir

prog

ress

(Sch

ools

Wor

k G

roup

)

Prom

otin

g ch

ange

s in

sch

ool p

olic

ies

whi

ch c

urre

ntly

det

er th

ede

velo

pmen

t of

alte

rnat

ive

scho

ols

for

stud

ents

who

are

exp

elle

d/

drop

out a

nd th

e pl

acem

ent o

f st

uden

ts in

suc

h fa

cilit

ies

(Sch

ools

Wor

k G

roup

)

3. S

tren

gthe

n pa

rent

al s

uppo

rt s

yste

ms

by:

Add

ing

serv

ices

at e

xiki

ng c

omm

unity

res

ourc

e ce

nter

s to

prov

ide

a) p

aren

t tra

inin

g an

d b)

cas

e m

anag

ers

to h

elp

fam

ilies

gain

acc

ess

to a

n ar

ray

of s

ervi

ces

(Fam

ilies

Wor

k G

roup

)

56

Dev

elop

ing

a st

rong

med

ia c

ampa

ign

to r

aise

aw

aren

ess

abou

t the

impo

rtan

ce o

f ea

rly

child

hood

dev

elop

men

t, th

e pr

eval

ence

and

cons

eque

nces

of

dom

estic

and

chi

ld a

buse

, and

the

serv

ices

that

are

avai

labl

e to

hel

p (P

rena

tal/E

arly

Chi

ldho

od a

nd F

amili

es W

ork

Gro

ups)

4. G

uara

ntee

"R

ight

-Sta

rt"

serv

ices

to a

ll Ph

oeni

x pr

esch

ool

child

ren

by:

Exp

andi

ng p

reve

ntio

n an

d ea

rly

inte

rven

tion

serv

ices

to a

ll at

-ris

k

fam

ilies

, pro

vidi

ng p

rena

tal c

are

to a

ll pr

egna

nt w

omen

and

hea

lthca

re c

over

age

to a

ll ch

ildre

n (P

rena

tal/E

arly

Chi

ldho

od a

nd F

amili

es

Wor

k G

roup

s)

Exp

andi

ng a

cces

s to

hig

h qu

ality

and

com

preh

ensi

ve e

arly

chi

ldho

od

prog

ram

s an

d ch

ild c

are

(Fam

ilies

and

Pre

nata

l/Ear

ly C

hild

hood

Wor

k G

roup

s)

Dev

elop

ing

long

-ter

m f

undi

ng s

olut

ions

to e

arly

chi

ldho

od a

ndfa

mili

es is

sues

(Pr

enat

al/E

arly

Chi

ldho

od W

ork

Gro

up)

5. S

tren

gthe

n N

eigh

borh

oods

! A

sset

s an

d "P

rote

ctiv

e Fa

ctor

s" b

y:

Mak

ing

Phoe

nix

neig

hbor

hood

s le

ss h

ospi

tabl

e to

cri

me

by u

pgra

ding

infr

astr

uctu

re, p

rovi

ding

nee

ded

com

mun

ity d

evel

opm

ent r

esou

rces

(par

ks, c

omm

unity

res

ourc

e-ce

nter

s, in

fill

hous

ing,

str

eets

), a

nd

expa

ndin

g co

mm

unity

pol

icin

g re

sour

ces

(Nei

ghbo

rhoo

ds a

nd

Fam

ilies

Wor

k G

roup

s)

Ado

ptin

g ci

ty-w

ide

polic

ies

addr

essi

ng d

ensi

ty, z

onin

g, a

nd c

ode

enfo

rcem

ent,

and

blig

ht e

limin

atio

n so

as

to p

reve

nt a

nd m

itiga

te

crim

inal

act

ivity

(N

eigh

borh

oods

Wor

k G

roup

)

Off

erin

g m

ore

tech

nica

l ass

ista

nce

and

reso

urce

s to

stim

ulat

epa

rtic

ipat

ion

of r

esid

ents

in n

eigh

borh

ood

self

-hel

p ac

tiviti

es(N

eigh

borh

oods

Wor

k G

roup

)

5d

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

EI 1

7

SU

MM

AR

YO

F W

OR

K G

RO

UP

PR

OC

ES

SE

S

Pre

nata

l/Ear

lyC

hild

hood

Wor

k G

roup

Co-

Cha

irs:

Car

ol K

amin

and

Fran

cie

Mal

lery

Seve

n m

eetin

gs w

ith a

nat

tend

ance

ran

ge o

f 15

to 3

5

Rep

rese

ntat

ion

on th

egr

oup

incl

uded

: chi

ldca

re p

rovi

ders

, the

cou

rts,

Chi

ld P

rote

ctiv

e Se

rvic

es,

the

Mar

ch o

f D

imes

,C

ity o

f Ph

oeni

x, a

nd th

eG

over

nor's

Off

ice

Maj

or in

itiat

ive

area

sre

com

men

ded:

pub

licaw

aren

ess

cam

paig

n;pr

enat

al c

are

for

all

preg

nant

wom

en a

ndhe

alth

car

e fo

r al

l chi

ldre

n;

earl

y in

terv

entio

n se

rvic

es

for

all f

amili

es a

t ris

k;

univ

ersa

l acc

ess

to h

igh

qual

ity a

nd c

ompr

ehen

sive

child

hood

and

aft

ersc

hool

pro

gram

s; a

nd,

a "p

erce

nt to

pre

vent

"po

licy

at e

very

leve

l of

gove

rnm

ent

Indi

vidu

al Y

outh

Wor

k G

roup

Co-

Cha

irs:

Ed

Eis

ele

and

Che

ryln

Tow

nsen

d

Five

mee

tings

with

an

atte

ndan

ce r

ange

of

20

to 5

0

Rep

rese

ntat

ion

on th

egr

oup

incl

uded

: vol

unte

er

orga

niza

tions

, pro

batio

n,B

ig B

roth

ers/

Big

Sis

ters

,

educ

atio

n, C

ity o

f Ph

oeni

x,

and

both

the

Cou

nty

and

U.S

. Atto

rney

's o

ffic

es

Maj

or in

itiat

ive

area

s

reco

mm

ende

d: in

crea

sed

prog

ram

s an

d ac

tiviti

es

duri

ng n

on-t

radi

tiona

lsc

hool

hou

rs; e

xpan

sion

of r

egio

nal m

ento

ring

effo

rts;

and

exp

ansi

on o

f

jobs

for

you

th p

rogr

ams

Fam

ilies

Wor

k G

roup

Co-

Cha

irs:

Bri

an H

asse

tt an

dJu

dith

Alle

n

Five

mee

tings

with

an

atte

ndan

ce r

ange

of

20to

40

Rep

rese

ntat

ion

on th

egr

oup

incl

uded

: cou

rts,

City

of

Phoe

nix,

non

-

prof

its, p

olic

e de

part

men

t,

the

busi

ness

com

mun

ity,

publ

ic h

ealth

dep

artm

ent,

the

Gov

erno

r's O

ffic

e,an

d th

e fa

ith c

omm

unity

Maj

or in

itiat

ive

area

s

reco

mm

ende

d: p

ublic

awar

enes

s ca

mpa

ign;

and

expa

nsio

n of

pare

ntin

g se

rvic

es a

nd

outr

each

at c

omm

unity

reso

urce

cen

ters

Sch

ools

Wor

k G

roup

Co-

Cha

irs:

Alf

redo

Gut

ierr

ez a

ndPh

oeni

x C

ounc

ilwom

an

Pegg

y B

ilste

n

Five

wor

k gr

oup

mee

tings

and

one

mee

ting

with

supe

rint

ende

nts;

atte

n-da

nce

rang

e of

15

to 4

0

Rep

rese

ntat

ion

on th

egr

oup

incl

uded

: tea

cher

s,ad

min

istr

ator

s, s

tude

nts,

neig

hbor

hood

s, C

ity o

fPh

oeni

x, c

ourt

s, B

oys

and

Gir

ls C

lubs

, and

Chi

ld P

rote

ctiv

e Se

rvic

es

Maj

or in

itiat

ive

area

s

reco

mm

ende

d: in

crea

sed

afte

r sc

hool

pro

gram

min

g;

mor

e sc

hool

-bas

ed c

ase

man

agem

ent t

o w

ork

with

yout

h an

d th

eir

fam

ilies

;

and

deve

lopm

ent o

f m

ore

alte

rnat

ive

scho

ols

and

prog

ram

s fo

r dr

op-o

uts

and

viol

ence

-pro

ne y

outh

Nei

ghbo

rhoo

ds/

Com

mun

ities

Wor

k G

roup

Co-

Cha

irs:

Past

or J

ohn

New

son

and

Rita

Car

illo

Five

mee

tings

with

an

atte

ndan

ce r

ange

of

24to

32

Rep

rese

ntat

ion

on th

egr

oup

incl

uded

: fai

thco

mm

unity

, nei

ghbo

rhoo

d

orga

niza

tions

and

citi

zens

,

polic

e, C

ity o

f Ph

oeni

x,bu

sine

ss c

omm

unity

,

prob

atio

n, a

nd c

ourt

s

Maj

or in

itiat

ive

area

s re

c-

omm

ende

d: in

fras

truc

ture

impr

ovem

ents

, exp

ande

d

com

mun

ity p

olic

ing,

incr

ease

d te

chni

cal a

ssis

-

tanc

e to

nei

ghbo

rhoo

ds,

chan

ges

in C

DB

G p

olic

y,

expa

nsio

n of

PE

YS

syst

em, s

tren

gthe

ning

of

code

enf

orce

men

t, an

dch

ange

s in

zon

ing

polic

ies

to a

ddre

ss d

ensi

ty is

sues

18 I

P_ H

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

E5

9

1 3

INIT

IAT

IVE

S: T

HE

BU

ILD

ING

BLO

CK

S O

F T

HE

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N S

TR

AT

EG

Y

Initi

ativ

e

Rat

iona

le

Exp

and

the

vari

ety

of a

nd a

cces

s to

non

-tra

ditio

nal s

choo

l hou

rspr

ogra

ms

and

activ

ities

for

all

yout

h an

d sp

ecif

ical

ly f

or "

hard

-to-

reac

h" y

outh

Thi

s in

itiat

ive

addr

esse

s a

wid

espr

ead

conc

ern

amon

g th

ree

Wor

k G

roup

sab

out c

ritic

al "

gap

peri

ods"

whe

n yo

uth

are

with

out t

he s

truc

ture

and

foc

us o

fsc

hool

. Eig

hty

perc

ent o

f th

e ty

pica

l chi

ld's

tim

e is

spe

nt o

ut o

f sc

hool

, mos

tof

ten

with

out r

espo

nsib

le a

dult

supe

rvis

ion

or c

onst

ruct

ive

activ

ities

, and

vuln

erab

le to

pee

r pr

essu

re. S

tudi

es s

how

that

you

th a

re m

ore

likel

y to

eng

age

in r

isky

or

delin

quen

t beh

avio

r du

ring

thes

e af

ter

scho

ol h

ours

; pea

k ho

urs

for

juve

nile

cri

me

are

3:00

PM

-8:0

0 PM

.

It is

eas

y to

ded

uce

from

this

info

rmat

ion

that

non

-sch

ool h

ours

des

erve

mor

eat

tent

ion

from

pol

icy

mak

ers

and

busi

ness

es. S

peci

fica

lly, w

ays

to k

eep

scho

ol-

aged

chi

ldre

n co

nstr

uctiv

ely

enga

ged

with

adu

lts th

roug

hout

the

day,

on

wee

k-en

ds a

nd d

urin

g th

e su

mm

er n

eed

to b

e fa

r m

ore

prom

inen

tly e

mph

asiz

ed in

anti-

crim

c st

rate

gies

. It m

ay m

ean

keep

ing

scho

ol d

oors

ope

n, f

indi

ng s

pace

,an

d re

solv

ing

tran

spor

tatio

n di

lem

mas

. At b

est,

how

ever

, aft

er-s

choo

l, w

eeke

nd,

and

sum

mer

pro

gram

s sh

ould

not

onl

y bc

an

exte

nsio

n of

sch

ool b

ut a

lso

bean

enr

ichm

ent o

ppor

tuni

ty, a

pla

ce f

or a

rts,

spo

rts,

hob

bies

, and

saf

e so

cial

izin

g.Pr

ogra

ms

shou

ld s

triv

e to

mak

e a

diff

eren

ce in

the

way

you

ng p

eopl

e fe

elab

out t

hem

selv

es, r

espe

ct o

ther

s, ta

ke r

espo

nsib

ility

, and

per

form

.

Rec

omm

ende

d S

teps

Iden

tify

and

"map

" ex

istin

g pr

ogra

ms

and

faci

litie

s by

sch

ool d

istr

icts

with

key

dem

ogra

phic

and

juve

nile

cri

me

data

to id

entif

y un

ders

erve

d ar

eas

Con

duct

foc

us g

roup

s w

ith s

choo

l off

icia

ls to

iden

tify

barr

iers

(e.

g.,

staf

fing

, sec

urity

, mai

nten

ance

, lia

bilit

y co

ncer

ns)

to u

sing

sch

ool f

acili

ties

beyo

nd n

orm

al s

choo

l hou

rs a

nd e

xplo

re in

cent

ives

to d

o so

Con

duct

res

earc

h to

iden

tify

best

pra

ctic

es in

rec

ruiti

ng "

hard

-to-

reac

h"yo

uth;

iden

tify

whe

re s

uch

yout

h ar

e in

our

com

mun

ity

Iden

tify

publ

ic, p

riva

te, a

nd f

ound

atio

n re

sour

ces

for

non-

trad

ition

al s

choo

lho

urs

activ

ities

Est

ablis

h a

task

for

ce to

exp

lore

the

feas

ibili

ty o

f lo

bbyi

ng th

c le

gisl

atur

e an

dne

wly

cre

ated

sta

te s

choo

l sta

ndar

ds b

oard

to in

clud

e de

dica

ted

dolla

rs f

or

non-

scho

ol h

ours

pro

gram

s in

the

stat

e sc

hool

s fu

ndin

g fo

rmul

a. T

he ta

skfo

rce

coul

d al

so e

xplo

re a

dditi

onal

way

s to

pro

vide

res

ourc

es to

sch

ools

topr

ovid

e be

tter

optio

ns f

or y

outh

dev

elop

men

t, in

clud

ing

pare

nt f

ees,

cor

-po

rate

par

tner

ship

s, r

etir

ed te

ache

rs a

nd d

efer

ral o

f ci

ty d

evel

opm

ent f

ees

Exp

and

the

scop

e an

d re

ach

of v

iole

nce-

and

hat

e-pr

even

tion

prog

ram

s an

dcu

rric

ula

by s

eeki

ng p

artn

ers

and

reso

urce

s in

the

faith

(in

clud

ing

Am

eric

anJe

wis

h C

omm

ittee

, Ecu

men

ical

Cou

ncil)

, civ

il ri

ghts

(in

clud

ing

Nat

iona

lC

ounc

il of

La

Raz

a, U

rban

Lea

gue,

Ant

i-D

efam

atio

n L

eagu

e), a

nd c

ivic

com

mun

ities

and

port

ions

of

the

busi

ness

com

mun

ityw

ho h

ave

long

play

ed a

rol

e in

com

batin

g bi

gotr

y; a

nd e

xplo

ring

the

poss

ibili

ty o

f a

spec

ial

gran

t fun

d w

ithin

the

Uni

ted

Way

(or

ano

ther

iden

tifie

d so

urce

) de

dica

ted

to v

iole

nce

prev

entio

n pr

ogra

mm

ing

for

Val

ley

yout

h

Goa

ls/B

ench

mar

ks

6 0

Shor

t Ter

m:

Impr

ove

yout

h an

d pa

rent

acc

ess

to y

outh

dev

elop

men

t and

sup

ervi

sion

oppo

rtun

ity o

n a

full

day,

yea

r-ro

und

basi

s

Lon

g T

erm

:

Attr

act n

ew "

hard

-to-

reac

h" y

outh

(in

clud

ing

at-r

isk

yout

h w

ho a

re e

ither

insc

hool

or

not i

n sc

hool

) in

to p

rogr

ams

and

activ

ities

dur

ing

non-

trad

ition

alsc

hool

hou

rs a

s fo

llow

s: 3

3% o

f al

l "ha

rd-t

o-re

ach"

you

th b

y Ju

ne 1

, 199

9;66

% b

y Ju

ne 1

,200

0; a

nd 1

00%

by

June

1, 2

001

Mak

e pr

ogra

ms

and

activ

ities

dur

ing

non-

trad

ition

al s

choo

l hou

rs a

ndsu

mm

cr a

vaila

ble

to 1

00%

of

Val

ley

yout

h by

Jan

uary

1, 2

003

Red

uce

juve

nile

cri

me

rate

s du

ring

non

-sch

ool h

ours

TH

IS IN

ITIA

TIV

E R

EC

OM

ME

ND

ED

BY

TH

RE

E W

OR

K G

RO

UP

S: P

RE

NA

TA

L/E

AR

LY C

HIL

DH

OO

D, I

ND

IVID

UA

L Y

OU

TH

, AN

D S

CH

OO

LS 'W

OR

K G

RO

UP

5'..

6 1

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

EI 1

9

1 3

V N

ITIA

TW

ES:

TH

E B

UIL

DIN

Ga,

LO

CK

S O

F T

HE

PIH

OE

NIX

VIO

LE

NC

E P

RE

VE

NT

ION

ST

RA

TE

GY

Initi

ativ

eIn

crea

se th

e nu

mbe

r of

em

ploy

ed y

outh

in th

e V

alle

y by

:

Exp

andi

ng jo

b-re

adin

ess

and

job

trai

ning

pro

gram

s fo

r yo

uth

Obt

aini

ng a

dditi

onal

ince

ntiv

es (

mon

etar

y an

d no

n-m

onet

ary)

for

Val

ley

empl

oyer

s to

hir

e yo

uth

Exp

andi

ng th

e sc

ope

of e

xist

ing

effe

ctiv

e yo

uth

jobs

pro

gram

s

Rat

iona

leIt

is n

ow w

ell d

ocum

ente

d th

at th

e m

ajor

ity o

f juv

enile

crim

e an

d te

enpr

egna

ncy

occu

r be

twee

n th

e ho

urs

of 3

:00

PM

and

8:0

0 P

Man

idle

tim

ein

the

lives

of m

any

yout

h w

hich

lack

s th

e st

ruct

ure

of s

choo

l or

an a

fter-

scho

ol p

rogr

am. T

hus,

sim

ilar

to th

e ne

ed fo

r pr

ogra

ms

and

activ

ities

dur

ing

non-

scho

ol h

ours

for

yout

h, jo

bs fo

r yo

uth

addr

ess

the

conc

ern

abou

t the

sepe

riods

" in

a y

oung

per

son'

s lif

e.

At a

bas

ic le

vel,

havi

ng a

job

give

s a

youn

g pe

rson

prid

e, e

nabl

es th

em to

ear

n

mon

ey a

ndm

uch

like

prog

ram

s an

d ac

tiviti

es d

urin

g no

n-tr

aditi

onal

sch

ool

hour

ske

eps

them

bus

y an

d ou

t of t

empt

atio

n an

d ha

rm's

way

. But

on

alo

nger

-ter

m le

vel,

the

bene

fits

to s

ocie

ty fr

om y

outh

em

ploy

men

t are

tang

ible

.

In o

rder

to b

e pr

oduc

tive

empl

oyee

s in

the

futu

re, t

oday

's y

outh

nee

d to

lear

nbe

yond

the

basi

cs o

f mat

h, r

eadi

ng a

nd w

ritin

g, a

nd c

omm

unic

atio

n. T

hey

also

need

thin

king

ski

lls, p

robl

em s

olvi

ng, r

easo

ning

, and

a p

ositi

ve a

ttitu

de, w

hich

are

ofte

n ga

ined

thro

ugh

on-t

he-jo

b ex

perie

nce.

It is

cle

ar th

at e

mpl

oyer

s to

day

wan

t to

hire

wor

kers

who

can

lear

n ne

w s

kills

easi

ly, a

rc c

reat

ive,

and

wor

k w

ell w

ith o

ther

s. T

hese

qua

litie

s ar

e al

sofr

eque

ntly

fost

ered

in y

outh

by

thei

r pa

rtic

ipat

ion

in in

tern

ship

s, w

ork/

stud

ypr

ogra

ms,

sum

mer

jobs

, and

voc

atio

nal a

nd c

aree

r co

unse

ling.

The

impo

rtan

ce o

f job

s fo

r yo

uth

prog

ram

s is

und

ersc

ored

by

the

follo

win

gfa

cts

(Ins

titut

e of

Soc

ial R

esea

rch,

199

3):

85%

of h

igh

scho

ol s

tude

nts

have

bee

n ta

ught

littl

e or

not

hing

abo

utbu

sine

ss, y

et 6

9% r

epor

t wan

ting

to s

tart

thei

r ow

n bu

sine

ss;

Onl

y 17

%of

hig

h sc

hool

sen

iors

hav

e ev

er p

artic

ipat

ed in

a w

ork

stud

ypr

ogra

m;

60%

of h

igh

scho

ol s

enio

rs s

ay th

ey w

ould

like

mor

e ca

reer

cou

nsel

ing.

Rec

omm

ende

d St

eps

Map

exi

stin

g jo

b sk

ills

trai

ning

pro

gram

s an

d id

entif

y ga

ps in

cov

erag

e;id

entif

y "b

est p

ract

ices

" re

gard

ing

yout

h jo

b re

adin

ess

and

skill

s tr

aini

ng

Iden

tify

whe

re a

dditi

onal

you

th jo

b sk

ills

trai

ning

sho

uld

occu

r (i.

e.,

scho

ols,

afte

r sc

hool

, com

mun

ity c

olle

ges,

priv

ate

empl

oyer

s, e

tc.)

See

k ne

w a

nd a

dditi

onal

res

ourc

es fo

r jo

b sk

ills

read

ines

s

Inve

ntor

y an

d ev

alua

te e

xist

ing

mon

etar

y an

d no

n-m

onet

ary

ince

ntiv

es fo

rV

alle

y co

mpa

nies

to h

ire y

outh

; ide

ntify

"be

st p

ract

ices

" in

oth

er c

omm

uniti

es

See

k lo

cal,

coun

ty, a

nd s

tate

legi

slat

ive

chan

ges

to e

xpan

d in

cent

ive

prog

ram

s fo

r pu

blic

and

priv

ate

empl

oyer

s; s

olic

it th

e as

sist

ance

of t

hepr

ivat

e se

ctor

in s

ecur

ing

legi

slat

ive

chan

ges

and

fund

ing

incr

ease

s

Inve

ntor

y an

d m

ap e

xist

ing

yout

h jo

bs p

rogr

ams

offe

red

thro

ugh

fede

ral,

stat

e, c

ity a

genc

ies

and

priv

ate

sect

or

Iden

tify

gaps

and

dev

elop

str

ateg

ies

to a

ddre

ss th

e ga

ps

See

k ne

w a

nd a

dditi

onal

res

ourc

es fo

r ex

istin

g ef

fect

ive

yout

h jo

bs p

rogr

ams

Goa

ls/ e

nchm

arks

62."

(-1!

Cre

ate

capa

city

for

thos

e yo

uth

who

wan

t to

rece

ive

job

skill

s tr

aini

ng a

sfo

llow

s: 3

3% b

y Ju

ne 1

, 199

9; 6

6% b

y Ju

ne 1

, 200

1; a

nd 1

00%

by

June

1, 2

003

Incr

ease

the

num

ber

of e

mpl

oyer

s ta

king

adv

anta

ge o

f gov

ernm

ent

ince

ntiv

es to

hire

you

th to

suc

h an

ext

ent t

hat 1

00%

of V

alle

y yo

uth

aged

14-2

1w

ho w

ant a

job

have

one

by

2004

TH

IS IN

ITIA

TIV

E R

EC

OM

ME

ND

ED

BY

TH

E IN

DIV

IDU

AL

YO

UT

H W

OR

K G

RO

UP

.

2 0

IP

HO

EN

IX V

IOLE

NC

E P

RE

VE

NT

ION

INIT

IAT

IVE

By

June

1, 2

004,

pro

vide

a jo

b op

port

unity

to 1

00%

of V

alle

y yo

uth

aged

14-2

1w

ho v

isit

a jo

b pr

ogra

m in

sea

rch

of a

job

63

11 3

ON

ITIA

TIV

ES:

TH

EU

ILD

EIN

GL

OC

KS

OF

TH

E P

HO

EN

IX \V

IOL

EN

CE

!PR

EV

EN

TIO

N S

TR

AT

EG

Y

Initi

ativ

eIn

crea

se th

e nu

mbe

r of

act

ive

men

tors

in th

e V

alle

y by

:

Seek

ing

a re

duct

ion

or e

limin

atio

n in

the

cost

and

pro

cess

tim

eof

fin

gerp

rint

ing

and

back

grou

nd c

heck

s fo

r po

tent

ial m

ento

rs

Incr

easi

ng b

oth

mon

etar

y an

d no

n-m

onet

ary

ince

ntiv

es o

ffer

edby

gov

ernm

ent a

nd p

riva

te e

mpl

oyer

s

Est

ablis

hing

a o

ne-s

top

men

tors

hip

trai

ning

pro

gram

and

reso

urce

cen

ter

Rat

iona

leIt

has

bee

n sa

id th

at ju

st a

gen

erat

ion

ago,

a c

hild

had

mor

e th

an th

irty

peo

ple

inhi

s or

her

life

who

kne

w h

im o

r he

r by

nam

e.T

oday

, mos

t chi

ldre

n ha

ve le

ss th

ana

hand

ful o

f pe

ople

who

are

abl

e to

cal

l the

m b

y na

me.

Unf

ortu

nate

ly, a

bsen

tee

fath

ers

and/

or s

ingl

e pa

rent

s ar

e th

e no

rm in

the

1990

s fo

r m

any

child

ren.

Cre

atin

g an

ong

oing

rel

atio

nshi

p w

ith a

car

ing

adul

tth

roug

h m

ento

rshi

pw

ith a

tuto

r, c

oach

, or

any

type

of

men

tor

is o

ne a

nsw

er to

this

pro

blem

.St

udy

afte

r st

udy

show

s w

hat i

s al

read

y kn

own

abou

t the

pow

er o

f m

ento

rshi

p:th

at th

ose

yout

h w

ho h

ave

a po

sitiv

e an

d co

nsis

tent

rel

atio

nshi

p w

ith a

n ad

ult

arc

mor

e lik

ely

to b

e he

alth

y an

d su

cces

sful

than

thei

r co

unte

rpar

ts.T

hese

rel

a-tio

nshi

ps a

re k

now

n to

pro

tect

you

ng p

eopl

e fr

om n

egat

ive

beha

vior

s w

hile

fost

erin

g va

lues

, soc

ial s

kills

, and

a p

ositi

ve s

elf-

iden

tity.

The

impo

rtan

ce o

f m

ento

ring

is u

nder

scor

ed b

y th

e fo

llow

ing

fact

s:

Chi

ldre

n w

ho p

artic

ipat

ed in

a B

ig B

roth

ers/

Big

Sis

ters

pro

gram

wer

e 52

%le

ss li

kely

to s

kip

scho

ol, 4

6% le

ss li

kely

to b

egin

ille

gal d

rug

use,

and

27%

less

like

ly to

beg

in u

sing

alc

ohol

(Jo

in T

oget

her,

199

7);

Nea

rly

two

out o

f th

ree

(65%

) of

7-1

4 ye

ar-o

lds

indi

cate

that

they

wou

ldlik

e to

hav

e an

adu

lt in

thei

r lif

e th

at th

ey c

an tr

ust a

nd w

hom

they

fee

lre

spec

ts th

em (

Join

Tog

ethe

r, 1

997)

;

Abo

ut o

ne o

ut o

f th

ree

(33%

) ch

ildre

n an

d ad

oles

cent

s ag

ed 1

0-17

rep

orte

dth

at th

ey h

ave

a te

ache

r or

coa

ch w

ho r

eally

car

es a

bout

them

(Jo

inT

oget

her,

199

7).

Rec

omm

ende

d St

eps

Exp

lore

the

poss

ibili

ty o

f re

duci

ng o

r el

imin

atin

g th

e co

st o

f fi

nger

prin

ting

and

back

grou

nd c

heck

s fo

r or

gani

zatio

ns s

eeki

ng m

ento

rs; a

lso

expl

ore

the

poss

ibili

ty o

f ha

ving

sta

te a

genc

ies

be o

n a

sing

le d

atab

ase

to a

void

mul

tiple

fing

erpr

intin

g

To

mai

ntai

n m

ento

rs' i

nitia

l lev

el o

f ex

cite

men

t, ex

plor

e th

e po

ssib

ility

of

spee

ding

the

proc

ess

time

for

fing

erpr

intin

g an

d ba

ckgr

ound

che

cks

If n

eith

er a

wai

ver

of c

ost n

or a

spe

edin

g of

the

proc

ess

is p

ossi

ble,

exp

lore

the

poss

ibili

ty o

f le

gisl

atio

n or

pri

vate

fin

anci

al s

uppo

rt to

ass

ist w

ithde

fray

ing

the

cost

of

back

grou

nd c

heck

s fo

r or

gani

zatio

ns s

eeki

ng m

ento

rs

Iden

tify

"bes

t pra

ctic

es"

rega

rdin

g th

e us

e of

gov

ernm

ent a

nd b

usin

ess

ince

ntiv

es a

nd o

ther

way

s to

enc

oura

ge m

ento

ring

Seek

new

and

add

ition

al r

esou

rces

for

exi

stin

g m

ento

r pr

ogra

ms

and

men

tor

recr

uitm

cnt

Exp

lore

the

poss

ibili

ty o

f en

actin

g ne

w lo

cal/c

ount

y/st

ate

polic

ies

toen

able

all

empl

oyee

s to

take

wor

k ho

urs

as p

aid

leav

e to

men

tor

a ch

ild(B

ank

of A

mer

ica

exam

ple

in W

ilson

Coa

litio

n)

Exp

lore

the

poss

ibili

ty o

f fi

nanc

ial i

ncen

tives

to p

riva

te s

ecto

r to

enc

oura

gem

ento

ring

, and

enc

oura

ge lu

ncht

ime

men

tori

ng p

rogr

ams

with

bus

ines

ses

loca

ted

in c

lose

pro

xim

ity to

nei

ghbo

rhoo

d sc

hool

s

Seek

pri

vate

com

pani

es to

pilo

t the

con

cept

of

gran

ting

empl

oyee

s tim

e of

f(i

.e.,

"hou

r a

wee

k")

to m

ento

r

Exp

lore

"be

st p

ract

ices

" of

men

tors

hip

trai

ning

els

ewhe

re a

nd id

entif

yw

here

a c

ompr

ehen

sive

trai

ning

pro

gram

sho

uld

be h

ouse

d (e

.g.,

Uni

ted

Way

, Vol

unte

er C

ente

r)

Seek

new

and

add

ition

al r

esou

rces

to e

stab

lish

a m

ento

rshi

p re

sour

ce c

cntc

r

Iden

tify

spec

ific

goa

ls a

nd c

urri

cula

rel

ated

to m

ento

rshi

p tr

aini

ng a

ndex

plor

e al

read

y-de

velo

ped

reso

urce

gui

des

and

hand

book

s fo

r m

ento

rs

Goa

ls/B

ench

mar

ks

6 4

Red

uce

or e

limin

ate

the

cost

of

fing

erpr

intin

g an

d ba

ckgr

ound

che

cks

for

all o

rgan

izat

ions

see

king

men

tors

by

June

1, 1

999

Incr

ease

the

num

ber

of a

ctiv

e m

ento

rs (

adul

t-to

-chi

ld a

nd c

hild

-to-

child

) in

the

Val

ley

to a

ll w

ho w

ant a

men

tor

as f

ollo

ws:

20%

cov

erag

e of

thos

e w

ho w

ant

a m

ento

r by

Jan

. 1, 2

000;

40%

cov

erag

e by

Jan

. 1, 2

001;

60%

cov

erag

e by

Jan.

1, 2

002;

80%

cov

erag

e by

Jan

. 1, 2

003;

and

100

% c

over

age

by J

an. 1

, 200

4-

TH

IS IN

ITIA

TIV

E R

EC

OM

ME

ND

ED

BY

TH

E IN

DIV

IDU

AL

YO

UT

H W

OR

K G

RO

UP

.

Dev

elop

and

fun

d a

men

tor

reso

urce

cen

ter

and

trai

ning

pro

gram

(fr

ee to

pros

pect

ive

men

tors

) w

hich

trai

ns a

nd s

uppo

rts

100%

of

all n

ew m

ento

rs,

with

cov

erag

e co

nsis

tent

with

bul

let a

bove

6 5

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

EI

21

1 3

ON

ITO

AT

IVE

S: T

HE

MIL

111,O

NG

FLO

CK

S O

F T

HE

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N S

TR

AT

EG

Y

Initi

ativ

ePr

ovid

e fo

r m

ore

scho

ol-l

inke

d in

terd

isci

plin

ary

team

s (c

ouns

elor

s,nu

rses

, pro

batio

n of

fice

rs, s

choo

l res

ourc

e of

fice

rs, a

nd s

ocia

lw

orke

rs)

to w

ork

with

you

th a

nd th

eir

fam

ilies

to g

ain

acce

ss to

an

arra

y of

ser

vice

s an

d m

onito

r th

eir

prog

ress

in u

sing

them

Rat

iona

leIn

crea

sing

ly, w

e tu

rn to

our

sch

ools

for

hel

p in

add

ress

ing

the

soci

al il

ls th

attr

oubl

e sc

hool

-age

chi

ldre

n an

d fa

mili

es. M

any

of th

ese

new

age

ndas

(e.

g.,

recr

eatio

n, c

ultu

ral e

nric

hmen

t, dr

ug a

nd g

ang

prev

entio

n, h

ealth

car

e, a

ndm

eals

) ar

e in

trod

uced

into

the

scho

ols

as a

sin

gle-

focu

s an

d as

an

add-

on s

ervi

cew

ithou

t any

cha

nge

in th

e co

mm

itmen

t of

reso

urce

s or

in h

ow th

e se

rvic

e(s)

can

be c

oord

inat

ed w

ith o

ther

sch

ool f

unct

ions

. Typ

ical

ly, a

chi

ld h

as a

cces

son

ly to

the

serv

ice(

s) th

e sc

hool

has

man

aged

to a

dd-o

n: f

or e

xam

ple,

bec

ause

som

e di

scre

te s

ourc

e of

fun

ds b

ecom

es a

vaila

ble,

a s

choo

l res

ourc

e of

fice

r m

aybe

add

ed. A

s a

resu

lt, y

oung

peo

ple

may

not

get

wha

t the

y ne

ed n

or g

et m

ultip

lepr

oble

ms

addr

esse

d si

mul

tane

ousl

y. E

ven

if th

e m

atch

of

need

s an

d se

rvic

esar

e w

ell d

one,

the

pres

ent s

yste

m o

f fo

llow

-up

is o

ften

wea

k or

non

-exi

sten

t.

Fort

unat

ely,

as

a re

sult

of th

ese

prob

lem

s, m

odel

s to

inte

grat

e he

alth

, edu

catio

n,an

d so

cial

ser

vice

s fo

r sc

hool

-age

chi

ldre

n ar

e in

crea

sing

ly a

t the

for

efro

nt o

f

the

polic

y ag

enda

for

chi

ldre

n. O

ne w

ay to

inte

grat

e se

rvic

es is

the

fam

ilyre

sour

ce c

ente

r m

odel

whe

re a

n ar

ray

of s

ervi

ces

are

prov

ided

at,

or a

reco

ordi

nate

d by

per

sonn

el lo

cate

d at

the

scho

ol o

r a

site

nea

r th

e sc

hool

.A

noth

er m

odel

em

phas

izes

cas

e m

anag

emen

t for

ref

erra

l and

fol

low

-up.

No

one

mod

el is

bes

t; ea

ch e

ffor

t mus

t be

tailo

red

to th

e sp

ecif

ic n

eeds

and

stre

ngth

s of

the

scho

ol a

nd c

omm

unity

to b

e se

rved

.

The

Sch

ools

Wor

k G

roup

rec

omm

cnds

that

top-

leve

l sch

ool d

istr

ict o

ffic

ials

and

othe

r ke

y pu

blic

age

ncie

s m

ake

publ

ic h

ealth

and

soc

ial s

ervi

ces

inte

grat

ion

and

linka

ge to

sch

ools

a h

ighe

r pr

iori

ty. A

lthou

gh s

ome

new

, lon

g-te

rm c

ore

fund

ing

wou

ld b

e he

lpfu

l for

est

ablis

hing

this

pri

ority

, red

irec

tion

of e

xist

ing

fund

s an

d st

aff,

incl

udin

g re

laxi

ng c

ateg

oric

al r

equi

rem

ents

for

sev

eral

exi

stin

ggr

ant p

rogr

ams,

wou

ld p

rovi

de a

n im

med

iate

boo

st to

the

effo

rt.

Rec

omm

ende

d S

teps

Supp

ort i

ncre

ased

legi

slat

ive

fund

ing

for

scho

ol r

esou

rce

offi

cers

Exp

lore

bro

aden

ing

the

scho

ol r

esou

rce

offi

cers

/saf

e sc

hool

s pr

ogra

min

tent

and

fun

ds to

als

o pr

ovid

e a

dedi

cate

d fu

ndin

g so

urce

for

oth

erpr

even

tativ

e pe

rson

nel

coun

selo

rs, s

ocia

l wor

kers

, etc

.

Rec

ruit

mor

e st

ate,

cou

nty,

city

and

non

-pro

fit a

genc

ies

to c

omm

it a

perc

enta

ge o

f th

eir

budg

ets

and

staf

f to

sch

ool s

ite s

ervi

ces

Goa

ls/B

ench

mar

ks 66

Incr

ease

per

cent

age

of s

choo

ls th

at h

ave

a ne

twor

k of

sup

port

ive

adul

ts to

incr

ease

you

ng p

eopl

e's

achi

evem

ent,

acce

ss to

hea

lth a

nd s

ocia

l ser

vice

s,an

d th

eir

awar

enes

s of

edu

catio

nal a

nd o

ther

Opp

ortu

nitie

s

Dec

reas

e pe

rcen

t of

stud

ents

dro

ppin

g ou

t

TH

IS IN

ITIA

TIV

E R

EC

OM

ME

ND

ED

BY

TH

E S

CH

OO

LS W

OR

K G

RO

UP

.

22 I

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

E

Obt

ain

a de

dica

ted

fund

ing

sour

ce th

at a

llow

s fo

r fl

exib

ility

of

choi

ce in

scho

ol-b

ased

hea

lth, s

ocia

l, an

d sa

fety

ser

vice

s

67

s1

3IN

ITIA

TIV

ES

: TH

E B

UIL

DIN

GLO

CK

SO

F T

HE

PH

OE

NIX

POU

NC

E P

RE

VE

NT

ION

ST

RA

TE

GY

Initi

ativ

ePr

omot

e ch

ange

s in

sch

ool p

olic

ies

whi

ch c

urre

ntly

det

er th

ede

velo

pmen

t of

alte

rnat

ive

scho

ols

for

stud

ents

who

arc

vio

lent

,ex

pelle

d, o

r dr

opou

t and

det

er th

e pl

acem

ent o

f st

uden

ts in

such

fac

ilitie

s

Rat

iona

le"P

reve

ntio

n of

deh

nque

ncy

appe

ars

to b

e em

bedd

ed in

thc

prev

entio

n of

scho

ol f

ailu

re,"

wro

te J

ay D

ryfo

os in

Ado

lesc

ents

at R

isk:

Pre

vale

nce

and

Prev

entio

n (D

ryfo

os, 1

990)

. "T

he a

cqui

sitio

n of

bas

ic s

kills

app

ears

to b

e a

prim

ary

com

pone

nt o

f al

l pre

vent

ion.

" T

hus,

pro

gram

s to

enh

ance

aca

dem

icac

hiev

emen

t and

kee

p ki

ds in

sch

ool h

ave

beco

me

cent

ral t

o fu

lfill

ing

the

crim

e pr

even

tion

agen

da. N

ewer

rcs

earc

h, h

owev

er, a

lso

sugg

ests

that

you

that

hig

h ri

sk f

or d

elin

quen

cy h

ave

a m

ore

imm

edia

te n

eed

for

supp

ort a

nddi

scip

line

than

they

hav

e fo

r ac

adem

ic s

kills

. So-

calle

d "a

ltern

ativ

e sc

hool

s"of

fer

one

met

hod

for

educ

ator

s to

enh

ance

the

soci

aliz

atio

n an

d su

perv

isio

n of

high

-ris

k yo

uth.

The

se p

rogr

ams

typi

cally

wor

k w

ith a

sm

all n

umbe

r of

stu

dent

san

d pr

ovid

e in

divi

dual

atte

ntio

n, s

elf-

pace

d in

stru

ctio

n, p

eer

coun

selin

g,le

ader

ship

trai

ning

, par

enta

l inv

olve

men

t, an

d a

stud

ent-

cent

ered

clim

ate.

Alte

rnat

ive

scho

ols

are

the

prim

ary

educ

atio

n op

tion

for

stud

ents

that

are

susp

ende

d or

exp

elle

d fr

om r

egul

ar s

choo

l set

tings

. "Z

ero-

tole

ranc

e" p

olic

ies

for

wea

pons

, dru

gs, a

nd f

ight

ing

on c

ampu

s ar

e bo

ostin

g th

e nu

mbe

rs o

f st

uden

tsne

edin

g th

is o

ptio

n. U

nles

s th

ese

stud

ents

are

pic

ked

up b

y an

alte

rnat

ive

scho

ol, t

he o

dds

arc

high

that

they

will

not

com

plet

e th

eir

educ

atio

n, b

e ha

ngin

gou

t on

the

stre

ets,

and

ulti

mat

ely

be in

trou

ble

with

the

law

.

Cur

rent

ly, t

here

are

a n

umbe

r of

bar

rier

s to

est

ablis

hing

alte

rnat

ive

scho

ols

inA

rizo

na a

nd to

pla

cing

stu

dent

s in

suc

h fa

cilit

ies.

Fun

ding

is a

par

ticul

ar o

bsta

cle.

Stat

es li

ke T

exas

ena

ctin

g "g

et-t

ough

-on-

crim

e" la

ws

and

"zer

o-to

lera

nce"

polic

ies

in th

e m

id-1

990s

rec

ogni

zed

the

impl

icat

ions

of

such

mea

sure

s an

din

clud

ed f

unds

for

alte

rnat

ive

scho

ols.

Sim

ilar

Ari

zona

legi

slat

ion

cont

aine

d no

such

fun

ding

pro

visi

ons.

Ano

ther

dif

ficu

lty li

es w

ith th

e "1

00-d

ay r

ule.

" U

nder

this

rul

e, w

hen

a st

uden

t is

expe

lled

or d

rops

out

100

day

s af

ter

scho

ol s

tart

s,th

e st

ate

mon

ey a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith th

e st

uden

t sta

ys a

t the

ori

gina

l sch

ool a

nddo

es n

ot f

ollo

w th

e st

uden

t if

he/s

he e

nrol

ls in

ano

ther

sch

ool,

incl

udin

g an

alte

rnat

ive

scho

ol.

Rec

omm

ende

d S

teps

Supp

ort l

egis

lativ

e pr

opos

als

to f

und

regi

onal

alte

rnat

ive

scho

ols

Prom

ote

chan

ges

in c

urre

nt s

choo

l fun

ding

pol

icie

s an

d pr

actic

es (

100-

day

rule

, no

bond

ing

capa

city

) th

at d

eter

the

esta

blis

hmen

t and

use

of

thes

efa

cilit

ies

Goa

ls/B

ench

mar

ksIn

crea

se p

erce

ntag

e of

sus

pend

ed, e

xpel

led,

and

dro

p-ou

t stu

dent

s th

at e

arn

high

sch

ool d

iplo

mas

or

equi

vale

nt

Impr

ove

youn

g pe

ople

s' a

nd s

choo

l dis

tric

ts' a

cces

s to

alte

rnat

ive

scho

ols

TH

IS IN

ITIA

TIV

E R

EC

OP

AR

BE

ND

ED

BY

TH

E S

CH

OO

LS W

OR

K G

RO

UP

.6

9

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

EI 2

3

13 E

INO

TO

AT

IVE

S: T

HE

HO

LD

ING

LO

CK

S O

F T

HE

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LE

NC

E P

RE

VE

NT

ION

ST

RA

TE

GY

Initi

ativ

e

Rat

iona

le

Stre

ngth

en f

amili

es b

y ad

ding

par

entin

g an

d re

latio

nshi

pcl

asse

s an

d ex

pand

ing

the

amou

nt o

f ca

se m

anag

ers

at f

amily

reso

urce

cen

ters

Unf

ortu

nate

ly, "

fam

ily li

fe"

in th

e 19

90s

all t

oo o

ften

invo

lves

div

orce

, tee

nm

othe

rs, s

ingl

e pa

rent

ing,

two

full-

time

wor

king

par

ents

, out

of

wed

lock

chi

ldbe

arin

g an

d no

n-pa

rent

al c

hild

car

e. R

ecen

t evi

denc

e in

dica

tes

that

, com

pare

dw

ith c

hild

ren

in tw

o-pa

rent

fam

ilies

, chi

ldre

n fr

om o

ne-p

aren

t fam

ilies

bea

r a

high

er r

isk

of d

ropp

ing

out,

havi

ng c

hild

ren

as te

enag

ers,

and

not

bei

ngem

ploy

ed b

y th

eir

earl

y tw

entie

s (C

ente

r fo

r th

c Fu

ture

of

Chi

ldre

n, 1

995)

.T

wo-

pare

nt f

amili

es a

re n

ot im

mun

e to

pro

blem

s, h

owev

erpr

essu

res

lead

ing

to v

iole

nce,

phy

sica

l abu

se a

nd n

egle

ct c

an o

ccur

in a

ny h

ome.

Ast

onis

hing

ly,

pare

ntal

neg

lect

has

bee

n sh

own

to b

e al

mos

t as

stro

ng a

pre

dict

or o

f su

bseq

uent

viol

ence

as

phys

ical

abu

se; o

ne s

tudy

con

clud

ed th

at 5

0 pe

rcen

t of

child

ren

reje

cted

by

thei

r pa

rent

s w

ent o

n to

com

mit

seri

ous

crim

es (

Wri

ght,

1994

).

Thu

s, c

reat

ing

stro

ng a

nd h

ealth

y fa

mili

es m

ust b

e an

impo

rtan

t lin

k in

any

viol

ence

-pre

vent

iori

str

ateg

y. B

ut h

ow a

re s

tron

g an

d he

alth

y fa

mili

es c

reat

ed

and

perp

etua

ted?

One

use

ful t

ool i

s pa

rent

ing

and

rela

tions

hip

clas

ses

whi

chte

ach

pare

nts

how

to r

espe

ct e

ach

othe

ran

d pe

rhap

s m

ore

impo

rtan

tlyho

w to

res

pect

and

nur

ture

thci

r ch

ildre

n. S

hcrm

an e

t al.

have

sho

wn

that

wel

l-im

plem

ente

d pa

rent

ing

trai

ning

is c

apab

le o

f re

duci

ng d

elin

quen

t beh

avio

rin

chi

ldre

n un

der

14 (

Sher

man

et a

l., 1

996)

. In

addi

tion,

rel

atio

nshi

p bu

ildin

gbe

twee

n pa

rent

s in

crea

ses

com

mun

icat

ion

and

resp

ect b

etw

een

adul

t par

tner

s,an

d ca

n be

use

ful i

n av

ertin

g th

e pr

obab

ility

of

redu

cing

a tw

o-pa

rent

hou

se-

hold

to a

one

-par

ent h

ouse

hold

, with

the

nega

tive

effe

cts

that

oft

en o

ccur

.

Prof

esso

r Sh

erm

an a

lso

dem

onst

rate

s th

at p

rogr

ams

whi

ch s

tron

gly

link

fam

ilies

to a

wid

e ra

nge

of s

ocia

l ser

vice

ref

erra

lssu

ch a

s th

roug

h sc

hool

s or

fam

ilyre

sour

ce c

ente

rsca

n be

eff

ectiv

e in

ass

istin

g fa

mili

es w

ith y

oung

chi

ldre

n to

obta

in th

e se

rvic

es th

ey n

eed.

Thu

s, e

xist

ing

neig

hbor

hood

res

ourc

e ce

nter

sar

e a

logi

cal a

nd u

sefu

l pla

ce to

hou

se th

ese

enha

nced

res

ourc

es.

Rec

omm

ende

d St

eps

Est

ablis

h an

impl

emen

tatio

n co

mm

ittee

com

pris

ed o

f re

pres

enta

tives

fro

min

tere

sted

bus

ines

ses

as w

ell a

s ci

ty, s

tate

, and

non

-pro

fit s

ocia

l ser

vice

age

ncie

s.A

t a m

inim

um, t

his

com

mitt

ee w

ould

be

com

pris

ed o

f a

repr

esen

tativ

efr

om th

e Ph

oeni

x C

ity M

anag

er's

Off

ice,

Hum

an R

esou

rces

Dep

t., P

arks

,R

ecre

atio

n an

d L

ibra

ries

Dep

t., P

olic

e, M

aric

opa

Publ

ic H

ealth

Dep

t., a

ndA

rizo

na D

ept.

of E

cono

mic

Sec

urity

. Non

-pro

fits

rep

rese

nted

cou

ld in

clud

eor

gani

zatio

ns s

uch

as P

aren

ts A

nony

mou

s, N

eigh

borh

ood

Part

ners

, Inc

.,C

ASA

, and

mem

bers

of

the

faith

com

mun

ity

Thi

s co

mm

ittee

wou

ld s

eek

colla

bora

tion

with

the

loca

l nei

ghbo

rhoo

dgr

oups

, off

er p

olic

y gu

idan

ce a

nd a

ssis

t in

the

coor

dina

tion

of e

xist

ing

serv

ices

Star

t with

one

nei

ghbo

rhoo

d as

a p

ilot a

nd im

plem

ent i

n-de

pth

Iden

tify

the

neig

hbor

hood

to s

tart

in b

y se

para

ting

Phoe

nix

into

sch

ool

atte

ndan

ce a

reas

and

ana

lyze

whi

ch o

nes

have

the

high

est r

ates

of

fam

ilyvi

olen

ce (

i.e.,

the

num

ber

of d

omes

tic v

iole

nce

calls

and

the

num

ber

ofre

ferr

als

to C

PS in

eac

h ar

ea).

Alte

rnat

ivel

y, o

ne n

eigh

borh

ood

coal

ition

has

requ

este

d th

at it

s ne

ighb

orho

od b

e se

lect

ed f

irst

. The

y ha

ve o

ffer

ed th

e fu

ll-tim

e as

sist

ance

of

a M

aste

rs-l

evel

pre

vent

ion

spec

ialis

t

The

nei

ghbo

rhoo

d pa

rtne

rshi

p w

ill e

stab

lish

an a

llian

ce w

ith e

xist

ing

serv

ice

prov

ider

net

wor

ks

Iden

tify

exis

ting

reso

urce

s ut

ilizi

ng, i

n pa

rt, C

omm

unity

Inf

orm

atio

n an

dR

efer

ral

Con

duct

a n

eeds

ass

essm

ent t

o id

entif

y ga

ps

Iden

tify

and

use

an e

xist

ing

faci

lity

with

in th

e ne

ighb

orho

od to

'hou

se' t

heco

ordi

nate

d se

rvic

es

Obt

ain

and

trai

n vo

lunt

eers

to s

uppl

emen

t the

pro

fess

iona

ls w

ho w

ill o

ffer

a va

riet

y of

par

entin

g cl

asse

s, in

clud

ing

hom

e-vi

sits

. (B

ase

the

pare

ntin

gpr

ogra

ms

on "

Hea

lthy

Fam

ilies

" an

d ot

her

succ

essf

ul m

odel

s.)

Obt

ain

and

trai

n vo

lunt

eers

to c

oord

inat

e se

rvic

es

Adv

ertis

e th

e fa

cilit

y

Eva

luat

e th

e su

cces

s of

the

faci

lity

Goa

ls/B

ench

mar

ks

70

Shor

t Ter

m:

Impl

emen

t an

in-d

epth

pilo

t ini

tiativ

e by

Jun

e 1,

199

9

Eva

luat

e co

mpo

nent

s of

pilo

t ini

tiativ

e

TH

IS IN

ITIA

TIV

E R

EC

OM

ME

ND

ED

BY

TH

E F

AM

ILIE

S W

OR

K G

RO

UP

.

24 I

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

E

Lon

g T

erm

:

Exp

and

succ

essf

ul p

ilot c

ompo

nent

s to

oth

er n

eigh

borh

ood

reso

urce

cen

ters

Eas

e th

e ac

cess

to s

uppo

rtiv

e co

mm

unity

ser

vice

s by

off

erin

g ne

ighb

orho

od-

base

d ca

se m

anag

emen

t 71

1 3

INIT

IAT

IVE

S: T

HE

UIL

DIN

G B

LO

CK

S O

F T

HE

PH

OE

NO

X V

IOL

EN

CE

PRE

VE

NT

ION

ST

RA

TE

GY

Initi

ativ

eD

evel

op a

nd im

plem

ent a

str

ong

med

ia c

ampa

ign

with

thre

epu

rpos

es:

Prom

otin

g th

e us

e of

ser

vice

s th

at a

re a

vaila

ble

to h

elp

(e.g

.,ne

ighb

orho

od r

esou

rce

cent

ers)

Rai

se a

war

enes

s ab

out t

he im

port

ance

of

effe

ctiv

e pa

rent

ing

and

Rai

se a

war

enes

s ab

out t

he p

reva

lenc

e an

d co

nseq

uenc

es o

fhi

gh-q

ualit

y ea

rly

child

hood

pro

gram

sdo

mes

tic v

iole

nce

and

child

abu

se

Rat

iona

leT

here

sho

uld

be li

ttle

doub

t tha

t the

med

ia is

an

effe

ctiv

e an

d po

wer

ful

sim

ilar

posi

tive

purp

ose,

thre

e PV

PI W

ork

Gro

ups

reco

mm

ende

d a

maj

or

infl

uenc

e on

pub

lic p

erce

ptio

ns a

nd a

ttitu

des.

In

rece

nt y

cars

, res

earc

h ha

sm

edia

cam

paig

n to

be

deve

lope

d to

com

mun

icat

e an

d pr

omot

e aw

aren

ess

prov

en th

e lin

kage

bet

wee

n m

ass

med

iate

levi

sion

sho

ws,

mus

ic, m

ovie

s,ab

out v

iole

nce

issu

es a

nd p

oten

tial s

olut

ions

.

vide

o ga

mes

, and

new

s pr

ogra

mm

ing

and

the

Am

eric

an "

cultu

re o

f vi

olen

ce."

The

link

age

betw

een

redu

cing

vio

lenc

e by

pro

mot

ing

effe

ctiv

e pa

rent

ing

Acc

ordi

ng to

Leo

nard

Ero

n, P

rofe

ssor

at t

he U

nive

rsity

of

Chi

cago

, "T

here

can

and

dom

estic

vio

lenc

e aw

aren

ess

is s

impl

e. A

ccor

ding

to a

lead

ing

scho

lar

onno

long

er b

e an

y do

ubt t

hat h

eavy

exp

osur

e to

tele

vise

d vi

olen

ce is

one

the

ofad

oles

cenc

e, "

child

ren

who

dem

onst

rate

ant

i-so

cial

beh

avio

r co

me

from

ver

yth

e ca

uses

of

aggr

essi

ve b

ehav

ior,

cri

me,

and

vio

lenc

e in

soc

iety

" (T

estim

ony

non-

supp

ortiv

e fa

mili

es...

" (D

ryfo

os, 1

990)

. Thu

s, th

ree

sepa

rate

PV

PI W

ork

befo

re th

e Se

nate

Com

mitt

ee o

n G

over

nmen

t Aff

airs

, Con

gres

sion

al R

ecor

d,G

roup

s st

rong

ly r

ecom

men

d us

ing

the

pow

er o

f th

e m

edia

to p

rom

ote

publ

icJu

ne 1

8, 1

992)

.aw

aren

ess,

edu

catio

n ca

mpa

igns

, and

med

ia p

rodu

ctio

ns th

at w

illre

info

rce

How

ever

, whi

le u

ndou

bted

ly a

fac

tor

in p

erpe

tuat

ing

viol

ence

, the

med

ia c

anpo

sitiv

e pa

rent

ing

valu

es a

nd h

ave

a si

gnif

ican

t im

pact

on

mak

ing

non-

viol

ent

also

pla

y an

impo

rtan

t and

pos

itive

rol

e in

pre

vent

ing

viol

ence

. In

rece

nt y

ears

,ch

ildre

n an

d fa

mili

es. M

oreo

ver,

the

med

ia m

ight

als

o be

use

d to

hel

p pe

rson

s

for

exam

ple,

the

Ari

zona

Rep

ublic

has

rai

sed

awar

enes

s ab

out a

var

iety

of

who

nee

d so

cial

or

hum

an s

ervi

ces

find

ser

vice

s th

roug

h th

e pr

omot

ion

of

issu

es in

its

"Sav

ing

Ari

zona

's C

hild

ren"

ser

ies.

With

a d

esir

e to

use

med

ia f

or a

reso

urce

cen

ters

and

oth

er f

acili

ties

whe

re th

ey c

an b

e ac

cess

ed.

Rec

omm

ende

d St

eps

Est

ablis

h a

com

mitt

ee c

ompr

ised

of

med

ia o

ffic

ials

, com

mun

ity r

ole

mod

els,

and

expe

rts

in m

edia

cam

paig

ns a

nd f

und-

rais

ing

Exp

lore

med

ia a

nd p

riva

te s

ourc

es f

or f

inan

cial

and

ope

ratio

nal s

uppo

rt

Gra

ssro

ots

outr

each

thro

ugh

faith

com

mun

ity, c

ivic

gro

ups,

com

mun

ity

Iden

tify

othe

r co

mm

uniti

es w

ith s

imila

r ca

mpa

igns

and

mod

els

to d

uplic

ate

the

succ

ess

,se

rvic

e or

gani

zatio

ns, a

nd s

choo

ls

Seek

add

ition

al o

utre

ach

thro

ugh

a st

ate-

wid

e 31

1 te

leph

one

num

ber

Use

foc

us g

roup

s to

des

ign

effe

ctiv

e sl

ogan

s an

d ad

vert

isem

ents

and

use

of th

e A

rizo

na R

epub

lic's

AZ

Cen

tral

web

pag

e

Goa

ls/B

ench

mar

ksD

esig

n a

com

mun

ity-w

ide

cam

paig

n w

ith s

imila

r ef

fect

iven

ess

as th

eB

egin

med

ia c

ampa

ign

June

1, 1

999

"sm

elly

puk

ing

habi

t" to

bacc

o ca

mpa

ign

Hav

e a

com

preh

ensi

ve m

edia

cam

paig

n re

ady

to b

e di

ssem

inat

ed b

y Ju

ne 1

, 199

9

TH

IS IN

ITIA

TIV

E R

EC

OM

ME

ND

ED

BY

TH

RE

E P

VP

I WO

RK

GR

OU

PS

: PR

EN

AT

AL/

EA

RLY

CH

ILD

HO

OD

, IN

DIV

IDU

AL

YO

UT

H, A

ND

FA

MIL

IES

.

AP

HO

EN

IX V

IOLE

NC

E P

RE

VE

NT

ION

INIT

IAT

IVE

I25

113

IhN

lIT

OA

TW

ES:

TH

EU

OL

DI1

NG

LO

CK

S O

F T

HE

[PH

OE

NIX

VO

OL

ER

ICE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N S

TR

AT

EG

Y

Initi

ativ

e

Rat

iona

le

Exp

and

prev

entio

n an

d ea

rly

inte

rven

tion

serv

ices

to a

ll at

-ris

kfa

mili

es, p

rovi

de p

rena

tal c

are

to a

ll pr

egna

nt w

omen

and

hea

lthca

re c

over

age

to a

ll ch

ildre

n

Alth

ough

man

y fa

ctor

s pu

t inf

ants

and

chi

ldre

n at

ris

k of

a v

iole

nt f

utur

e, n

othi

ngpr

edic

ts b

ad o

utco

mes

mor

e po

wer

fully

than

gro

win

g up

with

abu

sive

and

negl

ectf

ul p

aren

ts. I

ncom

pete

nce

and

abus

e ta

kes

man

y fo

rms,

fro

m d

rug

and

alco

hol u

se d

urin

g pr

egna

ncy

(oft

en le

adin

g to

low

-bir

th w

eigh

t and

oth

erbi

rth

com

plic

atio

ns th

at a

ffec

t inf

ant s

urvi

val a

nd h

ealth

), to

har

sh a

nd e

rrat

icdi

scip

line,

par

enta

l dis

harm

ony

and

reje

ctio

n of

the

child

.Thu

s, it

is im

port

ant

to r

ecog

nize

that

impo

rtan

t and

mea

ning

ful v

iole

nce

prev

entio

n st

rate

gies

can

liter

ally

sta

rt in

the

wom

b.

Alth

ough

poo

r pa

rent

ing

has

seri

ous

cons

eque

nces

for

kid

s at

any

age,

it c

an b

em

ost d

amag

ing

duri

ng p

rena

tal d

evel

opm

ent a

nd th

e fi

rst y

ears

of

life.

In

rece

nt y

ears

, the

re h

as a

lso

been

dra

mat

ic in

crea

ses

in th

e sc

ient

ific

kno

wle

dge

abou

t the

long

-las

ting

and

som

etim

es ir

reve

rsib

le im

pact

of

the

envi

ronm

ent

on th

e br

ain

deve

lopm

ent i

n ba

bies

. A c

hild

's b

rain

dev

elop

s 80

per

cent

of

itsfu

nctio

ns in

thes

e fi

rst t

hree

yea

rs, i

nclu

ding

the

abili

ty to

lear

n, c

ope,

and

dea

l

with

oth

ers

peac

eful

ly. T

he q

ualit

y of

ear

ly c

are

can

incr

ease

or

decr

ease

the

abili

ty to

lear

n by

25

perc

ent o

r m

ore

and

has

a de

cisi

ve im

pact

on

the

capa

city

to r

egul

ate

emot

ions

.

Bec

ause

exp

osur

e to

inan

y ri

sk f

acto

rs (

pove

rty,

abu

sive

par

ents

, poo

r he

alth

care

) m

ultip

lies

the

prob

abili

ty th

at a

chi

ld w

ill e

xper

ienc

e di

ffic

ultie

s la

ter

on(s

uch

as d

rug

use,

del

inqu

ency

, and

trua

ncy)

it is

impo

rtan

t to

prov

ide

earl

ych

ildho

od p

reve

ntio

n an

d in

terv

entio

n pr

ogra

ms

that

off

er a

bro

adar

ray

ofse

rvic

es to

sim

ulta

neou

sly

addr

ess

a nu

mbe

r of

ris

k fa

ctor

s. F

or e

xam

ple,

com

preh

ensi

ve in

-hom

e pr

enat

al c

are

and

new

born

sup

port

pro

gram

s, w

hen

follo

wed

by

qual

ity, p

aren

t-in

volv

ed c

hild

car

e an

d pr

esch

ool,

wer

e sh

own

toim

prov

e ch

ild d

evel

opm

ent a

nd r

educ

e ab

use

by a

ppro

xim

atel

y 80

per

cent

and

futu

re v

iole

nce

by b

etw

een

50 a

nd 7

5 pe

rcen

t (C

arne

gie

Cor

pora

tion,

199

2;Sh

erm

an e

t al.,

199

6).

Rec

omm

ende

d S

teps

Supp

ort f

ull i

mpl

emen

tatio

n of

Kid

s C

are

Supp

ort f

ull f

undi

ng o

f th

e st

atc

Hea

lth S

tart

pro

gram

Part

icip

ate

in o

utre

ach

initi

ativ

es to

ens

ure

fam

ilies

take

adv

anta

ge o

f av

aila

ble

heal

th c

are

Supp

ort f

ull f

undi

ng o

f th

e st

ate

Hea

lthy

Fam

ilies

pro

gram

Obt

ain

full

fund

ing

of f

amily

and

adu

lt lit

erac

y pr

ogra

ms

Supp

ort t

he e

stab

lishm

ent o

f a

sing

le-l

ead

publ

ic e

ntity

res

pons

ible

for

pla

nnin

gan

d im

plem

entin

g a

cohe

rent

sys

tem

of

prev

entiv

e an

d su

ppor

tive

serv

ices

for

fam

ilies

with

you

ng c

hild

ren

Goa

ls/B

ench

mar

ks

74

Shor

t Ter

m:

Pass

age

of H

.B. 2

659

and

S.B

. 106

5 du

ring

the

1998

legi

slat

ive

sess

ion

Lon

g T

erm

:

Gai

n fu

ll fu

ndin

g of

sta

te H

ealth

Sta

rt, H

ealth

y Fa

mili

es a

nd F

amily

Lite

racy

prog

ram

s in

199

9 or

200

0

Est

ablis

hmen

t of

a si

ngle

-lea

d pu

blic

ent

ity f

or f

amili

es w

ith y

oung

chi

ldre

nby

200

0

TH

IS IN

ITIA

TIV

E R

EC

OM

ME

ND

ED

BY

TH

E P

RE

NA

TA

L/E

AR

LY C

HIL

DH

OO

D W

OR

K G

RO

UP

.1

26 I

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

E

75

1 3

I NIT

I AT

IVE

S: T

HE

BIA

LDIN

G B

LOC

KS

OF

TH

E P

HO

EN

IXIO

LIE

NC

E P

RE

VE

NT

ION

ST

RA

TE

GY

Initi

ativ

eE

xpan

d ac

cess

to h

igh-

qual

ity a

nd c

ompr

ehen

sive

ear

ly c

hild

hood

prog

ram

s an

d ch

ild c

are

Rat

iona

leIn

rec

ent y

ears

, sub

stan

tial d

ata

and

rese

arch

hav

e pr

oven

the

valu

e of

hig

hqu

ality

chi

ld c

are

and

com

preh

ensi

ve e

arly

chi

ldho

od p

rogr

ams

adm

inis

tere

ddu

ring

the

firs

t fiv

e ye

ars

of li

fe. P

erha

ps th

e m

ost w

idel

y-ci

ted

eval

uatio

nin

volv

es th

e Pe

rry

Pres

choo

l in

Mic

higa

n, a

pre

curs

or to

the

pres

ent-

day

Hea

dSt

art p

rogr

am. A

fter

trac

king

the

child

ren

to a

ge 2

7, r

esea

rche

rs d

isco

vere

dth

at o

nly

seve

n pe

rcen

t of

the

child

ren

from

the

Perr

y pr

ogra

m h

ad b

een

arre

sted

fiv

e or

mor

e tim

es, v

ersu

s 35

per

cent

am

ong

the

cont

rol g

roup

.Sh

erm

an e

t al.

adds

to th

e ca

se w

ith th

e fo

llow

ing

find

ing:

by

com

bini

ng h

ome

visi

tatio

n pa

rent

al s

uppo

rt p

rogr

ams

with

qua

lity

Hea

d St

art,

futu

re c

rim

e ca

nbe

red

uced

by

mor

e th

an h

alf

(She

rman

et a

l., 1

996)

. Thu

s, h

igh

qual

ity c

hild

care

and

com

preh

ensi

ve e

arly

chi

ldho

od d

evel

opm

ent a

re c

ruci

al to

pre

vent

ing

viol

ence

dow

n th

e ro

ad.

Thc

cos

t of

child

car

e, h

owev

erre

gard

less

of

qual

ityca

n ra

nge

anyw

here

from

$4,

000

to $

10,0

00 p

er p

resc

hool

er a

nnua

lly. F

or th

e m

ajor

ity o

f fa

mili

es(w

ho e

arn

less

than

$35

,000

) or

two-

inco

me

min

imum

wag

e fa

mili

es (

who

earn

onl

y ab

out $

21,0

00 p

er y

ear)

, the

chi

ld c

arc

expe

nse

can

be s

ubst

antia

las

muc

h as

1/3

of

thei

r in

com

c. U

ndou

bted

ly, m

any

fam

ilies

are

for

ced

toch

oosc

bet

wee

n a

low

er-q

ualit

y ch

ild c

are

(at a

low

er c

ost)

and

bei

ng a

ble

topa

y bi

lls, r

ent,

and

putti

ng f

ood

on th

e ta

ble.

A 1

995

surv

ey in

Min

neso

tare

veal

ed th

at o

ne-t

hird

of

pare

nts

with

chi

ldre

n in

chi

ld c

arc

felt

the

care

was

so p

oor,

it th

reat

ened

thei

r ch

ild's

saf

ety

and

deve

lopm

ent (

Gre

ater

Min

neap

olis

Day

Car

e A

ssoc

iatio

n, 1

995)

.

Whi

le h

elpi

ng w

ith th

e co

st is

sue

thro

ugh

toba

cco

settl

emen

t fun

ds, t

his

initi

ativ

e al

so s

eeks

to im

prov

e th

e qu

ality

of

child

car

e by

cre

atin

g a

Chi

ld C

are

Qua

lity

Impr

ovem

ent S

pons

orsh

ip P

rogr

am w

hich

will

add

ress

som

e of

the

prob

lem

s th

at h

ave

plag

ued

the

indu

stry

: sta

ff tu

rnov

er, l

ow w

ages

, poo

r tr

aini

ng,

and

a la

ck o

f sy

stem

-wid

e st

anda

rds.

The

Chi

ld C

are

Qua

lity

Impr

ovem

ent

Spon

sors

hip

Prog

ram

will

see

k pr

ivat

e se

ctor

sup

port

for

fin

anci

al, i

n-ki

nd a

ndte

chni

cal a

ssis

tanc

e an

d he

lp p

rovi

ders

bec

ome

natio

nally

acc

redi

ted.

Rec

omm

ende

d S

teps

Est

ablis

h a

"Chi

ld C

are

Qua

lity

Impr

ovem

ent S

pons

orsh

ip P

rogr

am"

by:

recr

uitin

g bu

sine

sses

that

will

sup

port

cur

rent

pro

vide

rs w

ith f

inan

cial

,in

-kin

d or

tech

nica

l ass

ista

nce

reso

urce

s; s

uppo

rtin

g pr

ovid

ers

beco

min

gna

tiona

lly a

ccre

dite

d; p

urch

asin

g eq

uipm

ent,

mat

eria

ls, a

nd s

uppl

ies;

and

deve

lopi

ng c

rite

ria

for

prov

ider

's p

artic

ipat

ion

Prov

ide

tax

cred

its f

or in

divi

dual

s or

bus

ines

ses

that

pro

vide

spa

ce f

or p

rogr

ams

Form

ally

rec

omm

end

to A

rizo

na's

con

gres

sion

al d

eleg

atio

n th

at a

por

tion

ofth

e re

venu

e fr

om to

bacc

o be

targ

eted

for

sta

tes

to im

prov

e th

e qu

ality

and

affo

rdab

ility

of

child

car

e an

d af

ter-

scho

ol p

rogr

ams

Goa

ls/B

ench

mar

ks

76

Est

ablis

hmen

t of

a "C

hild

Car

e Q

ualit

y Im

prov

emen

t Spo

nsor

ship

Pro

gram

"by

200

0

Obt

ain

a se

t-as

ide

from

the

incr

ease

d to

bacc

o re

venu

e fo

r im

prov

ing

the

qual

ity, a

nd a

ffor

dabi

lity

of c

hild

car

e an

d af

ter-

scho

ol p

rogr

ams

upon

the

effe

ctiv

e da

te o

f fe

dera

l law

TH

IS IN

ITIA

TIV

E R

EC

OM

ME

ND

ED

BY

TH

E P

RE

NA

TA

L/E

AR

LY C

HIL

DH

OO

D W

OR

K G

RO

UP

.77

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

EI 2

7

11 3

[Ii

iHT

IAT

IVE

S: T

11.

0 1E

BU

ILD

ING

BL

OC

KS

OF

TH

E P

HO

EN

IX V

IOL

EN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N S

TR

AT

EG

Y

Initi

ativ

eD

evel

op f

undi

ng s

olut

ions

to e

arly

chi

ldho

od a

nd f

amili

es is

sues

by:

Exp

lori

ng th

e po

ssib

ility

of

esta

blis

hing

pol

icie

s at

the

mun

icip

al,

coun

ty, a

nd s

tate

gov

ernm

ent l

evel

s th

at w

ould

ded

icat

e a

cer-

tain

per

cent

age

of a

nnua

l fis

cal b

udge

ts (

i.e. 0

.5%

, 1%

or

mor

e)to

be

spen

t exc

lusi

vely

on

prev

entio

n pr

ogra

ms/

inve

stm

ents

Enc

oura

ging

the

Gov

erno

rF

inan

cing

Com

mis

sion

to e

stab

lish

an E

arly

Chi

ldho

od

Rat

iona

leR

esea

rch

over

the

past

twen

ty y

ears

has

sho

wn

that

the

leas

t exp

ensi

ve a

ndm

ost e

ffect

ive

way

to p

reve

nt v

iole

nce

is to

impr

ove

the

nurt

urin

g ca

rc o

f all

child

ren

espe

cial

ly th

ose

in th

eir

early

yea

rs. N

umer

ous

stud

ies

have

sho

wn

that

inve

stm

ents

in p

rogr

ams

to h

elp

kids

get

the

right

sta

rt c

an r

educ

e cr

imc

and

crim

inal

just

ice

cost

s su

bsta

ntia

lly:

It is

est

imat

ed th

at fo

r ev

ery

$3 s

pent

on

child

abu

se p

reve

ntio

n, a

t lea

st $

6is

sav

ed o

n ch

ild w

elfa

re s

ervi

ces,

spe

cial

edu

catio

n, m

edic

al c

are,

fost

erca

rc, c

ouns

elin

g, a

nd ju

veni

le ju

stic

e (B

ryan

t & D

aro,

199

4); a

nd,

Pro

fess

or M

ark

A. C

ohen

of V

ande

rbilt

Uni

vers

ity e

stim

ates

that

as

muc

h as

$1.7

to $

2.3

mill

ion

coul

d be

sav

ed b

y av

ertin

g a

life

of c

rime

of ju

st o

nehi

gh-r

isk

yout

h.

But

vio

lenc

e pr

even

tion

prog

ram

s ca

n on

ly w

ork

for

the

child

ren

they

rea

ch.T

oo

ofte

n, to

o m

any

effe

ctiv

e pr

ogra

ms

reac

h on

ly a

sm

all p

ortio

n of

the

child

ren

who

mig

ht b

e he

lped

bec

ause

they

hav

e be

en s

et u

p as

"pi

lot"

or

"exp

erim

enta

l"pr

ojec

ts, a

nd o

pera

te o

n sm

all b

udge

ts a

nd s

mal

l sca

les.

For

exa

mpl

e, A

rizon

a's

Hea

lthy

Fam

ilies

pro

gram

s (a

com

preh

ensi

ve p

rogr

am w

hich

ass

ists

new

par

ents

)

reac

hed

less

than

6 p

erce

nt o

f the

elig

ible

at-

risk

birt

hs in

Ariz

ona

in 1

996.

Bec

ause

man

y ef

fect

ive

prog

ram

s su

ch a

s H

ealth

y F

amili

es a

re fu

nded

by

the

legi

slat

ure

on a

n an

nual

bas

is, t

hey

typi

cally

are

una

ble

to g

row

to m

eet n

ewde

man

d. T

hus,

eve

n w

hen

prog

ram

s ap

pear

effe

ctiv

e at

pro

vidi

ng a

qua

lity

good

or

serv

ice,

thei

r im

pact

and

ben

efits

are

not

fully

rea

lized

bec

ause

they

are

unde

r-ca

pita

lized

and

thei

r "r

each

" is

ofte

n m

odes

t (M

ende

l, 19

95).

The

firs

t par

t of t

his

initi

ativ

ede

velo

ped

by th

c P

rena

tal/E

arly

Chi

ldho

odW

ork

Gro

upsu

gges

ts th

e ad

optio

n of

a "

perc

ent t

o pr

even

t" p

olic

y at

all

leve

ls o

f gov

ernm

ent t

o in

crea

se fu

ndin

g fo

r pr

even

tion

and

early

inte

rven

tion

prog

ram

s. B

ased

on

sim

ilar

mod

els

in T

ucso

n an

d S

an F

ranc

isco

, a "

perc

ent t

o

prev

ent"

can

take

sev

eral

diff

eren

t for

ms.

One

form

is a

per

cent

(e.

g., 0

.5%

or

1% o

r m

ore)

as

a se

t-as

ide

in a

n en

tire

fisca

l bud

get f

or a

gov

ernm

ent.

For

exa

mpl

e, a

city

mig

ht d

ecid

e th

at 2

per

cent

of i

ts a

nnua

l bud

get w

ill b

ede

dica

ted

to p

reve

ntio

n an

d ea

rly in

terv

entio

n pr

ogra

ms

and

activ

ities

.A

noth

er fo

rm m

ight

com

e th

roug

h a

citiz

en in

itiat

ive

whi

ch d

esig

nate

s a

new

sale

s or

oth

er ty

pe o

f tax

(fo

r ex

ampl

e 0.

5% o

r 1%

add

ed to

sal

es ta

x) w

hose

fund

ing

is d

edic

ated

to p

reve

ntio

n pr

ogra

ms.

Rec

omm

ende

d St

eps

Res

earc

h ot

her

com

mun

ities

' suc

cess

ful a

dopt

ion

of "

perc

ent t

o pr

even

t"pr

inci

ples

and

exp

lore

impl

emen

tatio

n he

re a

t the

loca

l, co

unty

and

sta

te le

vels

Enc

oura

ge th

e G

over

nor

and

legi

slat

ure

to e

stab

lish

an E

arly

Chi

ldho

odF

inan

cing

Com

mis

sion

(ba

sed

on s

ucce

ssfu

l mod

els

inC

olor

ado,

Was

hing

ton

Sta

te, F

lorid

a)

Goa

ls/B

ench

mar

ksE

stab

lishm

ent o

f pol

icie

s at

mun

icip

al, c

ount

y, a

nd s

tate

gov

ernm

ent l

evel

sw

hich

ded

icat

e a

perc

enta

ge o

f the

ir an

nual

fisc

al b

udge

ts (

i.e. 0

.5%

, 1%

or

mor

e) to

be

spen

t on

prev

entio

n pr

ogra

ms/

inve

stm

ents

by

June

1, 2

000

Est

ablis

hmen

t of a

n E

arly

Chi

ldho

od F

inan

cing

Com

mis

sion

by

June

1, 1

999

7sT

HIS

INIT

IAT

IVE

RE

CO

MM

EN

DE

D B

Y T

HE

PR

EN

AT

AL/

EA

RLY

CH

ILD

HO

OD

WO

RK

GR

OU

P.

7 9

28 I

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

E

11 3

ON

ITIA

TIV

ES:

TH

EW

LIN

GIL

%L

OC

KS

OF

TH

E P

HO

EN

IX V

IOL

EN

CE

PR

IEV

EN

TIO

N S

TR

AT

EG

Y

Initi

ativ

eM

ake

Phoe

nix

neig

hbor

hood

s le

ss h

ospi

tabl

e to

vio

lenc

e an

dcr

ime,

beg

inni

ng w

ith o

lder

, tro

uble

d ar

eas,

by

upgr

adin

g in

fra-

stru

ctur

e an

d pr

ovid

ing

need

ed c

omm

unity

dev

elop

men

tre

sour

ces,

e.g

., pa

rks;

com

mun

ity c

ente

rs o

ffer

ing

soci

al a

nd

recr

eatio

nal s

ervi

ces;

str

eet l

ight

s; in

fill

hous

ing;

zon

ing

and

code

enfo

rcem

ent;

rapi

d po

lice

resp

onse

; and

pav

ing

of s

tree

ts,

side

wal

ks, c

urbs

and

gut

ters

Rat

iona

leT

he g

oal o

f th

is in

itiat

ive

is to

sus

tain

pub

lic s

afet

y by

enh

anci

ng th

e ph

ysic

al,

soci

al, e

duca

tiona

l and

rec

reat

iona

l ser

vice

s of

Pho

enix

nei

ghbo

rhoo

ds, b

egin

ning

with

old

er, t

roub

led

area

s w

hose

rat

es o

f cr

ime

and

viol

ence

oft

en e

xcee

d ci

tyno

rms.

The

key

com

pone

nt o

f th

is in

itiat

ive

is th

e em

phas

is o

n ne

ighb

orho

od-

base

d se

rvic

es a

nd f

acili

ties.

It r

espo

nds

to r

esea

rch

indi

catin

g th

at th

e ab

ility

to p

reve

nt s

erio

us v

iole

nt c

rim

e m

ay b

e di

rect

ly r

elat

ed to

the

abili

ty to

resh

ape

com

mun

ity li

fe in

our

mos

t tro

uble

d ne

ighb

orho

ods.

Res

iden

ts,

as w

ell a

s ex

pert

s, h

ave

conc

lude

d th

at p

hysi

cal i

mpr

ovem

ents

, alo

ng w

ithin

tegr

ated

soc

ial s

ervi

ces,

can

incr

ease

qua

lity

of li

fe in

a n

eigh

borh

ood

and

ther

eby

redu

ce v

iole

nce

and

crim

e.

Rec

omm

ende

d St

eps

Form

ulat

e C

ity o

f Ph

oeni

x gu

idel

ines

per

mitt

ing

the

use

of C

DB

G f

unds

as

the

loca

l mat

ch f

or in

fras

truc

ture

fin

anci

ng in

low

and

mod

erat

e in

com

ene

ighb

orho

ods

Max

imiz

e th

e us

e of

exi

stin

g ne

ighb

orho

od f

acili

ties

(pub

lic, p

riva

te a

ndfa

ith-o

rien

ted)

to in

crea

se o

ppor

tuni

ties

for

deliv

erin

g co

mm

unity

-bas

edso

cial

, edu

catio

nal a

nd r

ecre

atio

nal s

ervi

ces

Exp

and

cove

rage

of

the

Phoe

nix

PEY

S in

form

atio

n sy

stem

city

wid

ean

d in

clud

e da

ta in

dica

ting

loca

lly-b

ased

soc

ial s

ervi

ces;

pro

vide

tech

nica

las

sist

ance

to f

acili

tate

use

by

Phoe

nix

resi

dent

s

Goa

ls/B

ench

mar

ks

80

Inst

itute

CD

BG

pol

icy

chan

ge b

y ne

xt C

ity o

f Ph

oeni

x fu

ndin

g cy

cle

Org

aniz

e co

aliti

on o

f st

akeh

olde

rs to

dev

elop

impl

emen

tatio

n pl

an f

or s

ervi

ces

and

faci

lity

use,

whi

ch w

ould

incl

ude

step

s in

volv

ed a

nd r

espo

nsib

le p

artie

s;co

aliti

on m

ight

be

orga

nize

d by

Ari

zona

Ecu

men

ical

Cou

ncil

City

of

Phoe

nix,

loca

l sch

ool d

istr

icts

, and

soc

ial s

ervi

ce a

genc

ies

to p

rovi

deco

mbi

natio

n of

in-k

ind

and

fisc

al r

esou

rces

nee

ded

to a

ccom

plis

h in

form

atio

nsy

stem

exp

ansi

on b

y Sp

ring

, 199

9

TH

IS IN

ITIA

TIV

E R

EC

OM

ME

ND

ED

BY

TH

E N

EIG

HB

OR

HO

OD

S A

ND

CO

MM

UN

ITIE

S W

OR

K G

RO

UP

.

81P

HO

EN

IX V

IOLE

NC

E P

RE

VE

NT

ION

INIT

IAT

IVE

I2

9

1 3

ON

ITIA

TIV

ES:

TH

EH

lJIL

lDlN

G B

LO

CK

S O

F T

HE

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LE

NC

E P

RE

VE

NT

ION

ST

RA

TE

GY

Initi

ativ

e

Rat

iona

le

Ado

pt c

ity-w

ide

polic

ies

addr

essi

ng d

ensi

ty, z

onin

g an

d co

deen

forc

emen

t, an

d bl

ight

elim

inat

ion

so a

s to

pre

vent

and

miti

gate

negl

igen

t beh

avio

r an

d cr

imin

al a

ctiv

ity

The

sec

ond

Nei

ghbo

rhoo

ds in

itiat

ive

resp

onds

to s

ocia

l and

phy

sica

l dis

orde

rin

nei

ghbo

rhoo

ds, w

hich

has

bee

n ci

ted

as a

com

mun

ity r

isk

fact

or f

or v

iole

ntcr

ime.

Pub

lic p

olic

ies

cont

ribu

te to

suc

h de

clin

es th

roug

h in

suff

icie

nt e

nfor

ce-

men

t of

build

ing

code

vio

latio

ns a

nd o

ther

pol

icie

s or

pol

itics

res

ultin

g in

exce

ssiv

e co

ncen

trat

ions

of

high

den

sity

res

iden

tial d

evel

opm

ents

clu

ster

ed in

part

icul

ar n

eigh

borh

oods

. Fur

ther

, cur

rent

blig

ht e

limin

atio

n la

ws

are

wea

k,

allo

win

g sl

um a

nd a

bsen

tee

land

lord

s an

d ir

resp

onsi

ble

tena

nts

to "

eat a

way

" at

thc

safe

ty a

nd q

ualit

y of

life

in n

eigh

borh

oods

thro

ugho

ut th

e V

alle

y. F

or e

xam

ple,

at p

rese

nt a

n es

timat

ed 8

to 1

0 pe

rcen

t of

the

Val

ley'

s re

ntal

hou

sing

sto

ckar

c co

nsid

ered

sub

stan

dard

, and

as

muc

h as

30

perc

ent o

f pr

oble

m r

enta

lpr

oper

ties

are

owne

d by

out

-of-

stat

e la

ndlo

rds

who

rou

tinel

y ev

ade

blig

hten

forc

emen

t eff

orts

.

Rec

omm

ende

d St

eps

Form

a ta

sk f

orce

to d

evel

op le

gisl

ativ

e pr

opos

als

to s

tren

gthe

n co

deen

forc

emen

t and

cri

min

al a

bate

men

t law

s

Exp

and

Phoe

nix

city

sta

ff to

incr

ease

cod

e an

d bl

ight

rem

edia

tion

enfo

rce-

men

t, an

d pr

ovid

e te

chni

cal a

ssis

tanc

e to

nei

ghbo

rhoo

d gr

oups

to a

ssis

tat

the

loca

l lev

el, s

uch

as th

roug

h th

e ex

pans

ion

of P

hoen

ix' c

urre

ntC

omm

unity

Pro

secu

tion

prog

ram

Cha

nge

loca

l zon

ing

polic

ies

to a

ddre

ss d

ensi

ty is

sues

by:

lim

iting

the

num

ber

of la

rge,

mul

tifam

ily h

ousi

ng p

roje

cts

that

can

be

deve

lope

d in

a g

iven

are

a;do

wn-

zoni

ng la

rge

unde

velo

ped

land

par

cels

loca

ted

in a

reas

mar

ked

byex

cess

ive

conc

entr

atio

ns o

f m

ultif

amily

hou

sing

; enc

oura

ging

city

acq

uisi

tion

of "

trou

bled

" m

ultif

amily

pro

ject

s th

at a

re f

or s

ale,

and

stip

ulat

ing

dens

ityre

duct

ion

requ

irem

ents

in th

e te

rms

for

mar

ket r

esal

e

Goa

ls/B

ench

mar

ks

82

Aba

tem

ent t

ask

forc

e to

be

chai

red

by C

ount

y A

ttorn

ey's

off

ice

and

com

pris

ed o

f re

pres

enta

tives

fro

m n

eigh

borh

oods

, the

hou

sing

indu

stry

,an

d lo

cal,

coun

ty a

nd s

tate

gov

ernm

ents

; rec

omm

enda

tions

to b

e re

ady

for

1999

sta

te le

gisl

ativ

e se

ssio

n

Add

res

ourc

es in

nex

t City

of

Phoe

nix

budg

et to

exp

and

code

enf

orce

men

tst

aff

and

Com

mun

ity P

rose

cutio

n pr

ogra

m; c

reat

e w

ithin

the

Nei

ghbo

rhoo

dSe

rvic

es D

epar

tmen

t an

outr

each

eff

ort m

obili

zing

res

iden

ts to

bec

ome

invo

lved

in b

light

rem

edia

tion

stra

tegi

es

Con

vene

imm

edia

tely

the

revi

ew p

roce

ss n

eede

d to

rev

ise

Phoe

nix

zoni

ngpo

licie

s re

latin

g to

mul

tifam

ily d

ensi

ty is

sues

; exp

lore

use

of

City

gen

eral

fund

s or

fed

eral

ass

ista

nce

to a

ssis

t with

the

acqu

isiti

on o

f tr

oubl

ed p

rope

rtie

s

TH

IS IN

ITIA

TIV

E R

EC

OM

ME

ND

ED

BY

TH

E N

EIG

HB

OR

HO

OD

S A

ND

CO

MM

UN

ITIE

S W

OR

K G

RO

UP

.

30 I

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

E

83

13O

NO

TIA

TIV

ES

: TH

E B

UIL

DIN

G E

LOC

KS

OF

TH

E P

HO

EN

IX V

IOL

EN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N S

TR

AT

EG

Y

Initi

ativ

e

Rat

iona

le

Incr

ease

par

ticip

atio

n of

res

iden

ts in

nei

ghbo

rhoo

d ac

tiviti

es,

asso

ciat

ions

and

ava

ilabl

e se

lf-h

elp

trai

ning

pro

gram

s in

ord

er to

deve

lop

safe

, hea

lthy

com

mun

ities

and

impr

ove

loca

l qua

lity

of li

fe

Alth

ough

res

earc

h in

dica

tes

that

, by

itsel

f, c

omm

unity

mob

iliza

tion

is n

otal

way

s ef

fect

ive

agai

nst s

erio

us c

rim

e in

low

-inc

ome

neig

hbor

hood

s, it

is o

ften

cons

ider

ed a

nec

essa

ry c

ondi

tion

for

othe

r cr

ime

prev

entio

n st

rate

gies

to ta

kepl

ace.

Enc

oura

ging

com

mun

ity p

artic

ipat

ion,

how

ever

, is

diff

icul

t. T

here

fore

,it

mus

t be

neig

hbor

hood

-bas

ed, h

ave

long

-ter

m f

undi

ng, a

nd b

e fa

cilit

ated

by

trai

ned

indi

vidu

als

with

bili

ngua

l cap

abili

ty. I

n ne

ighb

orho

ods

with

exi

stin

g

crim

e pr

oble

ms,

Blo

ck W

atch

pro

gram

s ha

ve p

rove

n to

be

usef

ul a

ppro

ache

sto

cur

bing

vio

lenc

e as

wel

l as

enco

urag

ing

resi

dent

par

ticip

atio

n. F

urth

er,

com

mun

ity-b

ased

pol

icin

g st

rate

gies

hav

e re

sulte

d no

t onl

y in

impr

oved

enfo

rcem

ent a

nd r

espo

nse,

but

hei

ghte

ned

inte

ract

ion

amon

g an

d be

twee

n la

wen

forc

emen

t off

icer

s an

d lo

cal n

eigh

borh

ood

resi

dent

s.

Rec

omm

ende

d S

teps

Cre

ate

prog

ram

s of

feri

ng P

hoen

ix-a

rea

resi

dent

s di

rect

tech

nica

l ass

ista

nce

to s

timul

ate

neig

hbor

hood

par

ticip

atio

n an

d de

velo

p lo

cal l

eade

rshi

p sk

ills;

prog

ram

s sh

ould

be

bilin

gual

, nei

ghbo

rhoo

d-ba

sed,

foc

used

on

trai

ning

, and

have

long

-ter

m f

undi

ng

Enc

oura

ge p

artn

ersh

ips

amon

g fa

ith c

omm

unity

, sch

ools

and

bus

ines

ses

tosu

ppor

t nei

ghbo

rhoo

ds b

y of

feri

ng r

esou

rces

, fac

ilitie

s, a

nd/o

r st

aff

for

com

mun

ity p

rogr

ams

and

even

ts

Exp

and

com

mun

ity p

olic

ing

reso

urce

s to

pro

vide

for

: inc

reas

ed in

tera

ctio

nw

ith B

lock

Wat

ch g

roup

s; a

llow

com

mun

ity a

ctio

n of

fice

rs to

reg

ular

lyat

tend

nig

ht a

nd w

eeke

nd n

eigh

borh

ood

mee

tings

; and

exp

and

trai

ning

for

Blo

ck W

atch

on

Patr

ol

Exp

lore

the

poss

ibili

ty o

f fu

rthe

r de

cent

raliz

ing

polic

e re

sour

ces

thro

ugho

utth

e ci

ty

Goa

ls/B

ench

mar

ksId

entif

y a

loca

l non

-pro

fit o

r co

mm

unity

dev

elop

men

t cor

pora

tion

capa

ble

of p

rovi

ding

com

mun

ity p

artic

ipat

ion

tech

nica

l ass

ista

nce;

exp

lore

fun

ding

for

serv

ices

to b

e de

liver

ed f

rom

city

, sta

te a

nd f

eder

al g

over

nmen

ts,

foun

datio

ns, n

on-p

rofi

ts a

nd/o

r pr

ivat

e se

ctor

; est

ablis

h m

echa

nism

s fo

rci

tizen

inpu

t reg

ardi

ng s

ervi

ces

to b

e de

liver

ed

Org

aniz

e pu

blic

-pri

vate

coa

litio

n to

pro

mot

e co

mm

unity

par

tner

ship

s ci

ty-

wid

e; e

stab

lish

goal

s to

mon

itor

loca

tions

and

num

ber

of p

artn

ersh

ips

crea

ted

Phas

e-in

fun

ds, b

egin

ning

with

Pho

enix

' FY

'98-

99 b

udge

t, fo

r in

crea

sed

com

mun

ity p

olic

ing

effo

rts

city

wid

e; c

onsi

der

sale

s ta

x re

fere

ndum

or

tax

on s

ales

of

prof

essi

onal

spo

rts

ticke

ts, a

s po

ssib

le s

ourc

es f

or p

erm

anen

tfu

ndin

g of

com

mun

ity p

olic

ing

goal

s

Con

vene

a p

lann

ing

com

mitt

ee to

ana

lyze

sce

nari

os f

or f

urth

er d

ecen

tral

izin

gof

pol

ice

reso

urce

s; c

onsi

der

bond

ele

ctio

n to

fin

ance

cap

ital c

osts

of

such

an in

itiat

ive

TH

IS IN

ITIA

TIV

E R

EC

OM

ME

ND

ED

BY

TH

E N

EIG

HB

OR

HO

OD

S A

ND

CO

MM

UN

ITIE

S W

OR

K G

RO

UP

.

84

85

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

EI 3

1

UM

PIL

,LE

IMIN

UA

UIO

NI P

LAN

Phas

e Il

l

will

con

nect

the

13 in

itiat

ives

to p

eopl

e an

d

orga

niza

tions

who

can

put t

hem

into

act

ion.

Con

sist

ently

fro

m th

e st

art,

PVPI

has

bee

n a

com

ing

toge

ther

of

peop

le

and

reso

urce

s to

del

iver

an

actio

n pl

an. T

he p

lan,

con

tain

ing

thir

teen

initi

ativ

es, i

s pr

esen

ted

in th

is d

ocum

ent.

The

nex

t ste

p is

to im

plem

ent

the

initi

ativ

es.

The

pur

pose

of

Phas

e II

Iis

to c

onne

ct th

e th

irte

en in

itiat

ives

to

peop

le a

nd o

rgan

izat

ions

who

can

hel

p de

velo

p th

em f

urth

er a

nd th

en p

ut

them

into

act

ion.

To

that

end

, the

PV

PI S

teer

ing

Com

mitt

ee r

ecom

men

ds

the

follo

win

g st

ruct

ure

for

Phas

e II

I:

The

par

tner

ship

am

ong

the

City

of

Phoe

nix,

Ari

zona

Sup

rem

e C

ourt

,

Gre

ater

Pho

enix

Lea

ders

hip,

Mar

icop

a C

ount

y A

ttorn

ey, M

aric

opa

Cou

nty,

and

ASU

's M

orri

son

Inst

itute

for

Pub

lic P

olic

y sh

ould

cont

inue

to p

rovi

de th

e ne

twor

k an

d "g

lue"

to le

vera

ge c

omm

unity

reso

urce

s to

pro

mot

e vi

olen

ce p

reve

ntio

n in

the

Phoe

nix

met

ro a

rca.

The

PV

PI S

teer

ing

Com

mitt

ee s

houl

d co

ntin

ue a

s th

e le

ader

ship

orga

niza

tion

resp

onsi

ble

for

over

seei

ng a

nd m

onito

ring

the

com

mun

ity's

pro

gres

s to

war

d im

plem

enta

tion

of th

e Ph

oeni

x V

iole

nce

Prev

entio

n In

itiat

ives

. Act

iviti

es m

ay in

clud

ing

fund

rai

sing

, com

mun

i-

catio

n an

d lo

bbyi

ng s

uppo

rt f

or th

e in

itiat

ives

.

The

Ste

erin

g C

omm

ittee

sho

uld

esta

blis

h va

riou

s co

mm

ittee

s

com

pris

ed o

f PV

PI S

teer

ing

Com

mitt

ee m

embe

rs a

nd o

ther

s to

gui

de

impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

initi

ativ

es, c

arry

out

spe

cifi

c su

bsta

ntia

l tas

ks,

and

mak

e qu

arte

rly

prog

ress

rep

orts

.

87

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

EI 3

3

The

sch

emat

ic th

at f

ollo

ws

grap

hica

lly d

epic

ts th

is o

rgan

izat

iona

l

stru

ctur

e as

wel

l as

the

rela

tions

hips

am

ong

the

initi

ativ

es.

YO

UT

H S

UP

PO

RT

INIT

IAT

IVE

S

PU

BLI

C A

WA

RE

NE

SS

INIT

IAT

IVE

S

NE

IGH

BO

RH

OO

DS

INIT

IAT

IVE

S

TA

. to

neig

hbor

hood

orga

niza

tions

IVP

I ST

EE

RIN

GC

OM

MIT

TE

EE

XE

CU

TIV

E C

OM

MIT

TE

E-

.-6

IMP

LEM

EN

TA

TIO

N.

CO

MM

ITT

EE

S

qual

itych

ild c

are

jobs

for

yout

h

Hea

lthy

Fam

ilies

Hea

lth S

tart

,ex

pans

ion

fund

ing

stra

tegi

esfo

rpr

even

tion

non-

scho

olho

urpr

ogra

ms

EA

RLY

CH

ILD

HO

OD

YO

UT

H A

CT

IVIT

IES

pare

ntIN

ITIA

TIV

ES

trai

ning

/IN

ITIA

TIV

ES

fam

ilyse

rvic

es

PA

RE

NT

AL

SU

PP

OR

TIN

ITIA

TIV

ES

3 4

I PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

E

8 9

SOU

RC

ES

Bry

ant a

nd D

aro,

199

4, c

ited

in P

hase

I P

hoen

ix V

iole

nce

Prev

entio

nIn

itiat

ive

Rep

ort,

Sept

embe

r 19

97.

Bui

ldin

g on

the

Pres

iden

ts' C

all t

o A

ctio

n, J

oin

Tog

ethe

r, s

peci

al is

sue,

no.

4,

1997

.

Dilu

lio, J

ohn

J., J

r., "

Cri

me:

The

Rea

l Roo

t Cau

ses,

"Job

s &

Cap

ital,

vol.

4,

feat

ure

artic

le 7

, Win

ter

1995

.

Dry

foos

, Joy

G.,

Ado

lesc

ents

at R

isk:

Pre

vale

nce

and

Prev

entio

n, N

ew Y

ork:

Oxf

ord

Pres

s, 1

990.

Fede

ral a

nd S

tate

Pri

sons

: Inm

ate

Popu

latio

ns, C

osts

, and

Pro

ject

ion

Mod

els,

Gen

eral

Acc

ount

ing

Off

ice,

Nov

embe

r 19

96.

The

Fut

ure

of C

hild

ren,

Cen

ter

for

the

Futu

re o

f C

hild

ren,

vol

.5, n

o. 3

,W

inte

r 19

95.

Gre

ater

Min

neap

olis

Day

Car

e A

ssoc

iatio

n, V

alui

ng F

amili

es, t

he H

igh

Cos

t

of W

aitin

g fo

r C

hild

Car

e Sl

idin

g Fe

e A

ssis

tanc

e, 1

995.

Gre

enw

ood,

Pet

er W

,K

aryn

E. M

odel

, C. P

eter

Ryd

ell a

nd J

ames

Chi

sea,

Div

ertin

g C

hild

ren

from

a L

ife

of C

rim

e. p

repa

red

for

the

Uhi

vers

ity

of C

alif

orni

a B

erke

ley

and

the

Jam

es I

rvin

e Fo

unda

tion

by R

AN

D,

1996

.

Hea

ling

the

Hat

e, E

duca

tions

Dev

elop

men

t Cen

ter,

Inc

., 19

97.

John

son,

Rya

n, N

ancy

Wel

ch, J

ack

Pfis

ter,

and

Rob

Mel

nick

, Wha

t Mat

ters

in G

reat

er P

hoen

ix: 1

997

Indi

cato

rs o

f O

ur Q

ualit

y of

Lif

t. T

empe

, AZ

:

Mor

riso

n In

stitu

te f

or P

ublic

Pol

icy,

199

7.

A M

atte

r of

Tim

e, R

isk

and

Opp

ortu

nity

in th

e N

on-S

choo

l Hou

rs. R

epor

t of

the

Tas

k Fo

rce

on Y

outh

Dev

elop

men

t and

Com

mun

ity P

rogr

ams,

Car

negi

e C

orpo

ratio

n of

New

Yor

k, C

arne

gie

Cou

ncil

on A

dole

scen

tD

evel

opm

ent,

Dec

embe

r 19

92.

90

Men

del,

Ric

hard

A.,

Prev

entio

n or

Por

k? A

Har

d-H

eade

d L

ook

at Y

outh

-

Ori

ente

d A

nti-

Cri

me

Prog

ram

s, W

ashi

ngto

n D

.C.:

Am

eric

an Y

outh

Pol

icy

Foru

m, 1

995.

Mon

itori

ng th

e Fu

ture

, Ins

titut

e of

Soc

ial R

esea

rch,

199

3.

Qua

lity

Chi

ld C

are

and

Aft

er-S

choo

l Pro

gram

s: K

ey W

eapo

ns A

gain

st C

rim

e.

Was

hing

ton

D.C

.: Fi

ght C

rim

e, I

nves

t in

Kid

s.

Sher

man

, Law

renc

e,W

hat W

orks

, Wha

tD

oesn

't, W

hat's

Prom

isin

g,

Was

hing

ton,

DC

: Nat

iona

l Ins

titut

e of

Jus

tice,

199

6.

Som

e T

hing

s D

O M

ake

A D

iffe

renc

e fo

r Y

outh

: A C

ompe

ndiu

m o

f E

valu

atio

ns o

f

You

th P

rogr

ams

and

Prac

tices

. Am

eric

an Y

outh

Pol

icy

Foru

m, I

nstit

ute

for

Edu

catio

nal L

eade

rshi

p, 1

997.

Star

ting

Poin

ts: M

eetin

g th

e N

eeds

of

Our

You

nges

t Chi

ldre

n. C

arne

gie

Foun

datio

n, 1

994.

Wils

on, J

ames

Q.,

"Wha

t to

do a

bout

cri

me,

" C

omm

enta

ry, v

ol. 9

8, n

o. 3

,

Sept

embe

r 19

94.

Wri

ght,

Kev

in N

. and

Kar

en E

. Wri

ght,

Fam

ily L

ife,

Del

inqu

ency

and

Cri

me:

A P

olic

ymak

er's

Gui

de, U

.S. D

ept.

of J

ustic

e O

ffic

e of

Juv

enile

Jus

tice

and

Del

inqu

ency

Pre

vent

ion,

May

199

4

Yos

hika

wa

Hir

okaz

u, "

Lon

g T

erm

Eff

ects

of

Ear

ly C

hild

hood

Pro

gram

s on

Soci

al O

utco

mes

and

Del

inqu

ency

," T

he F

utur

e of

Chi

ldre

n, v

ol. 5

, no.

3,

Win

ter

1995

.

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96

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EE

Co-

Cha

irJa

ck A

. Hen

ry, A

rthu

r A

nder

sen

LL

PC

o-C

hair

Fran

k Fa

irba

nks,

City

of

Phoe

nix

Co-

Cha

irV

ice

Chi

ef J

ustic

e C

harl

es E

. Jon

es,

Ari

zona

Sup

rem

e C

ourt

Car

olyn

And

rew

s, A

mer

ican

Exp

ress

Reg

inal

d M

. Bal

lant

yne

III,

PM

H H

ealth

Res

ourc

es, I

nc.

Lin

da B

less

ing,

Ari

zona

Dep

artm

ent o

f E

cono

mic

Sec

urity

Cla

udia

Cam

acho

, You

th R

epre

sent

ativ

e, M

etro

Tec

h

Jam

es A

. Col

ley,

City

of

Phoe

nix

Park

s, R

ecre

atio

n &

Lib

rari

es

Geo

rge

Dea

n, G

reat

er P

hoen

ix U

rban

Lea

gue

Rob

ert D

onof

rio,

Mur

phy

Ele

men

tary

Dis

tric

t No.

21

L. E

dwar

d E

isel

e, H

olsu

m B

aker

y, I

nc.

Paul

Epp

inge

r, A

rizo

na E

cum

enic

al C

ounc

il

Ken

Fuj

imot

o, V

alle

y In

terf

aith

Pro

ject

Den

nis

Gar

rett,

Pho

enix

Pol

ice

Dep

artm

ent

Alf

redo

G. G

utie

rrez

, Jam

ieso

n &

Gut

ierr

ez

Bri

an H

asse

tt, V

alle

y of

the

Sun

Uni

ted

Way

Win

fiel

d L

. Hol

den,

PH

OE

NIX

Mag

azin

e

Gre

gg H

olm

es, C

ox C

omm

unic

atio

ns

Har

old

Hur

tt, P

hoen

ix P

olic

e D

epar

tmen

t

Lui

s lb

arra

, Fri

endl

y H

ouse

Mic

hael

Joh

nson

, Pho

enix

Pol

ice

Dep

artm

ent A

dvis

ory

Boa

rd

Pam

Joh

nson

, Pho

enix

New

spap

ers,

Inc

.

Car

ol K

amin

, Chi

ldre

n's

Act

ion

Alli

ance

Jaim

ie L

eopo

ld, N

eigh

borh

ood

Part

ners

, Inc

.

Bill

Mac

Don

ald,

Mac

Don

ald

Dir

ect M

arke

ting,

Inc

.

Ric

k M

iller

, Boy

s an

d G

irls

Clu

bs o

f M

etro

Pho

enix

Law

renc

e M

oore

, Pub

lic A

ffai

rs, M

otor

ola

Will

iam

T. M

urph

ree,

Cen

tral

Ari

zona

Lab

or C

ounc

il97

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

EI

41

Rob

ert M

yers

, Mar

icop

a C

ount

y Su

peri

or C

ourt

John

New

son,

Shi

loh

Bap

tist C

hurc

h

John

ny O

jeda

, You

th R

epre

sent

ativ

e

Mar

y O

rton

, Cen

tral

Ari

zona

She

lter

Serv

ices

, Inc

(fo

rmer

ly)

Abe

l Par

ra, Y

outh

Rep

rese

ntat

ive,

Met

ro T

ech

Ric

hard

M. R

omle

y, M

aric

opa

Cou

nty

Atto

rney

Ern

est J

. Sal

azar

Paul

Sar

zoza

, Chi

cano

s Po

r L

a C

ausa

Ter

ry S

mith

, Gov

erno

r's D

ivis

ion

for

Chi

ldre

n (f

orm

erly

)

Ton

y So

telo

, Im

mac

ulat

e H

eart

Chu

rch

Don

Sta

pley

, Mar

icop

a C

ount

y B

oard

of

Supe

rvis

ors

Stan

Tur

ley,

Ari

zona

Sta

te B

oard

of

Cle

men

cy

Alto

n W

ashi

ngto

n, C

ity o

f Ph

oeni

x H

uman

Ser

vice

s

Man

ny W

ong,

Asi

an-A

mer

ican

Tim

es

AD

VIS

OR

Y G

RO

UP

Jacq

ues

M. A

vent

, City

of

Phoe

nix

Irw

in B

akin

, Pho

enix

Pol

ice

Dep

artm

ent

R. T

hom

as B

row

ning

, Gre

ater

Pho

enix

Lea

ders

hip

Vin

cent

Car

olan

, Ari

zona

Sup

rem

e C

ourt

Rya

n Jo

hnso

n, M

orri

son

Inst

itute

for

Pub

lic P

olic

y, A

SU

Mar

k K

lym

, Mor

riso

n In

stitu

te f

or P

ublic

Pol

icy,

ASU

Tob

y K

ornr

eich

, Mor

riso

n In

stitu

te f

or P

ublic

Pol

icy,

ASU

Kar

en L

elan

d, M

orri

son

Inst

itute

for

Pub

lic P

olic

y, A

SU

Mic

hael

McC

ort,

Phoe

nix

Polic

e D

epar

tmen

t

Car

ol L

. McF

adde

n, O

ffic

e of

the

Mar

icop

a C

ount

y A

ttorn

ey

Rob

Mel

nick

, Mor

riso

n In

stitu

te f

or P

ublic

Pol

icy,

ASU

Ric

k N

aim

ark,

City

of

Phoe

nix

Am

y R

ex, M

aric

opa

Cou

nty

Che

ryln

Tow

nsen

d, M

aric

opa

Cou

nty

Juve

nile

Pro

batio

n D

epar

tmen

t

(

934

2I

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

E

Mar

y Jo

Wai

ts, M

orri

son

Inst

itute

for

Pub

lic P

olic

y, A

SU

Lyn

n W

ilets

ky, A

rizo

na S

upre

me

Cou

rt

Ed

Zue

rche

r, C

ity o

f Ph

oeni

x

IPR

ER

IAT

AL

/EA

RL

Y C

II-O

ILD

HO

OD

'WO

RK

GR

OU

P

Co-

Cha

irC

arol

Kam

in, C

hild

ren'

s A

ctio

n A

llian

ce

Co-

Cha

irFr

anci

e M

alle

ryT

erry

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s-Sm

ith, G

over

nor's

Div

isio

n fo

r C

hild

ren

Alis

sa B

lack

wel

l, D

epar

tmen

t of

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nom

ic S

ecur

ity

Lyn

n C

anno

n, H

ealth

y M

othe

rs H

ealth

y B

abie

s

Ber

ta C

arba

jal,

Pare

nts

Ano

nym

ous

Lyd

ia C

arbo

ne, L

inco

ln H

ouse

Ann

e C

hris

tens

en

Kat

hryn

Coe

, Ari

zona

Dep

artm

ent o

f H

ealth

Ser

vice

s

Mar

ilee

Dal

Pra

, Mar

icop

a C

ount

y A

dult

Prob

atio

n

Mic

hael

Dea

n, C

ity o

f Ph

oeni

x

Pam

del

Duc

a, D

el-S

tar

Kat

hy D

ouch

ette

, Sou

thw

est H

uman

Dev

elop

men

t

Patr

icia

Eri

ckso

n, G

over

nor's

Div

ison

for

Chi

ldre

n

Rhi

an E

vans

, Chi

ldre

n's

Act

ion

Alli

ance

Ran

dy F

orce

, Pho

enix

Pol

ice

Dep

artm

ent

Sand

y Fo

rem

an, H

ead

Star

t

Nan

cy F

ried

man

, A.C

.Y

Sara

h G

reen

way

, Chi

ld P

rote

ctiv

e Se

rvic

es

Dya

nne

Gre

er, O

ffic

e of

Mar

icop

a C

ount

y A

ttorn

ey

Bru

ce H

arve

y, F

amily

Ser

vice

Age

ncy

Jam

es H

elfe

rs, G

rand

Can

yon

Uni

vers

ity

Den

nis

Hin

z

Ow

en J

ones

, Sch

ool o

f L

aw, A

rizo

na S

tate

Uni

vers

ity

Ann

Kel

lis,J

ohn

C. L

inco

ln H

ospi

tal

9 9

Kat

hryn

Kev

e, S

cotts

dale

Lin

ks P

roje

ct

Stev

e an

d C

athe

rine

Lan

ce, L

ance

Mar

ketin

g G

roup

Bru

ce L

igge

tt, C

hild

ren'

s A

ctio

n A

llian

ce

War

ren

Mill

s, M

icro

age

Wilb

ert N

elso

n, H

uman

Ser

vice

Com

mis

sion

Bru

ce N

ittle

Kar

yn P

arke

r, P

hoen

ix D

ay C

hild

Dev

elop

men

t Cen

ter

Mar

sha

Port

er, C

risi

s N

urse

ry

Mel

inda

Pra

tt-M

artin

ez, H

uman

Ser

vice

s C

omm

issi

on

Chr

istin

e Pt

aszn

ik

Arn

old

Ram

irez

, City

of

Phoe

nix

Val

orie

Rob

erts

on, H

ealth

y Fa

mili

es A

rizo

na

Wen

dy S

abat

ini,

Chi

ld a

nd F

amily

Res

ourc

es

Nef

reta

ri S

alah

deen

, Alf

red

E G

arci

a Sc

hool

Sylv

ia S

alas

Ely

se S

mith

, Fri

endl

y H

ouse

Mar

y St

eenh

oek

Den

ise

Tho

mps

on, A

.B.I

.L.

Paul

Und

erw

ood,

Adv

ance

d C

ardi

ac S

peci

alis

ts

Gin

ger

War

d, S

outh

wes

t Hum

an D

evel

opm

ent

Susa

n W

ilkin

s, A

ssoc

iatio

n of

Sup

port

ive

Chi

ld C

are

Penn

y W

illri

ch, J

uven

ile C

ourt

Dia

ne Y

azzi

e D

evin

e, I

ndia

n R

ehab

ilita

tion

Dw

ayne

You

rko,

Hon

eyw

ell

ND

OV

IDU

AL

'YO

UT

H W

OR

K G

RO

UP

Co-

Cha

irL

. Edw

ard

Eis

ele,

Hol

sum

Bak

ery,

Inc

.

Co-

Cha

irC

hery

ln T

owns

end,

Mar

icop

a C

ount

y Ju

veni

lePr

obat

ion

Dep

artm

ent

Car

olyn

And

rew

s, A

mer

ican

Exp

ress

Ros

emar

y A

rana

100

Dav

id B

arnh

ouse

Joel

Blu

men

thal

, Juv

enile

Cor

rect

ions

Par

tner

ship

Joel

Bre

shin

, Ant

i-D

efam

atio

n L

eagu

e

Lin

da C

anno

n, C

anno

n &

Gill

Vin

cent

Car

olan

, Ari

zona

Sup

rem

e C

ourt

Luc

ia C

ause

y, V

olun

teer

Cen

ter

Ros

e C

habo

t, G

reat

er A

rizo

na C

ity D

ads

Jam

es A

. Col

ley,

City

of

Phoe

nix

Don

na D

avis

, Sum

mer

Job

s fo

r V

alle

yYou

th

Ken

Dav

is

Phil

de C

asel

o, Y

MC

A

Cha

ron

Dill

ard,

Ari

zona

Dep

artm

ent o

f E

cono

mic

Sec

urity

Ilen

e D

ode,

Em

pact

Hen

ry D

omin

quez

Rob

ert I

. Don

ofri

o, M

urph

y E

lem

enta

ry D

istr

ict #

21

Dor

is E

vans

-Gat

es, O

ffic

e of

Wom

en's

and

Chi

ldre

n's

Hea

lth, A

DH

S

John

For

eman

, Sup

erio

r C

ourt

Arm

ando

Gan

dari

lla

Jane

t Gar

cia,

Hum

an S

ervi

ces

Com

mis

sion

Deb

ra G

entr

y, P

roje

ct I

nter

vent

ion

Coo

rdin

ator

Gar

y G

oss,

SA

FE S

choo

l Pro

batio

n O

ffic

er

Faye

Gra

y

Fatim

ah H

alim

, City

of

Phoe

nix

Rut

hann

a H

all

Car

ry H

anso

n, M

aric

opa

Cou

nty

Atto

rney

Off

ice

Mic

hael

Hug

hes,

Pre

-Nab

ofA

rizo

na

Cam

ille

Jenk

ins

Car

ol K

ratz

, Mar

icop

a A

ssoc

iatio

n of

Gov

ernm

ents

Mar

iann

e K

riva

nk

PH

OE

NIX

VIO

LEN

CE

PR

EV

EN

TIO

N IN

ITIA

TIV

EI

43

101

Eri

k K

ropp

, City

of

Phoe

nix

Mar

y A

nne

Leg

arsk

i, A

dult

Prob

atio

n

Gai

l Loo

se, T

umbl

ewee

d

Soph

ia L

opez

, Mot

hers

Aga

inst

Gan

gs

Jose

Lyb

a, I

ssac

Sch

ool D

istr

ict

Bar

bara

Mar

shal

l

Ric

hard

Mar

tinez

, Sou

thw

est H

uman

Dev

elop

men

t

Gai

l Max

wel

l, Ph

oeni

x Po

lice

Dep

artm

ent

Don

na M

cHen

ry, V

alle

y O

ne I

n T

en Y

outh

Ser

vice

s

Ed

McL

ella

nd, S

outh

wes

t Beh

avio

ral H

ealth

Ric

k M

iller

, Boy

s &

Gir

ls C

lubs

of

Met

ro P

hoen

ix

Kat

e M

uldo

on, V

olun

teer

Cen

ter

Sue

Mye

rs, T

rini

ty B

ible

Chu

rch

Sand

y N

aatz

, Cen

ter

Aga

inst

Sex

ual A

buse

Non

a Pa

yest

ewa-

Rom

ero,

Par

ents

Ano

nym

ous

Cyn

thia

Pet

ers,

Pho

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Ath

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Rob

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Pho

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Jack

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219

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