Cell type Cell Structure Body Type Nutrition Example

Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryotic Cell wall, peptidoglycan

Unicellular Autotrophic & heterotrophic

TetanusE. coli

Archaea Archae-bacteria

Prokaryotic Cell wall, no peptidoglycan

Unicellular Autotrophic & heterotrophic

Methanogens

Eukarya Protista Eukaryotic Mixed Unicellular &multicellular

Autotrophic & heterotrophic

AmoebasEuglenasKelps

Eukarya Fungi Eukaryotic Cell wall, chitin

Unicellular &multicellular

Heterotrophic YeastsMushrooms

Eukarya Plantae Eukaryotic Cell wall, cellulose

Multicellular Autotrophic FernsPine treesMoss

Eukarya Animalia Eukaryotic No cell wall Multicellular Heterotrophic BirdsEarthwormsFish

DOMAIN KINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS

Characteristics– Eukaryotic

– Multicellular

– Sessile

– Photoautotrophic

– Cell wall made of cellulose

– Life cycle involves “Alternation of Generations”

Cell Membrane

Nucleus

Chloroplast

Central Vacuole

Cell Wall

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Section:

Cone-bearing plants760 species

Ferns andtheir relatives

11,000 species

Mosses andtheir relatives

15,600 species

Flowering plants235,000 species

• Plants are the base for the food chain on land• Provide shade, shelter and oxygen• Evolved more than 470 million years ago• Ex. Trees, shrubs, grasses, mosses and ferns

• How are plants different from animals?

• Evolved from multicellular green algae

• First plants were dependent on water

• Similar to today’s mosses (in structure and growth close to the ground)

• Evolved different adaptations for terrestrial environments

• Requirements for plant survival:• Sunlight• Water and minerals• Movement of water

and nutrients• Gas exchange

Challenges of Terrestrial Life• Problem 1: How to prevent drying out?

• Solution: Waxy cuticle covers surfaces of leaves.

• Problem 2: Waxy cuticle is also impermeable to gases… so how does gas exchange occur?• Solution: Stomata (small pores typically

found on the underside of leaves –opening and closing can be controlled as needed)

• Problem 3: Structural support… there is no water to hold the plants up.• Solution: Lignin (an organic polymer that

makes the plant woody and therefore rigid)

• Problem 4: Source of water and nutrients?• Solution: Water and nutrients are taken

up by the root and vascular systems.• Problem 5: Reproduction – fertilization and

dispersal without a liquid medium• Solution: Use complex systems to employ

wind, water, and different organisms for both fertilization and dispersal.

Alternation of Generations• Gametophyte Plant

– Haploid (N)

– Gamete-producing generation• Gametes are haploid cells that

fuse together to form new diploid individual

• Sporophyte Plant– Diploid (2N)

– Spore-producing generation• Spores produce new

individuals by mitosis

– All plants have both phases, but in different forms

– Seed plants can reproduce independently of water

– Some plants also reproduce asexually (vegetative)

Haploid

DiploidMEIOSIS

Spores(N)

FERTILIZATION

Sperm(N)

Eggs(N)

Sporophyte Plant (2N)

Gametophyte Plant (N)

Diploid (2n)

Haploid (n)

Multicellular haploid (n) individual (gametophyte)

Multicellular diploid (2n) individual (sporophyte)

Diploid (2n) zygote

Haploid (n) gamete

Haploid (n) cells (spores)

Gamete (n) from another plant

Classification

Nonvascular plants

Bryophytes (mosses,

hornworts, & liverworts)

Vascular plants

Seedless plants

Pterophytes (ferns)

Psilophytes ( whisk ferns)

Sphenophytes (horsetails)

Lycophytes (club mosses)

Seed plants

Cone-bearing

plants

Gymnosperms (evergreens)

Flowering

plants

Angiosperms (plants with

flowers or fruit)

Gymnosperms (Cone-bearing plants)

Seedless Vascular Plants(Ferns and their relatives)

Seeds

Water-Conducting(Vascular) Tissue

Bryophytes (mosses & their relatives)

Angiosperms (Flowering plants)

Flowers and Fruits

Multicellular Green Algae

Bryophytes

Most primitive plants; found in moist, shady areas

Non-vascular (water transport by osmosis)

Have “leafy stems” & root-like “rhizoids,” but lack true roots, stems, & leaves

Small size; close to ground

Gametophyte (haploid) stage is dominant during life cycle

Fertilization is dependent on water

Important in preventing erosion & as a food source for herbivores

Used commercially as fuel, soil conditioners, by florists, etc.

Examples:

Mosses

Hornworts

Liverworts

Seedless Tracheophytes Vascular system

Xylem – transports water & minerals up from roots & act as supports

Phloem – transports sugars from leaves to stem(s) & roots

Vascular system allowed plants to grow taller

Specialized roots, stems, & leaves/fronds Sporophyte (diploid) stage is dominant

during life cycle Reproduce using spores—not seeds;

fertilization is dependent on water Important in preventing erosion & as

a food source for herbivores (even some populations of humans!)

Often used as ornamental plants Examples:

Pterophytes (ferns) Psilophytes (whisk ferns) Sphenophytes (horsetails) Lycophytes (club mosses)

Phloem Xylem

Seed Plants Fertilization (aka pollination)

Independent of water Pollen (male gametophyte)

carried to female gametophyte by wind, insects, birds, or small animals

Seeds Plant embryo (result of

fertilization) Encased in a protective

covering (seed coat) Surrounded by nutritional

tissue (food supply) Will often remain dormant

during unfavorable conditions

Seed CoatStored Food

Supply

Embryo

Seed Leaf

• Cones: sporophyte structures which are seeding bearing for gymnosperms

• Flowers: seed-bearing structure of angiosperms

• Pollen Grains: contain male gametophytes

• Seeds: embryo of seed plant with seed coat and food supply

– Eaten and dispersed by animals or stick to their fur

– Fossils from 30 million years ago

A Bee With Pollen On It’s Leg

Gymnosperms – Cone Bearers Produce “naked seeds” (not in fruit) Pollen usually distributed by wind Seeds usually produced

in cone-like structures Examples:

Gnetophytes Ex: Welwitschia

Lives in Namibian desert Large, leathery leaves Spreads out across the

ground

Gymnosperms – Cone Bearers Produce “naked seeds” (not in fruit) Pollen usually distributed by wind Seeds usually produced

in cone-like structures Examples:

Cycads (palm-like cone bearers) Palm-like plants with large

cones Appeared during Triassic

Period (225 MYA) Grow in tropics & subtropics

Gymnosperms – Cone Bearers Produce “naked seeds” (not in fruit) Pollen usually distributed by wind Seeds usually produced

in cone-like structures Examples:

Ginkgoes (only Ginkgo biloba) One of the oldest seed plant

species alive Cultivated in China & planted

around temples Often planted in urban settings in

US due to resistance to air pollution

Gymnosperms – Cone Bearers Produce “naked seeds” (not in fruit) Pollen usually distributed by wind Seeds usually produced

in cone-like structures Examples:

Conifers (pines, spruces, cedars, firs, sequoias, redwoods, & yews) Long, thin leaves (i.e. pine

needles) Most are “evergreens” with

cycling of needles

Angiosperms – Flowering Plants Includes most modern living plants Produce seeds enclosed in fruit Flowers increase efficiency of fertilization

Insects, birds, and animals transport pollen between flowers

Fruit increases seed dispersal Animals and birds eat fruit and seeds Seeds are often excreted far from

where they were consumed

Stored Food Supply

Flesh of fruit

Embryo

Seed Coat

• Phylum Anthophyta “enclosed seed”• Dominate Earth’s plant life• Reproduce with flowers or fruits• Cretaceous Period (135 million years ago) arrival• Ovary develops into fruits to protect seed and for dispersal• Fruit-thick wall of tissue surrounding the seed

The pistil contains the female organs.

The stamen contains the male organs.

StigmaStyle OvaryOvule

Petal

Anthers(micro-sporangia)

Filament

Sepal

Receptacle

Cotyledons• Seed leaves in the plant

embryo

Monocots • One seed leaf• Parallel veins in leaves• Multiples of 3 floral parts• Vascular bundles

scattered• Fibrous roots

Dicots• Two seed leaves• Branched veins in leaves• Multiples of 4 or 5 floral

parts• Vascular bundles in a ring• Taproot

Monocots Dicots

Seeds

Leaves

Flowers

Stems

Roots

Single cotyledon

Parallel veins

Floral parts often in multiples of 3

Vascularbundlesscattered throughout stem

Fibrous roots

Two cotyledons

Branched veins

Floral parts often in multiplesof 4 or 5

Vascularbundlesarranged ina ring

Taproot

Life Span• Annuals

– Complete a life-cycle within one growing season

– Ex: marigolds, petunias, pansies, zinnias, wheat, and cucumbers

• Biennials– Complete their life-cycle in 2

years• Year 1: germinate and grow

roots and very short stems• Year 2: grow new stems and

leaves; produce flowers and seeds

– Ex: primrose, parsley, and celery

• Perennials– Live for more than 2 years– Ex: asparagus, grasses

(herbaceous stems)– Ex: maple trees (wood stems)

Stem Type• Woody Plants

– Made of cells with thick cell walls (i.e. trees, shrubs and vines)

• Ex: grapes and ivy vines• Ex: blueberries and rose

bushes

• Herbaceous Plants– No wood production as they

grow – Ex: dandelions, zinnias,

sunflowers and petunias

Medicines Originally Derived From PlantsName Original source Uses

AspirinWillow leaves and bark

Relieves pain &reduces fever; the world’s most widely used drug

Codeine Poppy fruits Relieves pain

DigitalisFoxglovesleaves

Regulates irregular heartbeat

EphedrineEphedrastems

Relieves high blood pressure & symptoms of asthma & hay fever; decongestant

Hydro-cortisone

Yam tubersRelieves symptoms of allergies & arthritis

QuinineCinchona tree bark

Prevents malaria & relieves symptoms of malaria

Reserpine Snakeroot rootsRelieves high blood pressure & symptoms of schizophrenia

Taxol Yew barkReduces the size of cancerous tumors

Vinblastine, Vincristine

Rosy periwinkle plants

Used to treat cancers such as Hodgkin’s disease & acute childhood leukemia

What was the greatest challenge that plants had to overcome to live on land?

A. Drying out

B. Making seeds

C. Growing tall

D. Transporting nutrients

What is the most primitive division of plants because they have no vascular system?

A. Angiosperms

B. Tracheophytes

C. Bryophytes

D. Gymnosperms