design to thrive - unifi · understanding envi-met (v4) model behaviour in relation to...

DESIGN TO THRIVE

Editors :Luisa Brotas

Susan RoafFergus Nicol

V o l u m e I I Proceedings

PLEA 2017 Conference

Design to Thrive - PLEA 2017

Proceedings of 33rd PLEA International Conference Design to Thrive

Edinburgh, 2th-5th July 2017PLEA 2017 Conference www.plea2017.net

Published by NCEUB 2017 Network for Comfort and Energy Use in Buildings http://nceub.org.uk

to download go online to www.nceub.org.uk

Copyright in the contents, the cover, the design and the typographical arrangement of this publication rests with the NCEUB unless otherwise

stated. Copyright of the individual papers remains with the Authors. The Editors do not accept any responsibility for the content of the papers

herein published. The contents of this publication may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium for the purposes of private research

and study or for internal circulation within an organisation.

This is subject to the contents being reproduced accurately and not in a way that implies

official status. The reproduced material must be acknowledged as NCEUB Copyright and the title of the publication specified. Any other use of the contents of this publication would require a copyright licence or written

authorisation by the Authors.

All contributions to the 2017 PLEA Conferenceincluded herein were independently peer reviewed as a full paper,

prior to publication.

ISBN 978-0-9928957-5-4 Copyright © NCEUB 2017

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Table of Contents

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IntroductiontotheProceedingsofPLEA2017 iiVolumeContents iv

Volume2CoolCitiesandUrbanHeatIslands 1628RethinkingaclassictechniqueofassessingthesuccessofurbanoutdoorSpaces 1629MaryMylaAndamonandAndrewStephenCarre

AnevaluationofseasonalpatternsofthermalconditionsinsideavegetatedcourtyardareaofaMediterraneancity(Athens) 1637IoannisCharalampopoulos,FotoulaDroulia,AretiTseliouandIoannisTsiros

Evaluationofasustainableurbanredevelopmentprojectintermsofmicroclimateimprovement 1645AngelikiChatzidimitriou,SpyrosKanouras,LenaTopliandMichaelBruse

EnvironmentalmodelingusingWUDAPTforaddressingclimatechangeissuesimpactingurbanareas 1653JasonK.Ching,GeraldMills,LindaSee,ValeryMasson,JuliaHidalgo,XuemeiWang,BenjaminBechtel,OscarBrousse,AdelHanna,DevNiyogi,DanAliaga

Usingurbanindexestopredicturbanairtemperatures:anintegrationofANNmodelsandGIS 1661PedroRenanDebiazi,LéaCristinaLucasdeSouza

UrbanWindPatternsinHigh-RiseResidentialSuper-Blocks:assessingpedestriancomfort,airqualityandbuildingventilationpotential 1669MarkDeKay,SitanZhu,J.CullenSayegh,GengLiu,

Anovelapproachtopredictreal-timeurbanheatislandeffectandindoorOverheating 1677HuDu,PhillipJonesandChaoLong

Disentanglingtheinfluencesofatmosphericstabilityandurbanformonlocalcoolinginahighlatitudecity:evidencefromGlasgow 1685RohintonEmmanuelandPatriciahDrach

IsUrbanHeatIslandMitigationNecessarilyaWorthyObjective? 1693EvyatarErell

CoolingthecityofDelft–aparkdesignaimingforaminimizationofheatStress 1701MarjoleinPijpers-vanEsch,AlexanderWandlandArjanvanTimmeren7

SimulationandcomparisonofurbanheatislandmitigationstrategiesunderMediterraneanclimate:ThecaseofDoradistrict,Beirut,Lebanon 1709JeffFahed,StéphaneGinestet,EliasKinabandLucAdolphe

Optimizationofneighbourhoodgreenratingforexistingurbanformsthroughmitigationstrategies:AcasestudyinCairo,Egypt 1717MohammadFahmy,YasserIbrahimandHanyMokhtar

MappingLocalClimateZonesforSãoPauloMetropolitanRegion:acomparisonbetweenthelocalclimatezonemapandtwootherlocalmaps 1725LucianaSchwandnerFerreira,AlessandraPrataShimomura,AndersonTarginoFerreira,DeniseHelenaSilvaDuarte

Dosmallscalegreenspacesfunctionas"coolislands"withintheurbanheatisland?CharacteristicsandperformanceofselectedgreenspacesincentralLondon 1733AnneHanrahanandFrancesHill

Theinfluenceofangularroadorientationsonhigh-densityurbanventilationatpedestrianlevel 1741YueyangHe,AbelTabladaandNyukHienWong

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CoolroofandnaturalventilationforUHImitigationandindoorcomfort–coolingindicatorsforacommercialbuilding 1749MadiKaboré,EmmanuelBozonnet,PatrickSalagnac,MarcAbadieandRémiPerrin

TheinfluenceofbioclimaticurbanredevelopmentonoutdoorthermalComfort 1757IoannisKarakounos,ArgiroDimoudi,StamatisZoras

ImpactofUrbangreenopenspace/playfieldinthestreetlevelmicroclimateofresidentialareaatDhaka,Bangladesh 1765AhmedYousufKhan,RuksanaAfrozandKhandorkertariqulIslam

AComputationalApproachinTheWindDistributiontoEvaluatethePedestrianThermalComfortThroughtheEffectofRoofGardenPlacement 1773MochamadDonnyKoerniawan,Suhendri

Eco-districtdesignanddecisionprocessthroughbuildingenergyandlocalmicroclimateassessment 1781Georgios-EvrystheasKyriakodis,MaximeDoya,EmmanuelBozonnetandPeterRiederer

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ArchitecturalArchetypesDatabasePropositionsforWUDAPTValéryMasson,MarionBonhomme,JuliaHidalgo,NathalieThornay,SergeFaraut,RobertSchoetter,LindaSee,JasonChing,GeraldMills,EdwardNg,ChaoRen

UsingWUDAPTtoexploreurbanexposuretoclimaterisksinselectedcitiesGeraldMills,BenjaminBechtel,PaulAlexander,NatalieTheeuwes,MichalFoley,JasonChing,ChaoRen,XuYong

TheCityofSalvador'sUrbanPlanningbasedonUrbanClimateInvestigationsJussanaNery,TerezaMoura,TelmaAndrade,LutzKatzschner,ElisabeteSantos

CoolingLoadMappingbyUsingtheSummerTemperatureandHumidityDistributionsinHiroshimaShuheiOta,KaoruMatsuo,MakotoYokoyama,YuiSasakiandTakahiroTanaka

DiamondBazaarsinMumbai-UseradaptabilityandcomfortinurbanoutdoorspacesinahotandhumidclimateSaachiPadubidri

DensityandEnvironmentalPerformance:AnalysingDiverseCharacteristicsofOutdoorThermalEnvironmentinUrbanVillages,ShenzhenWenjianPan,JuanDu

Parkdesignandpedestrianthermalstress:evaluatingtheeffectsofshadeandgroundsurfacematerialsDavidPearlmutter,MartinaPetralli,MarcoNapoli,LucianoMassetti,GiadaBrandaniandSimoneOrlandini

Sensitivityanalysisof‘LocalClimateZone’basedurbanmorphologyparametersforoutdoorthermalcomfortinthetropicsNareinPereraandRohintonEmmanuel

ImpactofSolarAccessonvisitors'BehaviorinanUrbanSquareinaSubtropicalLocationNicolePiaskowy,EduardoKrüger

UrbanGreeneryasaToolforCityCooling:TheIsraeliExperienceinaVarietyofClimaticZonesOdedPotchterandLimorShashua-Bar

Comparisonofhigh-resolutionclimatemodeldatawithaTestReferenceYearforbuildingsimulationsDelphineRamon,HendrikWouters,NicolevanLipzigandKarenAllacker

China'sUrbanWindCorridorPlan:TheStorybehindClimateChangeAdaptationandEco-PlanninginChineseCitiesChaoRen,EdwardNg

Greenspaces,proposalfortheimprovementoftheclimateintropicalcitiesMireyaAliciaRosas-Lusett,MiguelÁngelBartorila,JoséAdánEspunaMújicaandEduardoCamachoOropeza

VegetationCoverandSurfaceTemperatureinUrbanAreas:AnAnalysisUsingRemoteSensingintheCityofSalvador,Bahia,BrazilRossanaSantos,TelmaAndrade,NeilaBranco,PatríciaBorja,JúlioPedrassoliandThiagoVale

EnvironmentalDensificationApproachesforBerlin.MitigatingtheUrbanHeatIslandEffectJilSchrothandRosaSchiano-Phan

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Potentials of Enhancing Urban Cooling through Differential Riparian Shadingof Wetlands through Advection: Findings of field measurements and simulation study Abu Taib Mohammed Shahjahan, Khandaker Shabbir Ahmed

Urban vegetation as a strategy to reduce heat island effects in the Mediterranean climate context, Lisbon – Portugal Caio Silva, Teresa Santos e José Antonio Tenedório

Urban Water Pond Cooling Effect and Related Microclimate Parameter: a Scale Model Study Nedyomukti Imam Syafii, Masayuki Ichinose, Eiko Kumakura, Steve Kardinal Jusuf, Kohei Chigusa and Nyuk Hien Wong

Awareness trends of urban thermal environment during summer based on tweets and photos Koujirou Takeda, Eiko Kumakura, Nobuyuki Sunaga

Urban Geometry Design Guidelines for Heat Mitigation and Airflow in Bangkok Pattaranan Takkanon

The impact of increasing surface albedo on pedestrians’ thermal comfort Mohammad Taleghani

Applying WUDAPT Product into the Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Land Use Change in the Pearl River Delta Region from 1988 to 2009 Ran Wang, Chao Ren, Yong Xu and Edward Ng

Microclimate on outdoor spaces in the context of tropical climate: a case study in Brasilia – Brazil Daniela Werneck and Marta Romero

Making Climatic Zoning Maps in Yokohama -Comparison between WRF model and MSSG model Makoto Yokoyama, Takahiro Tanaka, Satoru Sadohara and Toru Sugiyama

A Modelling-Mapping Approach for Fine-Scale Natural Ventilation Evaluation in High Density Cities Chao Yuan, Leslie Norford, Rex Britter, Edward Ng

CultureandSocietySustainable Rehabilitation in the low-income residential sector of Medellín, Colombia. A model for oriented self-construction Verónica Lopera and Alexander González

The use of nostalgia at the ideation stage of permaculture design: opportunities for sustainability? Mary Loveday Edwards and Dr Bruce Carnie

The Dual Role of Technology in Architecture: A Conceptual Framework and its Educational Application Michael McGlynn

Pedestrian Comfort in Open Urban Spaces - A Conceptual Approach Paula Lelis Rabelo Albala Roberta Consentino Kronka Mülfarth

Evaluation of Social Dimensional Sustainability of Built Environment in the Poor Rural Areas of China Li Wan, Edward Ng

DigitalDesignAn energy efficiency optimization method applying adaptive thermal comfort in a public office building in San Juan-Argentina Bruno Arballo, Ernesto Kuchen and Daniel Chuk

A differential growth approach to solar envelope generation in complex urban environments Giovanni Betti and Stefano Arrighi

Buildings with large glazed surfaces: optimization of solar control strategies in relation to the building's thermal inertia Antonio Carbonari

Computational simulation analysis and calibration of insulation in social housing in the city of Valparaíso, Chile Francisco Carrasco, Jaime Espinoza and Nina Hormazabal

The Power of Transformation: Modifying Colour and Geometry as the Primary Means of Transforming Existing Building Envelopes Isak Worre Foged

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Theenvironmentalpotentialofmulti-storeyhousingincentralSaoPaulo:Anopportunityforreoccupyingthecity 2061JoanaCarlaSoaresGonçalvesandMônicaDolce

OutdoorSpaceModellingforBIM-BASEDBuildingThermalSimulation 2069HidenoriKawai,TakashiAsawaandYutaManabe

Limitingthebuildings'envelopesinordertopreventthesurroundingmaskeffect:towardsanefficientimplementationinthecontextofSketchUp 2077ThomasLeducandKevinHartwell

Theanalysisanddesignstrategyresearchofthenewedition“AssessmentStandardforGreenBuilding"ofChina 2084JiweiLi,LixiongWang,JuanliGuo,HeXuandHongxinFeng

Aparametricsensitivityanalysisoftheimpactofbuiltenvironmentgeometricalvariablesonbuildingenergyconsumption 2092AnasM.HosneyLilaandSimonLannon

TheIntegrationofOutdoorThermalSimulationToolsinArchitecturalDesign 2100EmanueleNaboni,MarcoMeloni,SilviaCoccolo,FedericoCucchi,GiacomoMacrelli,JérômeKaempf,Jean-LouisScartezzini

Shapeoptimizationoflouverbynumericalanalysisofsolarradiation 2108KazuakiNakaohkubo

ThermalperformancesimulationofgreenroofonsocialhousinginhotanddryclimateinBrazil 2116BiancadeAbreuNegreiros,RodgerEdwards,AldomarPedriniandClaraOvídio

Integratingurbanenergysimulationinaparametricenvironment:aGrasshopperinterfaceforCitySim 2124GiuseppePeronato,JérômeH.Kämpf,EmmanuelRey,MarilyneAndersen

TowardsaHolisticApproachtoLow-EnergyBuildingDesign:ConsequencesofMetricsforEvaluationofSpatialQualityonDesign 2132PilBrixPurup,StinaRaskJensen,SteffenPetersenandPoulHenningKirkegaard

RaisingEnergy-EfficiencyofaHeritageBuilding–AModelledCaseStudy:TheCommercialChamberinAlexandria,Egypt 2140YousraRashad,KhaledEl-Deeb,NevineGharib

Interdisciplinarityarounddesigntoolsfornewbuildingsanddistricts:theANRMERUBBIproject 2148MathieuSchumann,ThierryDuforestel,HassanBouia,MathiasBouquerel,AdrienBrun,ClémentRibault,ThomasLeduc,NadiaHoyet,MarcDeFouquet,EmmanuelDufrasnes,Jean-MarieSonnet,RégisLécussan,GillesRusaouen

UnderstandingENVI-met(V4)modelbehaviourinrelationtoenvironmentalVariables 2156TaniaSharminandKoenSteemers

AssessingCoolingEnergyLoadandDehumidificationinHousingBuilttoPassivhausStandardinJakarta,Indonesia 2165RoyCandraSigalingging,DavidChowandSteveSharples

EvaluationofENVI-met’smultiple-nodemodelandestimationofindoorClimate 2173HelgeSimon,LukasKisselandMichaelBruse

Performance-Based3DInteriorSpaceLayoutOptimization 2181YunKyuYi

EducationandTraining 2189Changingattitudesineducatingthedevelopingworld:IncorporatingEarthConstructioninEastAfricancurriculum 2190AchillesAhimbisibwe,AlexNdibwami

Decipheringthecodeof‘sustainable’architecture;ExploringthediscourseofPLEA2014 2197SaraAlsaadani

TheEthicalCommitmenttoSustainabilityintheGulfCountries;ArchitecturalEducationChallenge 2205KheiraTabetAoul

EnhancingCreativityandIndependentLearningofArchitecturalTechnologyStudentsthroughtheuseofaRealLifeDesignCompetitionModule 2213HeatherBibbingsandPiotrAntoniBieluga

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Designedresponse:Informingfuturestudentinquiryusingdesignframeworksandfull-scaleconstruction 2220KennethBlack

Experientialaestheticsasabasisfordesignintheclassroom 2228GailBrager

LifeCycleorientedDesignputintoPractise-Designing(andBuilding)anewPavilionfortheStudents’UnionattheUniversityofAppliedSciencesBremen 2236MariaClarke,AndreaDungandMichaelaHoppe

Thinkinghands:Ahands-on,pedagogicallivinglabapproachtogreenbuildingmethodsinhotaridregions 2244MarwaDabaieh,DeenaElMahdyandDalyaMaguid

Research,educationandtransfer:energyefficiencyforsustainablebuilding 2252SilviadeSchillerandJulianMartinEvans

ArchitecturalDesignStudioasatooltopromoteUniversitySocialResponsibility(USR)intheimprovementofurbanenvironments 2259MontserratDelpinoandMaríaIsabelRivera

Theschoolyard:anopportunitytolearn,playandmakecommunity 2267ValentinaDessi,AntonellaBellomo

SuccessofSolarEntrepreneurshipDevelopmentProgrammesTowardsSolarEnergyMission 2275AvadhootDixitandPriyankaBendigiri

Teachinginnovationandtheuseofsocialnetworksinarchitecture:LearningBuildingServicesDesignforSmartandEnergyEfficientBuildings 2283SamuelDomínguez-Amarillo,JesicaFernández-Agüera,PatriciaFernández-Agüera

EducationforSustainableDevelopmentoftheBuiltEnvironment:Problem-BasedLearningApproachforEmbeddingSustainability 2291HebaElsharkawyandSaharZahiri

AStudyonImprovingOnlineSustainableDesignStudios 2299RobertFryerandRobFleming

MovingfromSnapshotstoMovies:TheAnalysisofaDesignProcessCombiningIntegralTheoryandSystemsThinking 2307RobertFryer

Sustainablearchitectureandinnovativetechnologiesfordeeprenovationofschoolbuildings:thedesignexperienceintheEnvironmentalDesigncourseofthearchitectureschoolattheUniversityofFlorence 2315PaolaGallo,RosaRomano

HandbookforSustainableConstructioninEasternAfrica 2323SusanneGampfer

AclassificationmodelforurbanspatialinterventionsinrelationtourbanMetabolism 2331UlfHackauf,ArjanvanTimmeren

SustainablematerialuseintheZeroPentathlon,adesignassignmentonholisticsustainablerenovationofdwellings 2339ElkeKnapen,ElkeMeex,BartJanssensandGrietVerbeeck

TinySchool-AThoughtExperimentinIndianArchitecturalEducation 2347HarshitSinghKothariandTanviJain

Neighbourhood-scaleEvaluationtoBenchmarktheIntegrationofUrbanSustainability(NEBIUS).Aninnovativeeducationandresearchmethodology 2355SophieLufkin,EmmanuelRey

BuildingBridgesorChasms?Separatingenergyefficiencyeducationforbetterintegration 2363SanyogitaManu,PrasadVaidyaandRajanRawal

Frommodeltomodel:LessonsofperimeterinJaimeSanfuentes’houses 2371GinniaMoroniandHugoPérez

Articulation,SpaceandSustainability:AReportondiplomastudentprojectsattheTechnion,Israel 2379JonathanNatanian,OrAleksandrowicz

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Energyperformanceanalysisininterdisciplinaryeducation–Lessonslearnedfromasimulation-basedteachingapproach 2387EmilieNault,SergiAguacil,EmmanuelReyandMarilyneAndersen

TheUniversityasagentofchangeinthecity:Co-creationoflivecommunityArchitecture 2395DrRachelSaraandDrMatthewJones

EducationalBuildingsasEducationalBuildings:Cansustainablearchitecturehelpsupportsustainabilityinthecurriculum? 2403ClaireSpeedieandMarkMulville

Redesignyourpreviousdesignstudioworkaccordingtotheenvironment!-Learnprinciplesofenvironmentaldesignfromfamousarchitect’shousesandtakingyourownfieldmeasurements- 2411MasahitoTakata,ShinTaniguchiandAkiraHoyano

SustainableLightingDesign–Appropriatemetricsforbuiltenvironmenteducation? 2419GillianTreacy

ArchitecturaldesignteachinginBrazil–experiencesinthemidstofschool’sMultiplication 2427TaianaCarVidotto,AnaMariaReisdeGoesMonteiro

Biomimeticsinarchitecture 2435BarbaraWidera

EnergyEfficiency 2443CampusWideEnergyIntensityReductionthroughPerformanceEvaluationatBuildingLevel-anExampleinSingapore 2444PatriciaAlvina,NileshY.Jadhav,PriyaPawar,GeraldineThough

EnergyconsumptionmeterforhousingwithhardwareandopensourceDesign 2452MiguelArzate,GerardoArzateandSilviaGarcía

EvaluationofdifferentshadingdevicesforaTehranprimaryschoolclassroom 2459ZahraBalador,FatemehImani,MortenGjerd

PrioritisingEnergyEfficiencyMeasuresUsingHouseholdArchetypes 2467HuiBenandKoenSteemers

LabellingoftheenergeticefficiencyonacasestudyinPassoFundo,RS,Brazil,inaccordancewiththementionedmethodsundertherespectiveBrazilianregulation–RTQ–C. 2475LetianeBeninca,GraceCardosoandCristianaRodrigues

Post-OccupancyEvaluationforaschoolbuilding:acasestudyinthecityofPassoFundo/RS–Brazil 2483GraceCardoso,TalesVisentin,LetianeBenincáandAlcindoNeckel

SolarUrbanismandBuildingDesigninBuenosAires–DesignGuidelines 2491FlorenciaColloandSimosYannas

EnergyEfficiencyinHigherEducation 2499AlejandraCortés,PazArayaandManuelDiaz

MorphologicalcharacteristicsandenergyconsumptionofofficebuildingsinthecentralareaofBrasilia 2507JoaoCosta,NataliaOliveiraandClaudiaAmorim

ReshapingArchitecturalChoicethroughAdaptationinAl-Khobar,SaudiArabia 2515NoorihanDeraz

ImpactofShadingWindowsontheSignificanceofThermalInsulation 2523KhaledEl-Deeb

Multi-ZoneAdaptiveBuildingEnvelope:aPilotStudy 2531JamesErickson

AstudyofthethermalperformanceoftweedcurtainsundercontrolledConditions 2539RichardFitton,AlexMarshall,MoaadBenjaber,WilliamSwan

Developinganewweatherindicatorforbettermanagementofenvironmentalcontrolandenergyconsumptioningalleriesandmuseums 2547ShashwatGanguly,FanWang,andMichaelBrowne

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Optimalcalculationofoutdoorairfractionforconservingenergy 2555GoopyoHong,JunHong,DaeungDannyKimandByungseonSeanKim

NearlyZeroEnergyLaboratoryBuildings(nZELab) 2563MichaelJKeltsch

StatisticalAnalysisoftheInfluenceofConstructiveParametersintheEnergyEfficiencyofaBuilding 2571AmandaFragaKrelling,AnaMirthesHackenberg,ElisaHenning

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Anenergy-neutralitybasedevaluationintotheeffectivenessofoccupancysensorsinbuildings:Anintegratedlife-cyclestudyTarunKumarandMontoMani

Thermal-energyperformanceforofficebuildingsinBrazilusingmultiobjectiveOptimizationFelipedaSilvaDuarteLopes,DanielCóstolaandLucilaChebelLabaki

AnAssessmentofGlazingSystemssuitablefortheMediterraneanClimateEtienneMagri,VincentBuhagiarandSimonPaulBorg

DoesEnergyPerformanceCertificationevenlyincreaseresidentialvalues?CarlosMarmolejo-Duarte

IncorporatingBiomimicryPrinciplesintoBuildingEnvelopes:AnOverviewonDevelopedExamplesMaryamFarzinMoghaddamandSoofiaTahiraElias-Ozkan

ReinforcementLearningforsmartbuildingsandcitiesZoltanNagy,JuneYoungParkandJoseVazquez-Canteli

ModernrequirementforthermalperformanceofbuildingenvelopeinRussiaAnnaNefedova,BykovaIuliia,AnatolijsBorodinecs,DaryaNemova

Envelopedesignofmixed-modeofficebuildings:theoryversuspracticeLeticiaNeves,RafaelManoel,KarinChvatalandCarolineSantesso

UKGovernment’sHouseholdEnergyEfficiencyIncentivesandSocialHousingOrganizations’PerspectiveonEnergyEfficiencyRetrofitSurajPaneru,AmarBennadjiandDavidMoore

Impactofsurfacemodulationonsolarheatgain:Aperformanceevaluationofbrickcantilevers/overhangsinbrickworkGargiPriyamwada,RajanRawal,RashminDamle

SimulationsforenergyefficiencyofresidentialandofficebuildingSkyscrapersTanyaSaroglou,IsaacA.Meir,TheodorosTheodosiou

VarietyandBiasintheEnergyPerformanceCertificationforExistingResidentialPropertiesacrossEuropeSallySempleandDrDavidJenkins

IntegrationofpassiveandactivesolartechniquestowardsdevelopingaZero-EnergyStrategyforEgyptianofficeBuildingsAhmedShahin,DaisukeSumiyoshi

Electricitygenerationinsocialhousing:strategiesforZEBhousesinBrasíliaLarissaO.Sudbrack,CláudiaN.D.AmorimandCaioF.Silva

TheWindowtoWallRatioforHigh-RiseOfficeBuildingsinaTemperateClimate:AssessingFaçadeEmbodiedEnergyandBuildingOperativeEnergy(LifeCycleEnergy)inLondonHashemTaherandHebaElsharkawy

FactorsaffectingtheenergyconsumptionforspaceheatingofresidentialbuildingsinTashkentregion,UzbekistanGulnoraTangabaeva,TetsuKubota

EstablishingBaselineandExperimentalSet-UpforPerformanceEvaluationofInnovativeSolarInsulationFilmforFenestration:ATest-bedintheTropicsRithikaSusanThomasandPriyaPawar

EffectofAirConditioningOperationPatternsonIndoorThermalEnvironmentandEnergyConsumptionofMulti-ResidentialBuildingsinHotandHumidRegionMeinanWang,NobuyukiSunaga,JinghuiMaandMeilingZhang

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StudiesonenergyperformanceutilizingcomputersimulationstowardsaZEBbuilding:acasestudyinChicoMendesInstituteinBrasiliaDanielaWerneck,JoãoCosta,JoãoAguiar,NatáliaSousa,AdrianoLopes,ClaudiaAmorim

FutureCityVisionsThePortrayalofRenewablesinScienceFictionFilms:AUtopicorDystopicFuture?IslamAbohela

Geospatialanalysisofbike-sharingsystemsAlexandraBardócziandKristófKapitány

CompactCitiesvsSpreadCitiesOscarDCorbellaandPatriciaRDrach

StateInvestmentinArchitectureandPublicHealthintheScarceResourcesResidentialSectorofMedellin,ColombiaAnnyGómezPatiñoandAlexanderGonzálezCastaño

UsabilityanalysisinpublicspacesinMedellin,ColombiaNataliaIsabelJiménezGuarín,LauraRestrepoÁvalosandJuanEstebanTobónRamírez

DesertificationandcityresilienceinSiwa,EgyptInjiKenawyandSalwaAlHegazi

LessonsfromFukushimaDisasterforArchitectstowardsaPost-NuclearAgeKen-ichiKimura

SuzhouIndustrialPark:ACaseStudyofTownBuildingbasedonSingaporeModelZhongjieLin,YingHu

TheSocietalImpactMethodology–ConnectingCitizens,SustainabilityAwareness,TechnologicalInterventions&Co-creativeCityVisionsCraigLeeMartin,AndyvandenDobbelsteenandGregKeeffe

“multipliCities”:multi-scaleenergymodellingofurbanarchetypebuildings,case-studyinToulouseTathianeA.L.Martins,SergeFaraut,LucAdolphe,NathalieTornay,MarionBonhomme,GenevieveBretagne,PatriceContartandGeraldineCasaux-Ginestet

Re-inhabitingtheroof:HanSlawikCoveredRoofTerrace,AmsterdamSimoneMedio

StrategicUrbanPlanfortheAraucaniaRegion(Chile):TheurbanandenvironmentalawarenessoftheCommunityIrenePerez,AndreaMaldonado

CriticalmappingfortransformationalcitiesDr.RobRoggemaandLeenaThomas

EvaluatingFutureLandUseScenariosfromtheViewpointofCO2EmissioninProvincialSmallTown:DesigningandassessingscenariosinFuchu,HiroshimaShotaTamura,TakahiroTanakaandShinpeiIwamoto

GreenInfrastructureTheeffectofgeometricalparametersofurbanstreetonshadingrequirementinhotaridclimate-ContemporaryurbanstreetofBiskra-NaidjaAmina,KhammarZedira,andPr.BourbiaFatiha

TransPLANT:TransportationHubArchitectureandLivingWallSystemsDanelleBriscoe

BenchmarkingtheEnvironmentalImpactofGreenandTraditionalMasonryWallConstructionsCorinneGauvreau-LemelinandShadyAttia

Thermalcomfortinoutdoorspaces:StreetmarketsinPresidentePrudente,BrazilBrunaHamanakaandCarolinaLotufoBueno-Bartholomei

LivingwithNature:TiakiTaiao/TiakiTangata.ThecaseofZealandiaWilliamHatton,BrunoMarquesandJacquelineMcIntosh

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InfluenceofExtensiveGreenRoofstotheLocalMicroclimate:coolingassessmentforasocialhousingprojectintheSouthofBrazilLisandraKrebs,ErikJohansson,CarlosKrebs,BeatrizFedrizziandEduardoGraladaCunha

TheFutureofaPastPorousCity:PublicspacesasintegratedcomponentsofLahijan’sstormwatermanagementinfrastructureMasoumehMirsafa

Urbangreeningasatoolforurbanheatislandmitigation–asurveyofresearchmethodologiesindifferentclimaticregionsHadasSaaroni,JorgeH.Amorim,JelleA.Hiemstra,DavidPearlmutter

AButterflyCommonsfortheIndustrialCenterofLosAngeles-AnecopositiveapproachtoazerocarbonbuiltenvironmentStevenSandifer,PhD

IntroductionofaBVOCemissionmodelintothemicroclimatemodelENVI-metHelgeSimonandMichaelBruse

GreeneryinGreenBuildingRatingToolsChunLiangTan,NyukHienWongandMarcelIgnatius

ASemi-EmpiricalModeltoEvaluateUrbanWindEnvironmentwithTreesChaoYuan,LeslieNorford,EdwardNg

HealthandAirQualityTheefficiencyofnaturalventilationtocombathospitalinfectionsJoãoAguiarandCaioSilva

ReinterpretingCourtyards:DesignforOccupantHealthandWell-beingSadiqaAlAwadhandPaulKenny

FirewoodheatingandpollutioninthesouthofChile:asystemsapproachforacomprehensiveliteraturereviewPazAraya

HealthyHomeBarometer–AsurveyamongEuropeancitizensSusannaBeranova,LoneFeifer,MarieW.Elkjær,UlrichBang,MichaelK.Rasmussen,JensChristoffersen

DetailedsimulationoftheindoorenvironmentasatooltodesignventilationsystemsinlowenergyhousesMariadelCarmenBocanegra-Yanez,PaulStrachan,JaniceFosterandTimSharpe

PerformanceComparisonofVOCsReductionbyThreeIndoorAirPollutionAbatementPlantsPasineeSunakorn,RamidaBandatran,ChanikarnYimprayoon

Connectinghouseholderswiththeirhomesusinglow-costtechnologicalInterventionsGloriaVargas,ChristopherTweedandGabrielaZapata-Lancaster

TheEffectoftheDessicantSolutionDropletonDehumidificationYu-LiehWu,Yuan-LinChenandChia-WeiLin

HistoricBuildings&RefurbishmentIntegrateddesignstrategiesforrenovationprojectswithBuilding-IntegratedPhotovoltaicstowardsLow-CarbonBuildings:TwocomparativecasestudiesinNeuchâtel(Switzerland)SergiAguacil,SophieLufkinandEmmanuel

TraditionalarchitecturalandenvironmentalfeaturesoftheoldcityofCádizElenaVilchesÁlvarezandSimosYannas

ThermalRetrofitting,RefurbishmentandRe-UseofTraditionalandHistoricBuildingStockinMalta:acost-sensitive,value-addedapproachJamesBonnici,VincentBuhagiarandSimonPaulBorg

Hygrothermalmodellingofasustainableretrofittakingintoaccounttheurbanmicroclimate.CasestudyofthemedievalcitycenterofCahors(France)SophieClaude,StéphaneGinestet,MarionBonhomme,GillesEscadeillas,JonathonTaylor,ValentinaMarincioniandHectorAltamirano

xiiiVOLUME II PLEA 2017 PROCEEDINGS - DESIGN TO THRIVE


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Therehabilitationofhistoricalheritageasurbanandsustainableregeneration:ThecaseofthecityofSevilleAntonioCubero-Hernandez,TeresaPerez-CanoandFranciscoMontero-Fernandez

RefurbishingtheCorviale:asustainablecityinsideasinglebuildingIreneGiglioandSimosYannas

AddressingThermalandDaylightPerformanceinEnergyEfficientRetrofits:TheMundellaCentreAchillesSophiaMadhiGnanaprakasam,LuceliaRodriguesandCarolineFox

Energy-efficientretrofittinginEducationalFacilitiesinHotAridClimateMohamedGomaa

TowardsenergytransitionofChileanpublicshousingfromthesixties,1010and1020CORVI’smodernarchitecturetypologiesNinaHormazábal,CarolinaCarrasco,NataliaBustamante

Building|CommunityResilience:identifyingrelationshipsthatreducedisaster-relatedbuildingdowntime,improvefunctionalityandbuildcapacityLisaD.Iulo,MariaHurtadoOrtiz,DanialMohabatDoost,MamakP.PourabdollahTootkaboni,LouiseComfort

Restored store in Marqués de Larios St.Rafael Rafael Assiego de Larriva, Carlos Cifuentes Álvarez, Fernando Gómez Gil, Gonzalo Gil Muñoz, Abel Porras Illescas

TheRenovActiveConcept–ahealthyandaffordablerenovationconceptJonasLindekens,SabinePauquay,IsabelleBruyereandLoneFeifer

DevelopmentofTraditionalArchitecture:TypologyTransformationoftheLebaneseHouseHabibMelki–AssociateProfessor

TheConstructionoftheEuropeanperipherysince1950.ConstructivetypesusedinAndalusiainacomparativestudywithEuropeanReferencesofInnovationDanielNavas-Carrillo,MaríaTeresaPérezCanoandJuanCarlosGómezdeCózar

ConversionofSantoDomingoofAtaresCastle:abioclimaticevidencebasedApproachTaliaQuesadaCampana,RosaSchiano-Phan

ComfortandEnergyEfficiencyinaVictorianHouseinthePast,PresentandFuturePriyaSinghandLuceliaRodrigues

ImprovingtheEnergyPerformanceofHistoricTimber-FramedBuildingsintheUKChristopherJ.Whitman,OrielPrizeman,JulieGwilliamandPeteWalker

LightTheinfluenceofbuilding`svolumetryandurbanconfigurationintheindoorenvironmentdaylightavailabilityLucianaBeck,FernandoPereiraandVeridianaScalco

NaturalversusartificiallightinguseinanofficebuildingunderclearsunnySkiesAzeddineBelakehal,KheiraTabetAoul,AmarBennadji

FactorsoftheluminousenvironmentinvolvedinmemorizationinundergraduatestudentswhileusingacomputerscreenYadiraBenítez,SalvadorIslas,DouglasLeonard,VíctorFuentesandFelipeGutíerrez

TheimportanceoftheinformationregulationavailableinthelampsPackagingHelenaCL.Brandão,MonaCarvalhoandFlaviaSouza

NewBuildings,NewLighting,NewCritique:StudentAnalysisofIntegratingDaylightandLEDLighting 3167MacyL.Brannan,MichaelJ.Coleman,LuzA.Escalante,ByronT.N.Greene,BruceT.Haglund,HannaR.Kuipers,XiaoyiLui,WilliamR.Lundgren,LiuyingqinYin

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Daylightandvisual comfortinoffice buildingsLuisaBrotas andFergusNicol

ExperimentalStudyofLightPipeandHeliostatforConductingSunlighttoUndergroundSpacesinPortoAlegreYasminBystronski,WaldoCosta-NetoandBetinaMartau

TowardnewdesignoflasercutpanelsforscatteringofsunlightathighLatitudesPaolaJaraCerdaandBarbaraSzybinskaMatusiak

xivVOLUME II PLEA 2017 PROCEEDINGS - DESIGN TO THRIVE


EffectsofAnidolicIntegratedCeilingininteriordaylightdistributionfordeepspacesunderhighexteriorilluminancelevels 3199SafaDaich,MohamedYacineSaadi,MorelloEugenio,BarbaraE.APiga,AhmedMotieDaiche,NoureddineZemmouri

Daylight:Thegood,thebad,andtheglary.Occupantperceptionsofthermalcomfort,visualcomfort,andproductivity 3205JuliaK.Day,SethHeronemusandRhianaMartin

ExternalVersusInternalSolarScreen:SimulationAnalysisforOptimalDaylightingandEnergySavingsinanOfficeSpace 3213FatmaFathy,HananSabry,AhmedAtefFaggal

DevelopmentofacalibratedmodelforproofofenergyefficientlightingconceptwithDaylightharvestinglighttubes 3221MatthiasHaaseandAndreasAmpenberger

Daylightstudyinachateauhall 3229JiriHirs,JitkaMohelnikova,LuisaBrotas,JosefFilla,AlenaSelucka,MartinDvorak

LightStudyinKiasmaMuseumofContemporaryArt 3237QianwenHongandBensonLau

Newmethodforanalysingaluminousenvironmentconsideringnon-imageformingeffectsoflight 3245ParisaKhademagha,MyriamAries,AlexanderRosemann,andEvertvanLoenen

UsingSolarUsingSolarScreensinSchoolClassroomsinHotAridAreas:TheEffectofDifferentAspectRatiosonDaylightingLevels 3253AhmadKotbi,EleniAmpatziandHuwJenkins

AnOccupant’sRole-SpecificApproachtoIdentifyingLightingParametersforConcertPerformancesinCambridgeKing’sCollegeChapel 3261VillianWingLamLoandKoenSteemers

Anapplicationoflightpipedimensioningmodel 3269BrunaLuz,ViníciusPavin,JéssicaAntônio,DaniellaYamana,FlaviaNunesandJoséChurruca

Enhancingoutdoorshadingwithoutdiminishingindoordaylightintegration:simulationsfromColombo,SriLanka 3277NusrathMaharoof,NareinPereraandRohintonEmmanuel

Envelopefirst/Insidelater:ApertureSunlightandSkylightIndices 3285JohnMardaljevicandNicolasRoy

TowardsDynamicReal-TimeDaylightSimulation 3293DrAndrewMarshandDrSpyrosStravoravdis

Acomparativestudybetweendigitalandscalemodelsimulationsofaluminousenvironmentunderasunnyclearsky 3301ToufikMezerdi,AzeddineBelakehalandAmarBennadji

OptimizingthePerformanceofVariableGeometryShadingScreensforOccupant’sComfort 3309NiyatiNaik,JinglingYang,IhabElzeyadi

Evaluatingbluespectralirradiance,illuminancelevelandtheassociationswithhealthandwellbeinginolderadults 3317AmandaNioi,JennyRoe,AlanGow,DavidMcNair,PeterAspinall

ComparingtheEffectsofDaylightIlluminanceandSolarRadiationonStudents'SpatialBehaviourinCampus'OutdoorSpaces 3325BushraObeidat,MohammedAlshayebandAfnanBarri

Theroleofgeometryandnon-uniformdistributionofopeningsindaylightingperformanceofsolarscreens* 3332FarzanehOghazian,KhosroDaneshjoo,MohammadjavadMahdavinejad

EvaluationofDaylightingPerformanceinaRetrofittedBuildingFaçade 3340DorisChiPool,EleonoraBrembillaandJohnMardaljevic

DaylightperformancedependingontheatriumgeometryconditionswithinbuildingsinSantiagodeChile 3348JeannetteRoldánRojas

xvVOLUME II PLEA 2017 PROCEEDINGS - DESIGN TO THRIVE


Urbandensityversuslight,healthandsun 3356DiegoA.RomeroEspinosa

ComparativeStudyofDaylightinginOutpatientDepartmentinHospitals 3364SahilSamnani,ManojParelkarandRoshniYehuda

ImpactofcompliancetoAnnualSolarExposurerequirementsasperLEEDv4onFenestrationDesignforIndianContext 3372AgamShah

ParametricConfigurationofWindowLightShelvesforDaylightingofHospitalPatientRoomsunderaDesertClearSky 3380AhmedSherif,AymanMahmoud,MaryamElSharkawyandAyaEissa

AnExperimentalInvestigationontheAdaptiveLuminousComfortintheBuiltEnvironment 3388MasanoriShukuyaandShogoKadokura

VisualPerceptionandDaylightVariables:ExperimentsinaClimateChamber 3396CintiaTamura,EduardoKrüger,MarcelSchweiker,CorneliaMoosman,AndreasWagner

VisualizingDaylightasaMaterialofArchitecture:EmpiricalandLiteraryExplorations 3404JudyTheodorson

LowCarbonDaylightingDesign:ProposalofanInnovativeDaylightingCeramicFacadeSystem 3412ElinaTriantafyllidou,RosaUrbanoGutierrez

Multi-RegionContrastMethod–ANewFrameworkforPost-ProcessingHDRILuminanceInformationforVisualDiscomfortAnalysis 3419AymanWagdy,VeronicaGarciaHansen,GillianIsoardiandAliciaAllan

TheMythofLight–AStudyofLuminousEnvironmentoftheUnitarianChurchofRochester 3427LuWang,BensonLau

Annualglareevaluationforfabrics 3435JanWienold,TilmannE.Kuhn,JensChristoffersenandMarilyneAndersen

PredictingIndoorDaylightIlluminancefromSolarIrradianceandWeatherForecastData 3443Deok-OhWoo

AirConditioningElectricityUseSimulationinLow-CostResidentialHousingsafterDaylightingRedesign 3451ChanikarnYimprayoon,NuanwanTuaychareon,NongnartChuancheang,WanaratKornisaranukul,PakapopTavasit

Celestialpolarizedlightasanapplicationopportunityintoarchitecturalopeningsdesign 3458JuanFelipeZapata

APilotStudyofEffectsofColouredGlazingSystemsinaDaylitOffice:VisualComfort,Alertness,MoodandWellbeing 3466XinZhang,XiaodongChenandJiangtaoDu

ThePoeticsofLightintheExtensionoftheCanovaSculptureGallerybyCarloScarpa 3474ZheZhouandBensonLau

Papers in the table of contents have links to the associated paper in the book. To go back to the table of contents press the image logo on the top on the paper.

xviVOLUME II PLEA 2017 PROCEEDINGS - DESIGN TO THRIVE

Sustainablearchitectureandinnovativetechnologiesfordeeprenovationofschoolbuildings:thedesignexperienceintheEnvironmentalDesigncourseofthearchitectureschoolattheUniversityofFlorence

PaolaGallo1,RosaRomano1

1DepartmentofArchitectureDIDA,SchoolofArchitecture,UniversityofFlorence,Florence,Italy,[email protected];[email protected].

Abstract: The paper presents teaching methodology and results of a didactic experience developed in aUniversity course of Florence Architecture School, a Laboratory on Environmental Design focused on deeprenovationofSchoolBuildings.Theseeducationalbuildings represent, in fact,17%of theEuropeanstockofbuildings and approximately 12% of average, non-residential, energy consumption in Europe. Furthermore,Europe’s school building stock is relatively old and has poor energy performances. The European EnergyEfficiency Directive provides that, from 1 January 2014, 3% of public buildings, included schools andkindergartens, should be refurbished every year with a high standard of energy efficiency. Howevermanybarriershampertheimplementationofthisprevision,inparticularthelackofknowledgeofnewgenerationofarchitects,onenvironmentalaspectsandinnovativetechnologies,touseindesignprocesstoachievethenZEBtargets.Toovercomingthisgap,themethodologicalapproachofthedesignexperimentationdevelopedduringthecourse“EnvironmentalDesign”bythestudents,focusedonfollowingmainpoints:1) Improvementthebuilding’senvelopetoavoidenergylossesinwintertimeandimproveitsperformance;2) Improvementof the indoorenvironmentquality regarding toventilationandpassivecooling,daylight, toupgradetheclassroomsrequirements;3)Improvementofenergygenerationonsitebyusingactiverenewableenergysources,besidethepassivegainsintegratedintheschoolbuildings.ThisteachingapproachhasallowedtothestudentstofindnewsustainabledesignsolutionsthatareabletodecreasetheenergyconsumptionsofschoolbuildingshowrequiredfromEUlegislationsand,inthesametime,hascontributedtoshapinga“ThrivingFuture”,byfacilitatingtransferofknowledgeandskillsfromthemarketrequirements into the design professions, how required from contemporary environmental and societalchallenges.

Keywords:SustainableDesignEducation,EnergyEfficiency,SchoolBuildings,DesignStudio,DeepRenovation.

TheItalianeducationalbuildings.Acriticalanalysisofemergenciesandopportunities

InItalyactuallytherearefifty-onethousandeducationalbuildings:morethanhalfwerebuiltbefore1976(theyearoffirstItalianlawonbuildingenergyefficiencyL.373/76);40%werebuiltbefore1971(theyearoffirst Italian lawonseismicsafety);andonly9.6%werebuiltbetween1991and2015,andthereforeuptostandardsinbothstructuralandenergyterms(Legambiente,2016).ThesedataunderlinesthelowdegreeofinvestmentsfromtheItalianGovernmentinschoolsduringthepasttwenty-fiveyearsandtheageingstateofItalianschoolbuildings, and underscores a state of structural emergency which adds to the need foradaptingtheschoolbuildings,fromanenvironmentalpointofview,totheneweducationalguidelinesregardingeducationalprograms.

VOLUME II PLEA 2017 PROCEEDINGS - DESIGN TO THRIVE 2315

Theneedtooptimizetimeandcostsofretrofittingprojects,shouldalsoleadtoprojectsolutionstointegrateintheenvelopeofschoolbuildingsinnovativetechnologicalsolutionto:improvetheindoorcomfort;toincreasethemechanical,thermo-hygrometricandacousticperformances and to produce renewable energies. It is necessary, in fact, to resolve thestructurallackthroughfinancialfundsthatareabletopromoteresearchandprojectstofindnewrequalificationsolutionsabletoimprovetheenergyefficiencyofexistingschooland/ortodesignofnewonesaccordingtothenZEBstandard.Therefore,toreducethecostofenergyrenovationofschoolbuildings,itisnecessarytofindsourcesorfinancialsupportthatpermitto amortize the initial costs, similar, in some cases, to the price of construction of newbuildings.

The safety updating and energy requalification of the school buildings are, in fact,urgentissuestoaddress,bothforthePublicAdministrationsandforthesectorofscientificresearch,thatfromtwentyyearshavebeentryingtofillthegapofanoldnationalregulationconcerningschoolbuildings(L.412of3August,1975)developingmanyresearchprojectsonassessment tools, capable of programming a time framework for the schools retrofitting(RenewSchool,TeenergySchool,SchooloftheFuture,SchoolVentCool,Zemeds,etc.),andonthecommongroundofacost-benefitanalysis,linkedtothepossibilitytoamortizeovertime the cost of deep renovation through energy savings (Energy Concept Adviser forEducationalBuildingsandVERYSchool,etc.).

Itisfundamentalfortheprofessionalsinvolvedintheretrofittingprocesstolearnhowto participate, from the preliminary phases of the project, together with the publicadministration,inthechoiceofnon-repayableand/orlowinterestratefinancialsupportthatallowsobtainingareductionoftheinvestmentnecessaryforthefulfilmentofspecificenergyand/orfunctionaland/orstructuralobjectives.Moreover,thiseconomicinstancedeterminesprojects,whichalreadyfromtheconceptphase,mustbedevelopedinthesametimeofanenergyanalysiscarriedouttogetherwithanassessmentthatpermitsbothenergysavingintermsofheating,coolingandlighting,andaccesstopossiblenationaland/orinternationalfiscalbonuses.

Inaddition,theurgencyoftheemergencyandtheneedtorespondtointernationaleducational guidelines should induce professionals in the construction sector of schoolbuildings to find new answers also through innovative spatial solutions, capable oftransforming educational environments into dynamic and multi-functional dimensionalentities.Thesequenceofthedifferenteducationalmoments,whichrequirevariablestudent-teacherorstudent-studentsettings,is,infact,atthebaseofaninnovativeideaoftheschoolbuilding,whichmustbecapableofguaranteeingtheintegration,complementarityandinter-operabilityofitsspaces,includingtheuseofnewtechnologies.Theschoolsofthefuturemust,infact,becomeSmartSchools,wherewillbepossibletouseintelligentdevicesinordertoimproveeducationalactivities.FurthermoretheyshouldbeabletoreflecttheinnovativeandsustainablefeaturesoftheSmartCity,wheretheEducationalSystemacquiresastrategicroleintheurbanpoliciesinordertobuildopportunitiesandprojectsforagreencity.Inthisfuturevision of our cities the school buildingswill become strategic hubs capable of generatingeducationalandparticipativeprocesses, involvingthecommunitytowardstheadoptionofnew lifestyles, in which citizen will be able to share technological growth, urbantransformations,andeconomic,socialandculturalchanges.

StartingfromtheseanalysisofthestateoftheartintheframeofretrofitanddesignofschoolbuildinginItaly,thisbuildingtypologyarechosenasdesigntopicandascasestudyintheseminarcarriedoutattheEnvironmentalDesignLabofthedegreeinArchitectureof


theUniversityofFlorence.Theseminaronschoolbuildings,infact,itisoriginatedintheneedtogiveconcreteandinnovativeanswerstothestateofenergyandstructuralemergencyinwhicheducationalbuildingsfindthemselves,bothinourcountryandinallEurope.

TheSeminarondeeprenovationofSchoolBuildings

Thearchitecturalresearchseminar“Sustainablearchitectureandinnovativetechnologiesfordeeprenovationofschoolbuildings”hasbeenpartofthedidacticexperiencedevelopedintheLaboratoryonEnvironmentalDesignoftheDepartmentofArchitectureintheFlorenceUniversity,intheAcademicyear2016-2017.

The research and the teaching activities have been focused on the topic of deeprenovationofschoolbuildingslocatedinMedArea.Thegoaloftheseminarwastopromotethechallengesofsustainabilityandretrofitting,developinganewdesignapproachandnewprofessionalskillsforthearchitectofthefuturethatwillbecalledtoworkinthesedesignarea.

DuringtheSeminarthestudentshaveanalysedthreecasestudiesofschoolsprovidedbyaPublicAdministration,theMunicipalityofLucca(LU),whichhassupportedtheacademicwork,offeringtheopportunitytodeveloprealprojectsofdeeprenovation.

Theprojectsoutcomeswereinnovativedesignsolutionsthatcouldberepurposealsoinother retrofittingprojectofschoolbuildings.Theworkdevelopedduring theseminarwaslinkedtothespecificgeographical,economic,culturalandsocialconditionofEuropeSchoolBuildings stock and in particularwanted to answer to the Energy Efficiency PerformanceBuildingdirectivesonthetopicofbuildanewgenerationofnearlyZeroEnergyBuildings.

Thecasestudies

In response to the request from theMunicipalityof Lucca, involved in theEnvironmentalDesignLaboratoryasvirtualcustomer,thestudentsworkedontherenovationandexpansionofthreeeducationalbuildings,choicesascasestudiesandfollowingdescribed:TheprimaryschoolandnurseryinSanCassianoaVicoTheelementaryschoolisorganisedintofiveclassroomsofapproximately40m2each,andinto:aroomforfitnessactivities;alibrary;acomputerLabandacanteen.Alargecoveredfoyer,which is destined for group activities, connects all spaces in the ground floor. Thenursery is organised into three sections placed around a central courtyard for open-airactivities; the structure is completed with a small canteen that includes a kitchen forpreparingmeals.The technological featuresof the twobuildingsare:Reinforcedconcretestructure,thatdeterminestheformaluniformityofthespatialdistribution;Wallsmadeofplasteredperforatedbrickswithout insulation;Windowswithframe inaluminiumwithoutthermalbreakandsingleglazing;Ribbed-slabfloorswithoutinsulation.

Theschoolhashigh-energyconsumptionsforheating.Furthermore, it istoosmall inviewofthegrowthexpectedbytheMunicipality,whowouldliketotransformtheexistingstructureintoaproperEducationalComplexinwhichtorelocateanotherElementarySchoolthatislocatedto2.5kmfromtheareaofproject.

InparticulartheMunicipalitywantdevelopadesignprojectforthedeeprenovationoftheexistingbuildingsandfortheconstructionofanewbuilding(withasurfaceof450m2distributed on two floors), where to place: a canteen (150m2); a classroom for physicalactivities(145m2);toiletsandstoragerooms.


TheprimarySchoolinSanDonatoThe San Donato building has only five classrooms. Functional spaces (as canteen, gym,laboratory,etc) fororganising full-timeactivitiesaremissing. Inparticular thepupilsmusteatingtheirmealsintheclassroombecauseoftheabsenceofacanteen,withapsychologicaldiscomfortinordertheireducationalactivities.TosolvetheseproblemstheMunicipalityofLuccaaskedustodesignanewbuildinglocatedinthesouthareaoftheschool,connectedtotheexistingonethroughacoveredtunnel. Inthisnewblock(450m2)shouldbeplaced:acanteen(150m2);twolaboratories(50m2each);toilets.TheprimarySchoolinSanMarcoTheSanMarcoschoolislocatedinviaBaccelliinLuccaandconsistsofthreeblocksbuiltindifferenttime,moreprecisely:1)intheSixties,thebuildingwherearelocatedthreesectionsofthenurseryschoolonthegroundfloorandtheofficesoftheschoolsecretaryonthefirstfloor;2)intheSeventies,thebuildingwhereareplacedthecanteenandrelatedservices,andtheclassrooms;3)intheEightiesthebuildingwhereareplacedagymfortheuseofboththeschoolandtheneighbourhood.InthelastyearwasnecessarytoplacethreenewclassroomsintheatriumofthegroundflooroftheblockbuiltintheSeventies,decreasingthespacetouseforrecreationalactivitiesofthestudents.

TheneedtosolvetheproblemofspaceandtotransformtheSanDonatoprimarySchoolintoaSchoolComplexwherewillbepossiblemovingalsootherprimaryschoolsplaced inotherbuildingsdonotbelongtotheMunicipality,hasledtheLuccaPublicAdministrationtoreflectonthenecessitytoexpandtheexistingbuildingwithasecondflooroverthecentralone-store section. The request was thus that of re-qualifying the existing building byconstructinganadditionalvolumeof300m2ofusefulsurfacewithinwhichtoplacefivenewclassrooms provided with a double set of toilets for males and females. Thanks to thisexpansion it will be possible to recover the three spaces that are currently destined toeducationalactivitiesonthegroundfloor,soastocreatenewspaceforactivitiesthatarecomplementary to the educational function, in accordance with modern educationalguidelines.

TeachingMethodology

To overcoming the gap of absence of technological solution and design methodology toanswer at the structural emergency that characterize the school building sector, themethodologicalapproachofthedesignexperimentationdevelopedduringtheLaboratoryofEnvironmentalDesignwasfocusedonfollowingmainpoints:1)Improvementthebuilding’senvelope to avoid energy losses in wintertime and improve its thermo-hygrometricperformance;2)Improvementindoorcomfortregardingtoventilationandpassivecooling,daylight, toupgradetheclassroomsrequirements; 3) Improvementenergygenerationonsite by using active renewable energy sources, beside the passive gains integrated in theschoolbuildings.

This teaching approach allowed to the students to find new sustainable designsolutionsthatareabletodecreasetheenergyconsumptionsofschoolbuildingshowrequiredfromEUlegislationsand,inthesametime,hascontributedtoshapinga“ThrivingFuture”,byfacilitating transferofknowledgeandskills fromthemarket requirements into thedesignprofessions,howrequiredfromcontemporaryenvironmentalandsocietalchallenges.

Thepossibilitytodevelopthreeprojectforthreerealcasestudies,providedfromtheMunicipalityofLucca,wasanexcellentopportunitytoenablestudentsto"learntoworkin


thecomplexity,experimentalmannerinrealconditionsoftheproject(Torricelli,2011,pp.21)",dealingwith"abroadandtrans-disciplinarycontextfocusedonknowledge,methodsandtoolstorespondtospecificverifiableparameters”(LoSasso,2011,pp.83).

Indetail, thanks to theneed todesign in real situations, itwaspossible to set thediscussionontheenvironmentalproject“basedonasystemicandperformancedisciplinaryapproachwithintheprocessstagesrelatedtothedesign,productionandmanagementofworks and artifacts (Lo Sasso, 2011, pp. 82)”. Thismethodological approach allowed theyoungarchitectsto“expresstheirprojectabilityaccordingtoaknowledgeandprogressive‘revelation’ (Heidegger, 1976, pp. 9, 10) path, in which have a prominent role activities,timing, cost, quality, and aspects of production, management and operations, whosedeclinationtakesplacealsoonthebasisofexperimentalandinnovativeinstrumentortheverifiabilityoftheresults.(LoSasso,2011,pp.82)

ThedesignofthethreeschoolbuildingswasdevelopedaccordingtoItalianregulationonschoolbuildings(L.5/7/1975)andtotherecentdraftoftheministry'sGuidelinesonschoolbuildings (D. M. 11/04/2013), as well as to the regulations regarding energy savings (L.195/2005andsubsequentmodificationsandadditions),theaccessibilityofpublicbuildings(L.13/89)andfireandseismicsafety,withafocusonthetopicofenvironmental,socialandeconomicsustainability.

TheguidelinesofEuropeanDirectives31/2010and27/2012were followed,withastrongorientationtowardDeepRenovationactions,capabletochangeexistingbuildingsintonearzero-energybuildings.Additionallythestudentshaveanalyzedthecasestudiesatthetechnologicaldetail'sscale,withtheobjectivetochoosesystems,aswellasbuildingenvelopeand equipment components in order to guarantee the energy autonomy of the schoolbuildings,andallowtheproductionofrenewableenergyalso,soastoreduceenvironmentalpressurewithintheurbanareaoftheproject.

Theteachingmethodologywasfocusedonthedesignprocessbasedonthreesteepof technical definition corresponding at three different scale of technological detail, asenvisaged by the Italian regulation named Ex-Merloni (Act n. 109 of 11 February 1994,"Frameworkregulationregardingpublicworks"):1)PreliminaryDesignPhase,regardingthedevelopment of urban and environmental analyses, design schemes and preliminarydimensional assessments; 2)) Definitive Design Phase, regarding the development of thetechnicaldrawingsnecessaryfordescribingindetailtheprojectinitsgeometric-dimensionalfeatures;3)ExecutiveDesignPhase,regardingthedevelopmentoftechnologicalsolutions,concerning the building envelope and systems, using graphs and digital rendering thatdescribetheconstructionandmanagementphases.

Theneedtocomparethedesignprocessdevelopedduringtheseminarwithascheduledprogramthatreplicatesthetime-framesandmethodstypicalofthearchitecturalprofession,hasallowedtostimulatethestudentstoundertakea“processofproblemidentificationandanalysis; idea generation; gathering, analysing producing and coordinating information;turningitintoknowledgeandusingittomaketheprocessofbuildingmoreeffective,withtheultimateaimofpleasingclientsandprovidingexciting,vibrant,sustainableandhealthyenvironmentsforallthosewhousethem(Emmitt,2011,pp.50)”.

AccordingtotherequirementsoftheMunicipalityofLuccaandwiththemethodologicalapproachdevelopedintheLaboratoryofEnvironmentalDesign,thestudentswereaskedto:1)Designthenewbuildingsaddition,withtheuseofinnovative,anti-seismic,ecologicalandefficienttechnologies,inordertoreducetheenergyconsumptionsforheatingandcoolingduringallyear;2)Integrateontheroofofexistingandnewbuilding,PVpanelsforproducing


the necessary electricity for running a heat pump to provide heat for low-temperatureheatingsystems;3)Refurbishtheenvelopeoftheexistingbuildings,toimprovetheirenergyperformance and changing their architectural appearance; 4) Increase the volume of theschoolbuilding(20%),throughthedesignofintegratedgreenhouses.

Furthermorethestudenthasbeeninvitedtodeveloptheirprojectstoansweratthetopicof the Competition of Ideas “TheGood School”, issued by the ItalianGovernment in theautumnof2015,andfocusedonthefollowingsobjectives:• Reflecting on the need to design innovative, flexible and user-friendly educational

environments,designedinaccordancewitheducationalneeds;• Designingspacesforeducationalactivitiesfromthepointofviewofindoorcomfortand

socialinteraction;• Reflecting on the need to design attractive spaces to contrast the phenomenon of

educationaldispersion;• Promotingenvironmental,energyandeconomicsustainability throughaswiftbuilding

processanduseofrecycledmaterialsandrenewablesources;• Promotingamajoropeningoftheschooltowardtheterritory,thustransformingitintoa

vitalcentreandapointofreferenceforthecommunity;• Guaranteeingthepresenceofspacesforteachersdevotedtoprofessionalcollaboration

andindividualwork;• Includingplacesdedicatedtoresearch,suchaslibrariesandstudyareas;• Devisingagreaterflexibilityintermsofopeningtimessoastobeabletousespacesafter

school for carrying out several activities, thus also allowing money to come in formaintainingthestructure;

• Designingbuildingsconceivedaseducationaltools:aimedatdevelopingbothtechnicalandsensorycompetencies;

• Ensuringthepresenceofgreenareas:rethinkingtherelationshipbetweenthebuildingandthesurroundingnaturalenvironmentdependingonteachingandlearningactivities.Finally the students had to develop their project following a required/performance

approach,withthegoaltodesignsmartandflexiblespaces,functionaltothemostadvancedteachingandlearningsystems.Environmentaladaptabilityhadcharacterized,also,thedesignof outside spaces too, reconfiguring the schools case studies as “Civic Centers”, able tobecome an urban catalyst, valorizing social, cultural and educational instances. A specialattentionwasplacedto the linkbetweenthedesignof thenewvolumesandtheexistingbuildings,andbetweentheprojectasawholeandtheenvironmentalandurbancontextofreference, including, when possible, new functions that provide opportunities for usageoutsideofschoolhoursandbyexternalusers.

Theresults

All the young architects involved in the seminar have approached to the project withawarenessandattention:

-ThestudentsthataddressedtheissueoftheexpansionandretrofittingoftheSanCassianoaVicoschool,chosethesolutionofventilatedfacadewithcolouredpanelsinwood-basedfibresandthermosettingresinsfortherenovationoftheexistingenvelopeandfortheconstruction of the new school block, providing it with a solar greenhouse capable ofinteractingwithexternalclimateconditions.


Figure1.ConceptdesignofthenewbuildingforthePrimarySchoolSanCassianoaVico

-Thestudentgroupsinvolvedinthedeeprenovationandinthenewconstructionof

thePrimarySchoolofSanDonato,haveproposedsolutionscharacterisedbythechoiceofdrywall construction systems with the purpose of reducing times and costs of theconstructionandtoguaranteetheformalcontinuitywiththeexistingbuilding,thankstothepossibilityofreplicatinginseriesthebuildingenvelopesolutions,bothintheexpansionandintheretrofitting.

Figure2.TechnologicaldetailsoftheenvelopesolutionsfortherenovationofPrimarySchoolofSanDonato

(left)eSanCassiano(right)- The studentswhowere involved in the requalificationof the SanMarcoPrimary

School carried out a careful assessment of energy consumptions, developing a projectfocusedontheradicaltransformationofthearchitecturalappearanceofthebuildingbytheintegration of a external shading device built with micro-perforated aluminium panels,capableofchangingbuildingconfigurationinaccordancetotheincidenceofsolarradiation.

Conclusions

TheexcellentresultsobtainedwiththeprojectdevelopedduringtheSeminaractivitiesshowhowthetheoryappliedtothedevelopmentofthedesignphase,ledthestudentstore-thinktheapproachtotheprojectonthebasisofthenecessaryenvironmentalreflection,assessingarchitecturalcompositional,formalandtechnologicalchoices;anewprofessionalawarenessthatisindependentofthesimpleaestheticanddimensionalresults.Inaddition,thepossibilityofverifyingtechnologicalsolutionsthroughtheuseofappropriatesoftwareandtheconstant


referencetoEnvironmentalControlTechniquesdiscipline,permittedtheyoungarchitectstounderstandtheneedtocombinethecreativemomentswithquantitativevalidationones,inordertoguaranteethechoiceofthescenariosandconfigurations,withalesserimpactfromthepointofviewoftheentirelife-cycleofthebuilding.

Therefore, effective and environmentally sustainable technology solutions becomeclosely linked and integrated into architectural design solutions, often justified by a cost-benefitanalysisindicatingstudents'sensitivitytoissuesrelatedtothecostofmanagingandmaintaining public assets. Since the project concerns school buildings it was in factfundamental to reflect on the necessity to adopt materials, systems, components andequipmentthatguaranteedurabilityandeasymaintenance,aswellasanexcellentlevelofindoorcomfortinboththeexistingandnewschoolspaces.

The projects developed in the Environmental Design Lab were capable of goingbeyondthesimpleacademicapproach,turningthemintotrueprojectswithalevelofdetailandoriginalityandin-depthanalysiscapableofbeingtransformedintoarchitecturalsolutionsreadytobecarriedoutandappliedbythePublicAdministration.Thequalityoftheresultsvalidatedthechoiceofteachingmethods,whichhascontributedto increasethecognitivematurityoftheyoungarchitectslinkedtothetechnologicalandenvironmentalchoicesmadeatthedesignscale.Theaimisthatthisexperience,whichhopefullywillnotbeanisolatedcase in their cultural baggage, shall help them to reflect on the element of ethicalcommitmentoftheprofessionalrolethattheyarecalledtocarryoutintheyearstocome:arolethatrequiresanincreasingdegreeofspecialisationandcareatthescaleoftechnologicaldetailfortheintegratedproject,butespeciallyofresponsibilitytowardschoicesthatcanhaveirreversibleeffectsonourfutureandonthatoffollowinggenerations.

ReferencesEmmittS.(2011),Progettazionetecnologicainuncontestosensorialemultidisciplinare,«Technè»,no2,

pp.44-51Heidegger,M.(1976),Laquestionedellatecnica,inSaggiediscorsi,Mursia,Milano.Legambiente(2016),EcosistemaScuola.XVIIRapportodiLegambientesullaqualitàdell’ediliziascolastica,

dellestruttureedeiservizi,RomaLoSassoM.(2011),Ilprogettocomeprodottodiricercascientifica,«Technè»,no2,pp.78-85TorricelliM.C.(2011),Progettazionetecnologica–Ricercaepraticanelprogettodiarchitettura,«Technè

»,no.2,pp.16-23.


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