consti digests of cases

8/13/2019 Consti Digests of Cases

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Article VI

SECTION 1

1. Legislative Poweri.Bicameralism vs. Unicameralismii.Original legislative power vs. Derivative legislative

poweiii.Constituent vs. Orinar!iv.Su"stantive limits vs. #roceural limits

2. Initiative and Referendum

Garcia v. Commission on Elections

Preliminaries:#etitioner$ A. %arcia wit& ot&er resients o'(orong)esponent$ Commission on ElectionsAccusation$ #etitioner accuse Comelec o're*ecting t&eir petition to invo+e t&eir rig&t,powero' initiative

Facts:i. In its #am"a!ang -apas!a&an Blg. 1/ 100/ t&e

Sangguniang Ba!an ng (orong agree to t&einclusion o' (orong as part o' t&e Su"ic SpecialEconomic 2one 3).A. 45546

ii. #etitioners 'ile petition to annul #.-. Blg. 1 "utsince t&e municipalit! o' (orong in7t ta+e an!action wit&in a!s/ petitioners invo+e t&eirpower o' initiative.

iii. Solicite re8uire num"er o' signatures to repealresolution

iv. Un+nown to petitioners/ 9on. De :eon 3Vice (a!oran #resiing o''icer o' SB ng (orong wrote aletter to t&e Comelec 314 a!s a'ter petition was'ile6 re8uesting t&e enial o' t&e petition 'or alocal initiative an,or re'erenum "ecause it7ll *ustpromote ivisiveness/ 'utilit! counter prouctivit!.

v. Decision o' Comelec$ Den! petition 'or localinitiative "ecause it7s merel! a resolution3#am"a!ang -apas!a&an6 an not an orinance

Issues:;ON #- Blg. 1/ 100 is t&e proper su"*ect o' an

initiative

HeldRatio:#- Blg. 1/ 100 is a proper su"*ect o' an initiative

3in 'avor o' petitioners6. #etition grante an #- Blg. 1100 annulle an set asie.

Ratio:

i. )e*ect t&e responent7s narrow an literal reaingo' t&e provision 'or it will collie wit& t&econstitution an will su"vert intent o' t&elawma+ers in enacting t&e provisions o' :ocal%ov7t Coe 1001 on initiative an re'erenum

ii. T&e constitution clearl! inclues not onl!orinances "ut also resolutions as appropriatesu"*ects o' local initiative.

iii. Article 5$ Initiative covers an act 3inclues aresolution6

iv. ).A.


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&ereuner provie s&all promulgate necessar!rules an regulations to govern e@ercise o'a*uicator! 'unctions o' t&e Amin.

i. 5 tests to etermine ;ON t&ere is a valieligation o' legislative power

a. Completeness Test ? complete 3terms inconitions6 in t&e sense t&at w&en itreac&es t&e elegate/ &e woul onl! &aveto en'orce it.

". Insu''icient Stanar Test ? guielines anlimitations in t&e law to map out"ounaries o' elegate7s aut&orit! anprevent elegation 'rom a"using power

ii. #rinciple o' nonelegation o' powers morecommonl! applie in legislative power. 9ence t&eo"servation t&at elegation o' legislative power&as "ecome t&e rule an its nonelegation t&ee@ception$ Increasing comple@it! o' gov7t tas+s/growt& o' societ!/ an sop&istication o' pro"lems S#ECIA:I2ATION F#ower o' su"orinatelegislationG to aministrative "oies

iii. Amin "oies ma! implement "roa policies laiown in a statute "! 'illing in t&e etails w&ic&congress ma! not &ave t&e opportunit! orcompetence to provie. &ave t&e 'orce an

e''ect o' lawii. T&e power o' #OEA in re8uiring t&e moel contract3(emoranum Circular 56 is not unlimite sincet&ere7s a su''icient stanar 3manate to protectrig&ts o' O>;s to 'air an e8uita"le emplo!mentpractices6 guiing t&e elegate in t&e e@ercise o'aut&orit!

!otes:iv. (emoranum Circular 5$ prescri"e a stanar

contract to "e aopte "! "ot& 'oreign anomestic s&ipping companies in &iring >il seamen'or overseas emplo!ment

v. ;&at can "e elegate is t&e iscretion toetermine &ow t&e law ma! "e en'orce not w&at

t&e law s&all "e

C. Free +ele&(one ,or-ers nion v. /inister ofLa$or

Preliminaries:#etitioner$ >ree Telep&one ;or+ers Union)esponent$ (inister o' :a"orAccusation$ #etitioner accuses (inister o' :a"or

'or violating t&e nonelega"ilit! o' t&e :egislative "o!"! en'orcing rigi an in'le@i"le rules t&at woul "ean o"stacle to national e''orts at evelopment anprogress.

Facts:

i. Onl! contains arguments o' t&e petitioner againststrict an rigi rules

Issues:i. ;ON it was in t&e *urisiction o' t&e (inister o'

:a"or to &anle la"or isputes

HeldRatio:Decision in 'avor o' t&e responent.

Ratio:i. Inso'ar as t&e Batas #am"ansa Blg 1 empowers

t&e (inister o' :a"or to assume *urisiction overla"or isputes causing or li+el! to cause stri+es orloc+outs aversel! a''ecting t&e national interestan t&erea'ter ecie it or certi'. t&e same to t&enational la"or relations commission is not on its'ace unconstitutional 'or ciolating t&e octrine o'nonelegation o' legislative power

ii. Doctrine o' nonelegation &as "een mae toaopt itsel' o t&e comple@ities o' moerngovernments/ giving rise to aoption wit&incertain limits o' t&e principle o' su"orinatelegislation in moern gov7ts

Em&lo%ees Confederation v. !ational ,agesCommission

Preliminaries:#etitioner$ Emplo!ees Con'eeration o' t&e

#&ilippines)esponent$ National ;ages CommissionAccusation$ Emplo!ees Con'eeration o' t&e #&ils

is 8uestioning t&e valiit! o' ;age orer No. NC)1Apursuant to t&e ;age )ationaliation Act

Facts:i. ;age )ationaliation act provies new wage ratesii. Various regional tripartite wages an prouctivit!

"oars in c&arge o' prescri"ing minimum wage

rates 'or all wor+ers in various regionsiii. National wages an prouctivit! commission to

review wage levels etermine "! t&e "oarsiv. 5 wa!s o' etermining wages

a. >loor wage met&o ? >i@ eterminateamount to a to prevailing statutor!minimum wage

". Salar! ceiling met&o a*ustmentapplie to emplo!ees receiving a certainenominate salar! ceiling

v. C&ange 'rom 'loor wage to salar! ceiling met&ocause "! la"or isputes 'rom wage istortions

vi. )A


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Ratio:i. Congress provie su''icient stanars in Article

15H o' )A ilcitiens "elonging to marginalie anunerrepresente sectors$ la"or/ peasant/ women/!out&/ etc6

iii. Court cannot allow t&e part! list s!stem to "esullie an prostitute "! t&ose w&o are neit&ermarginalie nor unerrepresente.

%uielines 'or screening part! list participants$a. #art! must represent t&e marginalie an

unerrepresente". #olitical parties must s&ow t&at t&e! represent t&e

interests o' marginalie an unerrepresentec. (ust not "e is8uali'ie. #art! must "e inepenent o' t&e governmente. Nominees must compl! wit& t&e re8uirements o'

t&e law'. Nominees must "e >ilipino citiens w&o "elong to

marginalie an unerrepresente sectorsL mustrepresent t&e (U sectors

g. (ust "e a"le to contri"ute to t&e 'ormulation anenactment o' appropriate legislation t&at will"ene'it t&e nation as a w&ole

*ng 7agong 7a%ani )F, La$or &art% et al v.Comelec et al

i. #art! lists were is8uali'ieii. Ot&er part! lists 3Bu&a!/ COCO'e/ Sanla+as/ etc6argue t&at t&e! &ave now mae t&e 5J t&res&ol

Issue$ ;ON t&e votes tallie 'or t&e is8uali'iecaniates "e eucte to etermine t&e total votes cast'or t&e part! list s!stem9el,)atio$ !es/ t&e! are to "e eucte "ecause

i. )A 40H1 Section 1$ A vote cast 'or a part! notentitle to "e vote 'or s&all not "e counte

ii. Declare electe$ Bu&a!/ Amin/ A"a/ Coco'e/ #(/Sanla+as/ A"anse #ina!

:a"o an %rego not applica"le 3tal+s a"out t&eineligi"ilit! o' a caniate receiving ma*orit! votes oes


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not entitle ne@t caniateineligi"le votes as stra!6"ecause 'or local o''ices onl! an involve single electiveposts

7anat v. Comeleci. #etition 'or certiorari an manamus against

ComelecPs )esolution NBC No. 4H1 w&ic&approve recommenation to en! t&e petition o'Banat 'or "eing moot

ii. )esolution NBC No. 4


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". Article < section =iv. Division o' local government units

a. (unicipal corporations". #rovinces/ cities/ municipalities/ "aranga!sc. Article 1 sec 1. )e8uires t&e criteria esta"lis&e in t&e

local gov7t coe an t&e approval "! ama*orit! o' votes cast in a ple"iscite

9el,)atio$ T&e situation at &an is a legislativeapportionment an oes not re8uire a ple"iscite

'ection :+o $e a mem$er of (ouse of re&resentative:

i. !atural $orn citi3en of t(e P(ilsii. *t least 24 %.o on t(e da% of electioniii. *$le to read and writeiv. * registered voter in t(e district w(ere

(e s(all $e elected and a residentt(ereof for not less t(an 1 %earimmediatel% &receding t(e da% ofelection ;eICATION CASES$

Gallego v. 8errai. #ero %allego 'iles a petition 'or certiorari to

review ecision o' Court o' appeals a''irming t&ato' court o' 'irst instance w&ic& eclare illegal t&epetitioner7s election to t&e o''ice o' municipalma!or o' A"u!og/ :e!te uring general electionso' Dec. 10H on t&e groun t&at &e &as alrea!lost &is omicile o' origin in A"u!og.

Issue$ ;ON #ero %allego &a "een a resient o' A"u!og'or at least 1 !ear prior to Dec 1 10H/ a! o' election

9el,)atio$ In 'avor o' t&e petitioner. ugment o' Court o'appeals reverse wit& costs against responent.)atio$ )esience s!non!mous to omicile

a. %ot emplo!e in (ala!"a! Bu+inon/ registereas an elector/ vote t&ere/ an &as a resience

w&ic& &e live in 'or 1 !ears. oes not mean&e &as ac8uire resience or omicile in (ala!"a!an &a lost &is omicile o' origin in A"u!og :e!te

". Ac8uiring Domicile "! c&oice$i. )esience or "oil! presence in new

localit!ii. Intention to remain t&ereiii. Intention to a"anon ol omicile

Animus non reverteni an animusmaneni.

c. 9e in7t resie in (ala!"ala! wit& t&e intentiono' remaining t&ere ine'initel! an o' notreturning to A"u!og

i. %allego is a native o' A"u!ogii. Despite &is emplo!ment in ot&er

municipalities/ &e alwa!s returne inA"u!og

iii. Boug&t a piece o' lan in A"u!og anin7t avail o' t&e o''er o' gov7t o' 1&ectares o' lan in (ala!"ala!

iv. During t&e 5 !ears &e sta!e in(ala!"ala! as a gov7t emplo!ee/ &evisite &ometown an &is 'amil! no lesst&an @ espite t&e great istance

Romualde3#/arcos v. Comeleci. )omuale(arcos 'iles a petition 'or

reconsieration o' &er certi'icate o' caniac!3)epresentative o' t&e 'irst istrict o' :e!te6 w&ic&was enie "ecause o' &er 'ailure to meet t&e 1!ear resienc! re8uirement

Issue$ ;ON petitioner was a resient/ 'or electionpurposes/ o' t&e >irst District o' :e!te 'or a perio o' 1!ear at t&e time o' t&e (a! 100= elections9el,)atio$ In 'avor o' t&e petitioner/ &aving eterminet&at petitioner possesses t&e necessar! resience8uali'ications to run 'or a seat in t&e 9ouse o')epresentatives in t&e >irst District o' :e!te)atio$

a. #etitioner esta"lis&e omicile in Taclo"an :e!tew&en s&e was !.oL 'ollows omicile o' parents

". #etitioner &el various resiences 'or i'' purposesuring past H ecaes 3wor+/ marr!ing marcos/marcos "ecoming senator/ presient/ etc.6

c. None o' t&ese point to an intention to a"anon &eromicile o' origin in Taclo"an/ le!te

. Even w&en marcos was presient/ petitioner +ept&er close ties to &er omicile o' origin "!esta"lis&ing resiences in Taclo"an/ cele"rating

"a! t&ere/ instituting well pu"licie pro*ects to"ene'it &ometown/ esta"lis& political power "ase3relatives &el positions o' power6

)esience is one o' 'act w&ile in omicile/ it is legal or*uriical/ inepenent o' t&e necessit! o' p&!sicalpresence

*>uino v. Commission on ElectionsIssue$ ;ON petitioner &as esta"lis&e not *ust a resience"ut a omicile o' c&oice to 8uali'! as a caniate 'orrepresentative o' t&e 5nistrict o' (a+ati9el,)atio$ #etitioner &as onl! esta"lis&e a resience annot a omicile o' c&oice


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)atio$i. Birt&place/ registere voter/ an live 'or =5 !ears

in Conception/ Tarlacii. Domicile o' origin until &is most recent 'iling o'

caniac! was Tarlaciii. (erel! lease a cono in (a+ati instea o' "u!ing

one ? oes not inicate permanenc! re8uire toprove a"anonment o' original omicile 35 !earslease/ A8uino testi'ie t&at &is intention was tolive t&ere 'or *ust 1 !ear6

iv. conitions in esta"lis&ing new omicile

6omino v. Commission on Electionsi. uan Domino 'ile a petition 'or certiorari "ecause

o' &is is8uali'ication as a caniate 'or rep o' t&e:one legislative istrict o' t&e province o'Sarangani

Issues$i. ;ON *ugment o' t&e (etropolitan Trial court o'

RC eclaring petitioner as resient o' Sarangani is'inal

ii. ;ON Domino was a resient o' Sarangani 'or atleast one !ear immeiatel! preceing t&e (a! 11100 election to 8uali'! as a caniate

iii. ;ON Comelec as *urisiction over t&e petition 'or

is8uali'ication o' petitioner9el,)atio$ 9ol t&e negative 3i an ii6L it is wit&in t&e*urisiction o' comelec to etermine 'alse representationsregaring certi'icate o' caniac! incluing resience3Omni"us Election Coe6)atio$

i. Voter7s registration an aress in A!ala 9eig&ts/RC

ii. )an 'or rlegislative istrict o' RC in 100=iii. #etitioner7s omicile o' origin was Canon Ilocos

Sur/ "ut in 1001 ac8uire a omicile o' c&oice inRC

iv. A person7s omicile once esta"lis&e is consiereto continue an will not "e eeme lost until anew one is esta"lis&e$ animus maneni/ animus

non revertenia. Actual removal 'rom ol omicile". Bona 'ie intention o' a"anoning 'ormer

resience an esta"lis&ing a new onec. De'inite acts corresponing to purpose ?

permanent an 'i@e place o' a"oev. :ease o' a &ouse in sarangani not enoug&vi. Even i' &e cancelle registration o' &ouse in RC/ it

'ell s&ort o' t&e 1 !ear re8uirement

Co v. House Electoral +ri$unali. ose Ong r "orn 'rom a natural "orn >ilipina

mot&er an a naturalie C&inese >at&er w&oesta"lis&e resience in :aoag

ii. ose Ong r ran 'or rep in t&e 5n

istrict o'nort&ern samariii. Article VI section 1 paragrap& w&ic& ma+es

t&ose citiens electing >ilipino citiens&ip prior tot&e 104 constitution an a'ter 3"orn o' >ilmot&ers6 natural "orn citiens/ was intene tocorrect an un'air position w&ic& iscriminateagainst >ilipino women

iv. )etroactive e''ect$ curative natureIssue$

i. ;ON 9)ET eclaring t&at responent ose ong r.is a natural "orn >ilipino citien/ t&e 9)ET actewit& grave a"use o' iscretion

ii. ;ON ose Ong r. electe >ilipino citiens&ip

9el,)atio$i. 9e is a natural "orn citien o' t&e #&ilsii. 9e was alrea! a citien prior to election since &is

mom is a natural "orn citien an a anaturalie citien 30 !.o minor6

iii. (oreover t&e e@ercise o' t&e rig&t o' su''rage anparticipation in election e@ercises constitute apositive act o' election o' #&ilippine citiens&ip

iv. Couln7t &ave c&osen an! ot&er 'oreign nationalit!since "ot& parents were >ilipinos

7eng3on v. Cru3i. )esponent Cru enliste in t&e US (arine Corps

an wit&out consent o' t&e )# too+ an oat& o'allegiance to t&e US. As a conse8uence lost &is>ilipino citiens&ip

Issues$i. ;ON Cru/ a natural "orn >ilipino citien w&o

"ecame American citien can still "e consierenatural "orn upon &is reac8uisition o' #&ilcitiens&ip

ii. ;ON Congressman Cru s&oul "e is8uali'ie'rom "eing electe as t&e rep o' t&e seconistrict o' #angaasinan

9el,)atio$

i. Cru is eligi"le as a congressman an a natural"orn citien "ecause upon repatriation 3ta+ing anoat& o' allegiance to t&e repu"lic o' t&e #&ils anregistering sai oat& in t&e :ocal registr!6/ &erecovere &is original nationalit!.

ii. Dissent$ Natural "orn citiens are t&ose citiens o't&e #&ils 'rom "irt& wit&out &aving to per'orm an!act or ac8uire or per'ect &is #&il citiens&ip. Since&e &a to ta+e an oat&/ &e essentiall! &a toper'orm an act "e'ore ac8uiring citiens&ip

8alles v. Comeleci. )osalin :ope was "orn in Australia 'rom >ilipino

'at&er an Australian mot&er.ii. :ope allegel! renounce >il citiens&ip "!

appl!ing 'or an alien certi'icate o' registration animmigrant cert o' resience an issuance o'Australian passport

Issue$ ;ON )osalin :ope is a natural "orn citien o' t&e#&ils even w&en s&e is a &oler o' an Australian passportan &a alien certi'icate o' registration 3&ence eligi"le torun69el,)atio$

i. 9oling an Australian passport an an alien cert o'registration oes not constitute an e''ectiverenunciation o' citiens&ip an o not militateagainst &er claim o' >ilipino citiens&ip ? at mostmerel! ual citiens&ip not ual allegiance

ii. (oreover/ 'iling o' cert o' caniac! 'or pu"lic

o''ice is enoug& to terminate status as personswit& ual citiens&ip

6ima&oro v. /itrai. Term o' o''ice prescri"e "! t&e Constitution ma!

not "e e@tene or s&ortene "! legislatureii. Tenure ? "ut t&e perio uring w&ic& an o''icer

actuall! &ols t&e o''ice 3tenure6 ma! "e a''ecte"! circumstances wit&in or "e!ong t&e power o'sai o''icer

Farinas et al v. E


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o''ice t&an t&e one w&ic& &e is &oling inpermanent capacit! e@cept 'or presient an vicepresient s&all "e consiere ipso 'acto resigne'rom o''ice upon 'iling o' &is cert o' caniac!

ii. Sec air Election Act6 isconstitutional inso'ar as it repeals Sec


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/E/7ER 'H*LL 7E E'+I)!E6 !)R 7E HEL6LI*7LE I! *!@ )+HER PL*CE F)R *!@ 'PEECH )R6E7*+E I! +HE C)!GRE'' )R *!@ C)//I++EE+HERE)F

i. Uner 10= constitution/ privilege was onl! 'romcivil arrest. Uner 104 constitution/ a legislator isprivilege 'rom arrest even 'or a criminal o''enseprovie t&at t&e o''ense was not punis&a"le "! apenalt! o' more t&an < !ears imprisonment

ii. #rivilege onl! availa"le w&ile congress is insession since purpose is to protect legislatoragainst &arassment w&ic& will +eep &im awa!'rom legislative sessions

Peo&le v. 5alos9osi. Congressman alos*os now con'ine at t&e national

penitentiar! w&ile &is conviction on statutor! rapeon 5 counts an acts o' lasciviousness on < countsis pening appeal.

ii. #etition as+ing t&at &e "e allowe to 'ull!isc&arge uties o' a congressman incluingattenance at legislative sessions an committeemeetings 3manate o' t&e sovereign will asprimar! argument6

Issue$ ;ON mem"ers&ip in congress e@empt an accuse'rom statutes an rules w&ic& appl! to valil! incarceratepersons in general9el,)atio$

i. 9el in t&e negative. All top o''icials o' gov7t arestill su"*ect to t&e ma*est! o' t&e law. #rivilege &asto "e grante "! law/ not in'erre 'rom uties o' aposition. 9istor! o' t&e provision on immunit! 'romarrest s&ows t&at t&e privilege &as alwa!s "eengrante in a restrictive sense

ii. )ecalle t&at w&en alos*os7 arrest was issue/ &e'le an evae capture espite a call 'rom &iscolleagues in t&e 9) an to surrener voluntaril!to aut&orities ? ironic

iii. Allowing alos*os to atten congressional sessions

an committee meetings 'or = a!s or more in awee+ will virtuall! ma+e &im a 'ree man wit& allt&e privileges t&at go wit& &is position ? not onl!elevates &im to special class "ut ma+es a mov+er!o' t&e purpose 'o correction s!stem

iv. Constitutional e8ual protection$ All personssimilarl! situate s&all "e treate ali+e. Organs o'gov7t s&all not s&ow partialit!

SCO#E O> T9E #)IVI:E%E O> S#EEC9i. #rivilege o' speec& oes not protect assem"l!

men against t&e isciplinar! aut&orit! o' t&econgress "ut it is an a"solute protection againstsuits 'or li"el.

ii. Utterance must constitute legislative action. (ust"e part o' t&e eli"erative an communicativeprocess "! w&ic& legislators participate incommittee or congressional proceeings in t&econsieration o' propose legislation or o' ot&ermatters w&ic& t&e constitution &as place wit&int&e *urisiction o' t&e congress

5imene3 v. Ca$ang$angi. #etitioner 'ile against Ca"ang"ang 'or mone!

"ecause o' amages ue to pu"lication o' anallegel! li"elous letter o' e'enant

ii. De'enant sai t&at letter in 8uestion is aprivilege communication

Issues$ ;ON Ca"ang"ang7s letter is a privilegecommunication9el,)atio$

i. No. :etter was an open letter to t&e presient o't&e #&ils w&en congress was presuma"l! not insession an e'enant case letter to "epu"lis&e in several newspapers o' generalcirculation. 9e was not per'orming &is o''icial ut!eit&er as a mem"er o' congress or as o''icer o'an! committee t&ereo'

ii. #rivilege letter ? utterances mae "! congressmenin t&e per'ormance o' t&eir o''icial 'unctions suc&as speec&es elivere/ statements mae/ votescast in t&e &alls o' congress/ w&ile t&e same is insession/ as well as "ills introuce in congress/w&et&er t&e same is in session or not/ an ot&eracts per'orme "! congressmen/ eit&er incongress or outsie t&e premises &ousing itso''ices in t&e o''icial isc&arge o' t&eir uties asmem"ers o' congress an o' congressionalcommittees ul! aut&orie to per'orm 'unctions

*ntonino v. 8alenciai. Caniate o' :# 'or governor o' Davao lost against

N#/ an Congressman Antonino 3&ea o' :#6

attri"ute loss to support given "! Valencia 3t&ensec o' pu"lic wor+s an communications6 to(aglana 3inepenent :#6 w&ic& ivie :# votes.

ii. In pu"lic statements 8uote in metropolitannewspapers &e sai &a not valencia sa"otage:#/ caniate woul7ve won

iii. Antonino 'ile aministrative c&arges wit& SenateBlue )i""on committee an a 'ormal re8uest toinvestigate actions o' e'enant as Sec o' #u"licwor+s an communications in connection wit&allege anomalous ac8uisitions o' supplies ane8uipment ? c&arges carrie "! press 3Bulletinan Newsa!6

iv. Valencia t&en issue a press release FQ'or certainsel'is& reasons/ Antonino &as ta+en avantage o'

&is position as mem"er o' monetar! "oar an assenatorQG

Issue$ ;ON press release 8uali'! as a privilegecommunication9el,)atio$

i. B! virtue o' t&e e'amator! an li"elous natureagainst t&e &onor/ integrit! an reputation o'Antonino/ malice in law was presume.

ii. Onl! e'ensive li"el against Antonino7s li"el$ :ettesent "! plainti'' was privilege communication3sent to Blue ri""on6L Fsa"otage an ou"lecrossingG comment not tantamount to li"el

SECTION 15$ A:: (E(BE)S O> T9E SENATE AND 9OUSE

O> )E#)ESENTATIVES S9A::/ U#ON ASSU(#TION O>O>>ICE/ (A-E A >U:: DISC:OSU)E O> T9EI) >INANCIA:AND BUSINESS INTE)ESTS. T9E S9A:: NOTI> T9E9OUSE CONCE)NED O> A #OTENTIA: CON>:ICT O>INTE)EST T9AT (A A)ISE >)O( T9E >I:IN% O> A#)O#OSED :E%IS:ATION O> ;9IC9 T9E A)E AUT9O)S.

SECTION 1$ NO SENATO) O) (E(BE) O> T9E 9OUSE O>)E#)ESENTATIVES (A 9O:D AN OT9E) O>>ICE O)E(#:O(ENT IN T9E %OVE)N(ENT/ O) ANSUBDIVISION/ A%ENC/ O) INST)U(ENTA:IT T9E)EO>/INC:UDIN% %OVE)N(ENTO;NED O) CONT)O::EDCO)#O)ATIONS O) T9EI) SUBSIDIA)IES/ DU)IN% 9ISTE)( ;IT9OUT >O)>EITIN% 9IS SEAT. NEIT9E) S9A:: 9E


9/40

BE A##OINTED TO AN O>>ICE ;9IC9 (A 9AVE BEENC)EATED O) T9E E(O:U(ENTS T9E)EO> INC)EASEDDU)IN% T9E TE)(S >O) ;9IC9 9E ;AS E:ECTED.

Li$an v. Gordoni. #etition to eclare Sen. %oron as &aving 'or'eite

&is seat in t&e senateIssue$ ;ON t&e o''ice o' t&e #N)C 3#&ilippine National )eCross6 C&airman is a government o''ice or an o''ice in agovernmentowne or controlle corporation 'or t&epurposes o' t&e pro&i"ition in Sec 1 Article VI o' t&econstitution9el,)atio$

i. T&e #N)C is not governmentowne "ut privatel!owne &ence sec 1 o' Article VI oes not appl!.T&e #N)C 3not controlle "! t&e gov7t6 is a privateorganiation per'orming pu"lic 'unctionsL onor'une voluntar!/ &umanitarian organiation

SECTION 1H$ NO SENATO) O) (E(BE) O> T9E 9OUSE O>)E#)ESENTATIVES (A #E)SONA:: A##EA) ASCOUNSE: BE>O)E AN COU)T O> USTICE O) BE>O)ET9E E:ECTO)A: T)IBUNA:S/ O) RUASIUDICIA: ANDOT9E) AD(INIST)ATIVE BODIES. NEIT9E) S9A:: 9E/DI)ECT: O) INDI)ECT:/ BE INTE)ESTED >INANCIA:: IN

AN CONT)ACT ;IT9/ O) IN AN >)ANC9ISE O) S#ECIA:#)IVI:E%E %)ANTED B T9E %OVE)N(ENT/ O) ANSUBDIVISION/ A%ENC O) INST)U(ENTA:IT T9E)EO>/INCUDIN% AN %OVE)N(ENTO;NED O) CONT)O::EDCO)#O)ATION O) ITS SUBSIDIA)/ DU)IN% 9IS TE)( O>O>>ICE/ 9E S9A:: NOT INTE)VENE IN AN (ATTE)BE>O)E AN O>>ICE O> T9E %OVE)N(ENT >O) 9IS#ECUNIA) BENE>IT O) ;9E)E 9E (A BE CA::ED U#ONTO ACT ON ACCOUNT O> 9IS O>>ICE

#ro&i"itions

Pu%at v. 6e Gu3mani. SEC Commissioner De %uman an ustice

>ernane were suppose to appear as counsel

'or Acero. #u!at group o"*ecte "ecause Sec 11Article VIII o' 104 consti sa!s t&at no assem"l!man coul appear as counsel "e'ore an! amin"o!. >ernane in7t continue.

ii. >ernane &a purc&ase 1 s&ares o' stoc+ o' I#I'or #5 upon re8uest o' Acero to 8uali'! &im torun 'or election as irector

iii. >ernane 'ile motion to intervene in SEC casealleging legal interest since &e owns 1 s&ares.SEC grante. 9ence t&e petition 'or certiorari anpro&i"ition wit& preliminar! in*unction

Issue$ ;ON Assem"l!man >ernane as a t&en stoc+&oler o' I#I ma! intervene in t&e SEC case wit&outviolating section 11 Art VIII o' t&e Constitution

9el,)atio$i. De %uman &a ac8uire t&e 1 s&ares one a!"e'ore t&e sc&eule &earing wit& t&e SEC

ii. Be'ore &e move to intervene/ &e &as signi'ie &isintention to appear as counsel 'or responentAcero "ut w&ic& was o"*ecte "! petitioner 3souse intervention as legal grouns6

iii. Appeare as counsel 'or E@celsior/ coe'enant o'Acero in t&e court o' 'irst instance

iv. Because o' t&e 'acts an circumstances/ 'in t&att&ere &as "een an inirect Fappearance as

counsel "e'ore an amin "o!G circumventiono' constitution. Allowing intervention woul "e

tantamount to allowing &im to appear as counselinirectl!

*velino v. Cuencoi. Tanaa wante to ma+e &is privilege speec&

a"out t&e c&arges against Senate #resientAvelino/ "ut t&e latter an &is 'ollowers +ept onignoring &is motion an re8uest uring t&esession. Davi re8ueste 'or t&e session to "ea*ourne an Sania registere &is oppositionan suggeste it "e put to vote

ii. Avelino wal+e out 'ollowe "! &is 'ollowers/ ant&e rest remaine an continue wit& session.)esolution


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grave a"use o' iscretion &as "een 'oune aswell.

Terms$Usurpation ? unaut&orie ar"itrar! assumption ane@ercise o' power "! one wit&out color o' title or w&o isnot entitle "! law t&eretoRuo warranto proceing ? proper legal reme! toetermine rig&t or title to t&e conteste pu"lic o''ie an tooust &oler 'rom its en*o!ment.#olitical 8uestion ? 8uestions w&ic& uner t&e consti/ areto "e ecie "! t&e people in t&eir sovereign capacit! orin regar to w&ic& 'ull iscretionar! aut&orit! &as "eenelegate to t&e legislative or e@ec "ranc&

*rro%o et al v. 6e 8eneciai. #etition 'or certiorari c&allenging valiit! o' ).A..

5H w&ic& amens certain provisions o' t&eNational Internal )evenue Coe "! imposing sinta@es 3speci'ic ta@es6 on manu'acture an sale o'"eer an cigarettes.

ii. #etitioners c&arge violation o' t&e rules o' t&e&ouse w&ic& t&e! "elieve to "e constitutionall!manate so t&at t&eir violation is tantamount toa violation o' t&e constitution

Issues$i. ;ON t&e court as *urisiction over rules o' t&e9ouse

ii. ;ON violation o' rules o' t&e 9ouse tantamount toa violation o' t&e constitution

iii. ;ON t&e law was illegall! passe "! congress "!a mere approval o' motion in orer to preventpetitioner Arro!o 'rom 8uestioning presence o'8uorum

9eli. As t&e rules o' t&e &ouse are internal matters/ t&e

court &as no *urisiction "! virtue o' t&eseparation o' powers

ii. Internal con'lict wit&in t&e congress or senate is inno wa! violative o' t&e constitution "ecause suc&

rules are le't to t&e congress7 iscretion$ 9ouserules are merel! proceural an t&e courts &aveno concern.

iii. Conse8uentl!/ mere 'ailure to con'orm toparliamentar! usage an proceure will notinvaliate t&e action ta+en "! t&e eli"erative"o! w&en t&e re8uisite num"er o' mem"ers &aveagree to a particular measure

iv. T&e manner in w&ic& t&e committee report on 9No. 410 was "! no means a uni8ue one. It &as a"asis in legal practice. Ruorums are onl! onew&en a signi'icant num"er o' issenting opinionse@ist

5. Internal Discipline

)smena v. Pendatuni. #etition 'or eclarator! relie'/ certiorari an

pro&i"ition wit& preliminar! in*unction on t&egroun o' in'ringement o' o' petitioner Osmena7sparliamentar! immunit!

ii. Osmena/ uring &is speec& to t&e presient/c&arge t&e latter7s aministration o' corruptionan in*ustice 3FQ'ree t&ings t&e! use to get 'romt&e gov7t are now 'or sale at premium pricesG

iii. Deeme as an assault upon t&e ignit! anprestige o' t&e o''ice o' t&e presient e@posing itto contempt an isrepute/ t&e &ouse o' rep

'orme a committee o' 1= mem"ers to investigatet&e case/ summon Osmena to su"stantiate anaut&orie su"poena to re8uire attenance owitnesses an prouction o' papers.39ouseresolution =06 >ailure to o so$ suspene 'romo''ice 'or 1= mos.

Issues$i. ;ON Osmena7s parliamentar! immunit! was

violateii. ;ON Osmena committe isorerl! "e&avior to

"e punis&eiii. ;ON 9ouse &a lost its power to 8uestion an

iscipline 'or attening to anot&er "usiness "e'oreapproving 9ouse resol =0

iv. ;ON 9ouse &as no power to suspen mem"ersuner constitution

9el,)atio$i. No. #arliamentar! immunit! guarantees t&e

legislator complete 'reeom o' e@pression wit&out'ear o' "eing mae responsi"le in criminal or civiacts "e'ore courts or an! 'orum outsie ocongress BUT it oes not protect &im 'romresponsi"ilit! "e'ore legislative "o! w&en &iswors,conuct are consiere isorerl!

ii. Assault upon t&e ignit! o' t&e o''ice o' t&e

presient w&ic& is t&e s!m"ol o' t&e #&isovereignt!iii. )ules aopte "! eli"erative "oies are su"*ec

to revocation/ moi'ication/ or waiver at t&epleasure o' t&e "o! aopting t&em

iv. #arliamentar! rules are merel! proceural/ anwit& t&eir o"servance/ t&e court &as no concern

Paredes v. 'andigan$a%ani. Be'ore #arees "ecame a congressman

3governor6/ &e was c&arge o' violations againstanti gra't law.

Issue$ ;ON it was constitutional 'or t&e Sanigan"a!an toimpose a preventive suspension on #arees pursuant toantigra't law

9el,)atio$ es it is constitutional "ecause petitioner7sinvocation o' Sec 1< 36 Article < onl! applies tomis"e&avior as a (em"er o' t&e 9ouse o' representatives/i''erent 'rom t&e suspension spo+en o' in Section 1 o')A10 3Anti gra't law6 w&ic& is more o' a preventivemeasure

nited 'tates v. Pons

i. T&e e'enant appellant uan #ons et.al werec&arge wit& t&e crime o' illegal importation o'opium. #onPs counsel allege an o''ere to provet&at t&e last a! o' t&e special session o' t&e#&ilippine :egislature 'or 101H was t&e 5t& a! o'>e"ruar!L t&at Act No. 51/ uner w&ic& #ons

must "e punis&e i' 'oun guilt!/ was not passeor approve on t&e 5t& o' >e"ruar! "ut on (arc&1 o' t&at !earL an t&at/ t&ere'ore/ t&e same is nulan voi.

Issues$

i. ;ON t&e court can ta+e notice o' t&e *ournalsii. ;ON legislative *ournals 3conclusive evience6 or

e@traneous evience 3witness6 s&oul "e use9el,)atio$

i. Crei"ilit! 'oun in legislative *ournalsii. To in8uire into t&e aut&enticit! o' t&e *ournals o'

#&il legislature woul violate letter an spirit o'


11/40

organic laws L an inter'ere wit& legitimatepowers an 'unctions o' :egislature

Casco P(ili&&ine C(emical Co. v. Gimene3Issue$ ;ON ;ON Congresswoman Coseteng is 8uali'ie tosit in t&e Commission on Appointments as arepresentative o' t&e (inorit! "ecause s&e &as t&esupport o' 0 ot&er congressmen an congresswomen o't&e minorit! an 'ormale&!e are e@empt "! t&e law'rom pa!ment o' t&e a'oresai margin 'ee9el,)atio$

i. No t&e! are not "ecause Sec5 o' )A no. 5ualification of mem$ers=. Electoral tri$unal will(ave ? mem$ers ;" 9ustices designated $% c(ief9ustice and senatorsmem$ers of (ouse of re&s *'+HE C*'E /*@ 7E= c(osen t(roug( &ro&ortional re&from &olitical &arties and &art% list s%stem. 'enior9ustice is t(e c(airman

*ngara v. Electoral CommissionIssue$ ;ON t&e Electoral Commission acte wit&out or ine@cess o' its *urisiction in aopting its resolution o' Dec 010= an in assuming to ta+e cogniance o' t&e protest'ile against t&e election o' &erein petitioner espite t&eprevious con'irmation "! t&e National Assem"l!9el,)atio$

i. Electoral commission acte wit&in its *urisiction"ecause section 14 o' Article VI reas$ F ..Electoraltri"unal as t&e sole *uge o' all contests )E:ATIN%TO t&e election/ returns/ an 8uali'icationsQ.G

ii. B! tracing t&e origin an &istor! o' t&e Electoralcommission/ it can "e seen t&at espite t&evigorous opposition o' some mem"ers 3)o@as v.ventura :a"raor pela!o cinco conversation6/ t&e

original intention o' t&e convention wase''ectuate "! t&e St!le Committee t&rougresient )ecto$ Inserte Fall contests relating toG"etween F*uge o'G an Ft&e electionG

*$$as et al. v. 'enatei. A""as 'ile an election contest "e'ore t&e Senate

against 55 caniates o' t&e :ABAN coalitionii. #etitioners sai t&at t&e < senators inclue in t&e

Electoral Commission s&oul "e is8uali'ie 'romt&e &earing an resolution o' t&e sai SET case"ecause all are intereste parties

iii. A""as proposal$ Tri"unal7s rules 3sec5H6$ i' moret&an H mem"ers are is8uali'ie/ remaining s&all'orm a 8uorum i' not less t&an incluing 1 *uge.

T&is woul mean onl! t&e *uges woul remainin t&e senate electoral commission

Issue$ ;ON A""as7 proposal is vali9el

i. It is not vali "ecause t&e constitution intenet&at "ot& *uicial an legislative componentscommonl! s&are t&e ut! an aut&orit! o'eciing all contests relating to election returnsan 8uali'ications o' senators.

ii. T&e 'act t&at t&e ratio o' legislative to *uicialcomponents is 5$1 means t&at t&e legislativecomponent cannot "e totall! e@clue 'romparticipation in t&e resolution o' electoral contestswit&out oing violence to spirit an intent o' t&e

constitutionTri"unal cannot legall! 'unctionwit&out legislative componentiii. ;&et&er su"stitutes are resorte to or not

overriing consieration is t&at t&e tri"unal "e notprevente 'rom isc&arging a ut! w&ic& it alone&as t&e power to per'orm

7ondoc v. Pinedai. In t&e local an congressional elections &el

"etween #inea 3:a"an ng Demo+rati+ong#ilipino6 an Bonoc 3Nacionalista part!6/ #ineawon. Bonoc 'ile a protest in t&e 9ouse o' )epElectoral tri"unal


12/40

ii. A'ter reviewing t&e "allots/ it was 'oun out t&atBonoc garnere 14 more votes t&an #inea

iii. *ustices/ Cerilles an Congressman Camasuravote to proclaim Bonoc t&e winner o' contest.Camasura was a mem"er o' t&e :D# part!.

iv. 9e tol &is c&ie'/ co*uanco..Camasura wase@pelle 'rom Davao el sur :D# c&apter 'orallegel! &elping to organie partio #ilipino o'aning co*uanco an encourage :D# mem"ers to

*oin itunet&ical immoral an complete "etra!alto part!

v. 9ouse o' )ep ecie to wit&raw t&e nominationan rescin election o' Congressman Camasura"ecause o' t&e a"ovementione reason

vi. Because t&e vote 3'or Bonoc7s proclamation aswinner6 was =H/ an camasura was part o' t&e =/t&e promulgation o' t&e ecision regaring Bonoccase was a"orte.

vii. 9ouse o' rep plan to replace camasura witalacol

viii. *ustices 39errera/ Cru/ >eliciano6 as+e to "erelieve 'rom mem"ers&ip in t&e tri"unal "ecauset&e events unermine t&e inepenence o' t&eTri"unal. Congressmen A8uino/ #once e leon/%arcia *r./ Calingasan mani'est similar intention.

i@. Bonoc 'ile petition 'or certiorari/ pro&i"ition anmanamus

Issue$i. ;ON t&e 9ouse o' )eps can c&ange t&e part!7s

representation w&ic& woul c&ange t&e ecision'reel! mae "! t&e electoral tri"une regaring anelection contest

ii. ;ON it was constitutional 'or t&e 9) to wit&rawnomination an rescin election o' Camasura

iii. ;ON term in electoral tri"ute coe@tensive wit&corresponing legislative term

9el,)atio$i. T&e 9) committe a grave a"use o' iscretion/

in*ustice an violation o' t&e constitution. T&epurpose o' t&e electoral tri"une was to provie aninepenent an impartial tri"unal 'or t&eetermination o' contests to legislative o''ice/evoi o' partisan consieration an to trans'er tot&at tri"unal all t&e powers previousl! e@ercise"! t&e legislative wit& regar to election contests.

ii. Electoral tri"unal is a nonpolitical "o! in a sea o'politicians. T&e *uges must isc&arge 'unctionsetac&e an inepenent 'rom t&e political part!t&e! "elong to. 9) violate Camasura7s rig&t tosecurit! o' tenure "ecause &e cannot "eterminate e@cept 'or a UST CAUSE. Dislo!alt! topart! an "reac& o' part! iscipline are not valigrouns 'or a mem"er7s e@pulsion in t&e tri"unal.

iii. Electoral tri"une is not coe@tensive wit&

corresponing legis term "ecause i' congressmanc&anges part!/ t&e consti manate a"outrepresentation "ase on pol a''iliation is nulli'ie

iv. Supreme court$ )einstate Camasura in Electoraltri"unal an Bonoc eclare winner o' t&eelection.

Guerrero v. Comeleci. )ui 'ile a petition to is8uali'! >arinas as a

caniate 'or t&e position o' congressman.Comelec ismisse t&e case "ecause it &aalrea! lost its *urisiction in t&e case

ii. >arinas e'ense$ 8uali'ications onl! re'erre tot&ose 8uali'ications given in t&e constitution

iii. #etitioner %uerero 'ile against Comelec 'or gravea"use o' iscretion on its part an 'ailure to o itsconstitutional ut! to up&ol an en'orce laws inelections

Issue$ ;ON Comelec committe grave a"use o' iscretion'or sa!ing t&at t&e case is in t&e *urisiction o' t&e 9)ET9el,)atio$

i. No it i not "ecause since responent >arinas&a alrea! ta+en &is oat& an assume o''ice asa mem"er o' t&e congress/ comelec &as alrea!lost its *urisiction.

ii. Comelec is onl! tas+e to eclare vali or invalicert o' caniac!. Once caniate &as "eeneclare a winner/ contests a"out it is uner

9)ET7s *urisiction avois uplicit! anrespects *urisiction

iii. Ruali'ications oes not mean constitutional8uali'ications$ s&oul not ma+e owninterpretations o' re8uirements provie

Garcia et al v. HRE+i. )egistere voters o' ristrict o' manila 'ile a

8uo warranto petition 'or t&e is8uali'ication o'9arr! Angping in &oling pu"lic o''ice "ecause&e7s not a natural "orn citien o' t&e #&ils

ii. Upon 'iling petition/ petitioners pai = 'iling'ee/ "ut was una"le to pa! t&e ot&er = cas&eposit. Upon notice/ t&e! pai t&e = cas&eposit/ "ut t&eir motion 'or recon was enie"ecause o' rule5 o' 100 9)ET rules w&ic&re8uire = cas& eposit in aition to 'iling 'ee3too late6

Issue$ ;ON 9)ET committe a grave a"use o' iscretionin appl!ing its rules strictl! an in ismissing t&e petition'or 8uo warranto.9el,)atio$

i. T&e 9)ET i not commit a grave a"use o'iscretion "ecause 9)ET rules o' proceure must"e ta+en seriousl! i' t&e! are to attain t&eiro"*ective$ spee! an orerl! etermination o' t&etrue will o' t&e electorate

ii. Imperative *ustice re8uires t&e proper o"servanceo' tec&nicalities precisel! esigne to ensure itsproper an swi't ispensation

Pimentel et al v. HRE+Issues$

i. ;ON t&e present composition o' t&e &ouseelectoral tri"unal violates t&e constitutionalre8uirements o' proportional representation"ecause t&ere are no part! list representatives int&e 9)ET

ii. ;ON t&e present mem"ers&ip o' t&e &ouse in t&ecommission on appointments violates t&e

constitutional re8uirement o' proportionalrepresentation "ecause t&ere are no part! listrepresentatives in t&e CA

iii. ;ON t&e re'usal o' t&e 9)ET an CA toreconstitute t&emselves to inclue part! listrepresentatives constitutes grave a"use o'iscretion

9el,)atio$i. No t&e present composition o' 9)ET oes not

violate consti re8uirements "ecause uner section14 article VI o' t&e consti/ eac& mem"er o'congress e@ercises t&e power to c&oose wit&inconstitutionall! e'ine limits/ w&o among t&eirmem"ers woul occup! t&e allotte < seats in t&e


13/40

electoral tri"unal 3electe "ase on proportionalrepresentation6

ii. Uner sec 14 an 1/ article VI/ part! list repsmust 'irst s&ow to t&e &ouse t&at t&e! possess t&ere8uire numerical strengt& to "e entitle to seatsin t&e 9)ET an CA. Onl! i' &ouse 'ails to compl!wit& irective o' consti on proportionalrepresentation can petitioners see+ recourse tocourt uner power o' *uicial review.

iii. No "ecause it appears 'rom t&e availa"le 'actst&at t&e part! list groups in t&e &ouse at t&at timesimpl! re'raine 'rom participating in t&e electionprocess. T&e! in7t even esignate t&eirnominees even up to t&e time t&e! 'ile t&ispetition. #rimar! recourse o' t&e part!list reps lieswit& &ouse o' rep. court can7t inter'ere 3separationo' powers6

iv. )e8uirements 'or court to entertain *uicial8uestions$

a. Actual controvers!". #erson raising t&e consti issue must &ave

personal an su"stantial interest in t&e

resolution o' controvers! 3locus stani6 petitioners on7t 'ul'ill t&is re8uirement

c. Controvers! must "e raise at earliest

reasona"le opportunit!. )esolution o' t&e constitutional issue

inispensa"le to t&e 'inal etermination o'controvers!

8in3ons#C(ato v. ComelecIssue$ ;ON Comelec committe grave a"use o' iscretionw&en it assaile a resolution &oling t&at it &a lost its*urisiction upon responent Unico7s proclamation anoat& ta+ing as a (em"er o' t&e 9)9el,)atio$

i. No it in7t "ecause once a winning caniate &as"een proclaime/ ta+en &is oat&/ an assumeo''ice as a mem"er o' t&e 9)/ t&e comelec7s*urisiction ens/ an t&e 9)ET7s own *urisiction"egins.

ii. Avois uplicit! o' proceeings an a clas& o'*urisiction "etween constitutional "oies

iii. I' t&e court ta+es cogniance o' case$ usurpconstitutionall! manate 'unctions o' t&e 9)ET

iv. #etition 'or certiorari onl! i'$a. Tri"unal/ "oar/ o''icer e@ercising *uicial

or 8uasi*uicial 'unctions &as acte wit&grave a"use o' iscretion amounting tolac+ or e@cess o' *urisiction

". T&ere is no appeal or an! plain spee!an ae8uate reme! in t&e orinar!course o' law to annul or moi'! t&eproceeing.

Lim-aic(ong v. ComelecIssues$

i. ;ON t&e proclamation o' :im+aic&ong "! t&e#rovincial Boar o' Canvassers o' Negros Orientalis vali

ii. ;ON sai proclamation iveste t&e Comelec o'*urisiction to resolve t&e issue o' :im+aic&ong7scitiens&ip

iii. ;ON t&e 9)ET s&all resume *urisiction/ in lieu o't&e comelec/ over t&e issue o' :im+aic&ong7scitiens&ip

iv. ;ON t&e Comelec 5nivision correctl! rule t&at:im+aic&ong is is8uali'ie 'rom running as a

(em"er o' t&e 9ouse o' representatives on t&egroun t&at s&e is not a natural "orn citien

v. ;ON t&e Comelec7s is8uali'ication o':im+aic&ong is 'inal an e@ecutor!

vi. ;ON t&e spea+er o' t&e 9) ma! "e compelle topro&i"it :im+aic&ong 'rom assuming &er uties asa mem"er o' t&e &ouse o' representatives

9el,)atio$i. T&e proclamation was vali "ecause t&e

:im+aic&ong7s 'iling o' t&e motion 'orreconsieration e''ectivel! suspene t&ee@ecution o' t&e ma! 14 54 oint resolution3w&ic& woul suspen proclamation6

ii. No it i not "ecause once a winning caniate&as "een proclaime/ ta+en &is oat&/ anassume o''ice as a mem"er o' t&e &ouse o'representatives/ t&e comelec7s *urisiction ensan t&e 9)ET7s own "egins. 3even t&ose matterspening uner comelec "e'ore proclamation6

iii. See iiiv. Base on OS% recors o' naturaliation

proceeing/ since :im+aic&ong7s a wasn7t a"leto ac8uire #&il citiens&ip t&roug& prescri"enaturaliation/ :im+aic&ong remains a C&inesenational an is is8uali'ie to run as caniate

an "e electe as a mem"er o' t&e 9). 9owevert&e! cannot resolve matterL outsie o' t&eir*urisiction alrea!

v. See ivvi. No "ecause De Venecia argue t&at &e7s onl!

&onoring t&e proclamation o' :im+aic&ong"ecause it &a t&e &allmar+s o' regularit! an &e&a no power to e@clue an! mem"er o' t&e 9)motu proprio until t&e proclamation is cancele/revo+e or nulli'ie 3against ue process o' law6.9is recognition as a mem"er o' t&e 9) is aministerial ut!.

6a3a v. 'ingsoni. During congressional elections/ seats were

apportione in t&e commission on appointments.9owever/ :D# was reorganie. 5H mem"ers o't&e :i"eral part! 'ormall! resigne an trans'erreto :D# swelling its num"er to 1=0/ an :# reuceto 14.

ii. C&am"er electe a new set o' representatives anpetitioner was remove/ an was replace "!Singson. #etitioner c&allenge &is removal 'romt&e Commission on Appointments an t&eassumption o' &is seat "! t&e responents

Issue$i. ;ON t&e c&ange in t&e representation o' t&e CA

was constitutionalii. ;ON t&e removal o' t&e petitioner 'rom t&e

Commission on Appointments was constitutionaliii. ;ON t&e reorganiation is "ase on a permanentpolitical realignment 3since :D# is not registere6

9el,)atio$i. )esolve t&e issue in 'avor o' t&e aut&orit! o' t&e

9) to c&ange its representation in t&e CA tore'lect at an! time t&e c&anges t&at ma! transpirein t&e political alignments o' its mem"ers&ip

ii. es it was constitutional "ecause t&e constitutionmanates proportional representation in t&e CAan wit& t&e increase num"er o' t&e :D# part! to1=0 an t&e conse8uent ecrease o' :# to 14/ t&ewit&rawal o' 1 seat is constitutional


14/40

iii. T&e Cunanan v. Tan case cannot "e applie"ecause as oppose to t&e 'ormer/ t&e part! it'orme 3Allie (a*orit!6 was onl! temporar!. T&ecreation o' t&e :D# constituting t&e "ul+ o' t&e'ormer #D#:a"an an to w&ic& no less t&an 5Hli"eral congressmen &ave trans'erre was apermanent c&ange. :D#/ asie 'rom t&e 'act t&atits petition 'or registration as a political part! &as"een grante/ &as "een in e@istence 'or more t&ana !ear now/ &as 1=4 mem"ers in t&e 9) an #moerniation 'un6 ?VETO U#9E:D "ecause it7san inappropriate provisionan against contractualo"ligation

iv. On use o' savings toaugment A># pension'uns 3s&oul "e covere"! irect appropriationsmae "! law6 ? VETOU#9E:D "ecause provisionis unconstitutional anagainst sec 5= an 50

. 'ame as ": wit( tem&orar% restrainingorder

9el,)atio$ DIS(ISSED wit& e@ceptions 3provisions on e"tservice/ no. 5 o' D#;9/ no. 15 o' meicines 'or A>#6Court ismisse all petitions t&at c&allenge t&e valiit! o't&e presiential vetoes t&at were vetoe properl!. T&ismeans t&at t&ose Finappropriate provisionsG an itemst&at were vetoe were rig&tl! one. On t&e ot&er &an/

t&ose t&at t&e Court grante were not properl! vetoe 'ort&e reason t&at t&e part t&e presient vetoe isintimatel! connecte to t&e entire provision. )emovingsuc& item woul entail removing t&e provision altoget&er

VETO UNCONSTITUTIONA:$i. On e"t service$ F..principal an interest to "e

use 'or pa!ment 'or 'oreign an omestice"tQG an pro&i"iting use o' 'uns to pa! 'orlia"ilities o' t&e Central Ban+ Boar o' :i8uiators

ii. D#;9$ >un 'or t&e maintenance o' roas an"riges$ J to "e contracte out

iii. A>#$ #urc&ase o' meicines

SEC 5

+(e &ower to taun 3O#S>6ii. O#S> esigne to reim"urse oil companies 'or costincreases in crue oil an importe petroleumproucts resulting 'rom e@c&ange ratea*ustments an 'rom increases in t&e worl

mar+et prices o' crue oil classi'ie into aFtrust lia"ilit! accountG

iii. #res Coraon A8uino amene #D 10=< anpromulgate EO 14 e@paning grouns 'orreim"ursement to oil companies 'or possi"le costuner recover! incurre as a result o' t&ereuction o' omestic prices o' petroleum prost&e amount o' t&e uner recover! "eing le't 'oretermination "! (inistr! o' >inance

iv. ;&en O#S> status s&owe a terminal 'un"alance e'icit o' some #15.44 "illion/ t&e Energ!)egulating Boar issue an orer to approve t&eincrease in pump prices o' petroleum proucts

v. #etitioners sa! t&at t&e creation o' trust 'unviolates Sec 50 Article VI$ All mone! collecte onan! ta@ levie 'or a special purpose s&all "etreate as a special 'un an pai out 'or suc&purposes onl!Q"alance s&all "e trans'erre togeneral 'uns o' gov7tG ? "alance s&oul not "ec&annele to ot&er gov7t o"*ectives

Issue$;ON t&e O#S> or t&e trust 'un create isunconstitutional/ "eing violative o' Sec 50 Article VI o' t&econstitution

9el,)atio$No it is not.i. T&e O#S> was esta"lis&e precisel! to protect

local consumer 'rom t&e averse conse8uencest&at suc& 're8uent oil price a*ustments ma! &aveupon t&e econom! 3"ecause o' t&e everc&angingworl mar+et prices o' oil6. T&e O#S> is a "u''ermec&anism t&roug& w&ic& t&e omestic consumerprices o' oil an petroleum proucts are sta"ilieinstea o' 'luctuating ever! so o'ten/ an oilcompanies are allowe to recover t&ose portionso' t&eir costs w&ic& t&e! woul not ot&erwiserecover given t&e level o' omestic prices e@isting

at an! given time. 3omestic pros are su"siiein part6

ii. T&ere'ore t&e ta@ collecte is not in a puree@ercise o' ta@ing power$ levie wit& a regulator!purpose/ e@acte in t&e e@ercise o' police powero' t&e state

iii. Sta"iliation >un as a special +in o' 'un isemp&asie "! t&e 'act t&at t&e 'uns areeposite in t&e #&ilippine National Ban+ an notin t&e #&il Treasur!L segregate 'rom t&e general'un

SEC

Fa$ian v. 6esiertoi. Teresita >a"ian was a ma*or stoc+&oler an

presient o' #)O(AT. Nestor V. Agustin was t&eincum"ent District Engineer o' t&e >irst ((Engineering District. #)O(AT participate in t&e"iing 'or gov7t construction pro*ects incluingt&ose uner >(ED. Agustin/ ta+ing avantage o'&is position/ compelle >a"ian to an amorousrel7p.

ii. (isunerstanings evelope an >a"ian trie toterminate relations&ip. Agustin re'use anresiste to t&e e@tent o' emplo!ing &arassment/

intimiation/ an t&reats.iii. >a"ian 'ile amin case against &im. Agustin was'oun guilt! o' misconuct$ penalt! o' suspensionwit&out pa! 'or 1 !ear

iv. Agustin move 'or recon an responentom"usman iscovere t&at t&e 'ormer7s newcousel &a "een &is classmate an closeassociate. 9e in&i"ite &imsel' an t&e case wastrans'erre to Deput! Om"usman %uerero w&oe@onerate Agustin 'rom t&e amin c&arges

v. >a"ian points out t&at uner sec 4 rule III o' AminOrer No. 43)ules an #roceure o' t&e O''ice o't&e Om"usman6$ w&en a responent is a"solveo' t&e c&arges in an amin proceeing/ t&eecision o' t&e om"usman is 'inal an

unappeala"le.a. BUT uner Sec 54 )A


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t&e Om"usman in amin cases s&oul "e ta+ento t&e COA uner t&e provision o' rule H.

A)TIC:E VII ? T&e E@ecutive Department

Sec 1

1. E@ecutive #ower

/arcos v. /angla&usA et ali. At t&e avent o' #eople power I an t&e 'all o' t&e

(arcos )egime/ t&e countr! was plague wit&numerous pro"lems$

1. #oliticali. T&reats o' a militar! occupationii. Con'lict in t&e governmentiii. T&reat o' communist insurgenc!

an secessionist movement in(inanao

5. Economici. Accumulate 'oreign e"t an t&e

pluner o' t&e nation attri"ute to(arcos an &is cronies

ii. (arcos in &is eat&"e &as signi'ie &is wis& toreturn to t&e #&ilippines to ieiii. #resient A8uino/ ta+ing into account t&e current

state o' t&e countr!/ sta!e 'irm in &is ecision to"ar return o' (arcos an &is 'amil!.

iv. 9ence t&is petition to en*oin implementation o'#resients ecision to "ar t&eir return to t&e #&ils

Issue$ ;ON in t&e e@ercise o' t&e powers grante "! t&econstitution/ t&e presient ma! pro&i"it t&e (arcoses 'romreturning to t&e #&ils.9el,)atio$es s&e ma!.

i. T&e Constitution not onl! esta"lis&es separation o'power/ "ut it also grants plenar! power to t&ee@ecutive/ legislative an *uiciar!.

ii. Contrar! to w&at petitioners sa! t&at powers notenumerate in t&e consti are impliel! enie tot&e presient/ e@ecutive power is more t&an t&esum o' t&e speci'ic powers enumerate.

iii. Corwin sa!s 3re'erring to US presiencies6 t&atFw&at presienc! is at an! particular momentepens in important measure on w&o ispresient.G

iv. It woul not "e accurate to state t&at e@ecutivepower is t&e power to en'orce laws since t&epresient is &ea o' state as well as &ea o'government an w&atever powers in&ere in suc&positions pertain to t&e o''ice unless t&econstitution itsel' wit&&ols it. 3ot&er powers$ over

'oreign relations6v. #etitioner$ Service an protection o' t&e people/maintenance o' peace an orer/ t&e protection o'li'e li"ert! an propert!/ an t&e promotion o'general wel'are are essential ieals o' gov7t action3sovereignt! resies in t&e people an all gov7tal

aut&orit! emanates 'rom t&em6As presient/s&e is uner t&e constitution/ constraine toconsier t&ese "asic principles in arriving at aecision

vi. 9owever/ consiering t&at t&e persons w&o see+to return/ are t&e epose ictator an &is 'amil!at w&ose oor t&e travails o' t&e countr! are laian 'rom w&om "illions o' ollars "elieve to "e

illgotten wealt& are soug&t to "e recovere/ t&econstitutional guarantees must "e a*uste to t&ere8uirements o' e8uall! important pu"lic interests

vii. Balancing general wel'are an t&e common gooagainst e@ercise o' rig&ts o' certain iniviuals

viii. Case calls 'or t&e e@ercise o' t&e #resient7spowers as protector o' peace$ not onl! ine@ercising commaner o' peace powers in timeso' emergenc! "ut also wit& attening to a! toa! pro"lems o' maintaining peace an orer anensuring omestic tran8uilit!

i@. #ower o' presient recognie "! t&e legislatureas s&own "! t&eir re8uest to allow (arcos toreturn

@. Deman o' (arcos can7t "e consiere in t&e lig&tsolel! o' t&e constitutional provisionsguaranteeing li"ert! o' a"oe an rig&t to travel.

@i. It must "e treate as a matter aresse to t&oseresiual powers ' t&e presient w&ic& are implicitin an correlative to t&e paramount ut! resiingin t&at o''ice to sa'eguar an protect generalwel'are

5. E@ecutive Immunit!

Estrada v. 6esiertoi. #etitioner ma+es 5 su"missions

1. T&e cases 'ile against &im "e'oreresponent om"usman s&oul "epro&i"ite "ecause &e &as not "eenconvicte in t&e impeac&mentproceeings against &im

5. 9e en*o!s immunit! 'rom all +ins o' suitw&et&er criminal or civil

Issue$ ;ON t&e petitioner en*o!s immunit! 'rom suit.Assuming &e en*o!s immunit!/ t&e e@tent o' t&e immunit!9el,)atio$No &e oes not.

i. T&e principle o' nonlia"ilit! mean t&at t&e c&ie'e@ecutive ma! not "e personall! sue at all in

relation to acts w&ic& &e claims to per'orm assuc& o''icial.

ii. ;&at is &el &ere is t&at &e will "e protecte 'rompersonal lia"ilit! 'or amages not onl! w&en &eacts wit&in &is aut&orit! "ut also w&en &e iswit&out aut&orit!/ provie t&at &e actuall! useiscretion an *ugment/ t&at is/ t&e *uicial'acult!/ in etermining w&et&er &e &a aut&orit!to act or not.

iii. 9e is not protecte i' t&e lac+ o' aut&orit! to act isso plain t&at two reasona"le men coul not&onestl! i''er over its etermination

iv. On Estraa7s su"missions$1. Untena"le 'or t&e petitioner to eman

t&at &e s&oul 'irst "e impeac&e ant&en convicte "e'ore &e can "eprosecute. T&e plea i' grante/ woul puta perpetual "ar against &is prosecution.;&en impeac&ment proceeings &ave"ecome moot ue to t&e resignation o' t&epresient/ t&e proper criminal an civilcases ma! alrea! "e 'ile against &im

5. ;&en t&e presient resigns prior to t&eimpeac&ment ecision/ &is resignationwoul rener t&e case moot anacaemic. 9owever/ as t&e provision sa!s/t&e criminal an civil aspects o' it ma!continue in orinar! courts.


29/40

Sec 14 Article VII$ FT&e presient s&all "eimmune 'rom suit during his tenure.T&erea'ter/ no suit w&atsoever s&all lie 'oro''icial acts one "! &im or "! ot&erspursuant to &is speci'ic orers uring &istenure.G

v. T&e cases 'ile against Estraa are criminal inc&aracter$ pluner/ "ri"er!/ gra't/ an corruption.B! no means can t&ese crimes especiall! plunerw&ic& carries t&e eat& penalt!/ "e covere "!t&e allege mantle o' immunit! o' a nonsittingpresient.

vi. T&e rule is t&at unlaw'ul acts o' pu"lic o''icials arenot acts o' t&e state an t&e o''icer w&o actsillegall! is not acting as suc& "ut stans in t&esame 'ooting as an! ot&er trespasser.

'oliven v. /a-asiari. #resient Coraon A8uino sue Beltran 'or li"el 'or

&aving written t&at t&e presient &i uner t&e"e uring an attempte coup.

ii. Beltran sa!s t&at t&e presient ma! not sue &er"ecause

1. T&e reasons w&ic& necessitatepresiential immunit! 'rom suit impose a

correlative isa"ilit! to 'ile suit/5. I' criminal proceeings ensue/ t&epresient woul &ave to "e a witness 'orprosecution/ inirectl! e'eating &erprivilege 'rom immunit! 'rom suit as s&ewoul "e e@posing &ersel' to possi"lecontempt o' court or per*ur!.

Issue$ ;ON t&e presient o' t&e #&ilippines/ uner t&econstitution/ ma! initiate criminal proceeings against t&epetitioners t&roug& t&e 'iling o' a complaint a''iavit9el,)atio$

i. T&e rationale o' t&e immunit! 'rom suit is toassure t&e e@ercise o' presiential uties an'unctions 'ree 'rom an! &inrance or istractionconsiering t&at "eing t&e c&ie' e@ecutive o' t&e

gov7t/ asie 'rom re8uiring all o' &er time/ alsoemans univie attention.

ii. (oreover/ t&e privilege o' immunit! 'rom suitpertains to t&e presient "! virtue o' t&e o''icean ma! "e invo+e onl! "! t&e &oler o' t&eo''ice/ &ence Beltran cannot raise privilege as ae'ense.

iii. T&ere are no laws pro&i"iting t&e presient 'romwaiving t&e privilege. T&e c&oice o' w&et&er toe@ercise t&e privilege or to waive it is solel! t&epresient7s prerogative.

. 9ea o' State ? ceremonial &ea o' gov7t

H. C&ie' E@ecutive ? &e is T9E e@ecutive/ an no one elseis. All &eas o' e@ecutive epartments are su"*ect to t&eirection o' t&e presient

=. T&e Cainet ? as an institution is e@traconstitutionall!create/ essentiall! consists o' &eas o' epts. w&ot&roug& usage &ave 'orme a "o! o' presientialavisers w&o meet regularl! wit& t&e presient.

# is a natural "orn >ilipino citien9el,)atio$

i. A'ter tracing t&e &istor! on w&at &ow F>ilipinocitienG s&oul "e 8uali'ie/ it was proven t&atsince >ornier couln7t s&ow an! evience provingt&at :oreno #ou 3gran'at&er o' >#/ a o' Allan#oe6 was outsie t&e countr! uring 10105/ its&oul "e soun to conclue or at least topresume/ t&at t&e place o' resience o' a personat t&e time o' &is eat& 3proven "! eat&certi'icate6 was also &is resience "e'ore eat&3San Carlos/ #angasinan6.

ii. An uner t&e #&ilippine Bill o' 105 commonl!re'erre to as t&e #&ilippine Organic Act o' 105/ acitien o' t&e #&ilippine islans was one w&o wasan in&a"itant o' t&e #&ilippines an a Spanis&su"*ect on t&e 11t&a! o' April 100. In&a"itantta+en to inclue

1. Native "orn in&a"itants5. In&a"itant w&o was a native o' peninsular

Spain. In&a"itant w&o o"taine Spanis& papers

on or "e'ore 11 April 10iii. Clearl!/ t&e common law principle t&at time was*us soli/ &ence :oreno #ou was a citien o' t&e#&ilippines/ ma+ing Allan #oe a natural "orncitien o' t&e #&ilippines

iv. Even i' t&e petitioner contens on t&e groun t&at># is illegitimate/ it was &el t&at t&e 10=Constitution uring w&ic& regime responent >#&as seen 'irst lig&t/ con'ers citiens&ip to allpersons w&ose 'at&ers are >ilipino citiensregarless o' w&et&er suc& c&ilren are legitimateor illegitimate.

1. :egitimac! is not relevant to electivepu"lic o''ice


30/40

5. Violates e8ual protection clause o' t&econstitution

. Not t&e 'ault o' t&e c&il t&at &is parents&a illicit liaon

Sec Sec H

/acalintal v. ComelecIssue$ ;ON Sec 1.= o' )A 010 3T&e Overseas A"senteeVoting Act o' 56 empowering Comelec to proclaim t&ewinning caniates 'or national o''ices an part! listrepresentatives incluing t&e presient an t&e vicepresient is unconstitutional9el,)atio$es it violates t&e constitutional manate.

i. Sec 1.H w&ic& sa!s FQimmeiatel! uponcompletion o' t&e canvass/ special "oar o'canvassers s&all transmitQ.t&e certi'icates o'canvass an statements o' votes to t&ecommissionQG clas&es wit& par H Sec H Article VIIw&ic& provies t&at t&e returns o' ever! election'or presient an vice presient s&all "e certi'ie"! t&e "oar o' canvassers to congress.

ii. #rovision encroac&es on t&e power o' congress to

canvass t&e votes 'or presient an vice presientan power to proclaim t&e winners 'or saipositions.

Congressman Lo&e3 v. 'enate and Housei. #etition see+ing to nulli'! Sec 1 )ule VIII o' t&e

)ules o' t&e oint #u"lic Session o' Congress/creating a oint Committee/ w&ic& s&allpreliminar! canvass t&e votes o' t&e caniates'or #resient an Vice #resient uring t&e (a!1/ 5H Elections

Issue$ ;ON Sec 1 )ule VIII w&ic& create a ointCommittee w&ic& s&all preliminar! canvass votes o'caniates o' #resient an V# violate Art VII Sec H par o' t&e constitution

9el,)atio$It i not.

i. Sec H/ Article VII o' t&e constitution e@pressl!empowers congress to promulgate its rules 'or t&ecanvassing o' t&e certi'icates.

ii. T&e court rule t&at it &a no power to review t&einternal proceeings o' Congress/ unless t&ere is aclear violation o' t&e constitution$ court &as noaut&orit! to restrict e@ercise o' congressionalprerogative grante "! t&e constitution.

iii. T&e creation o' t&e *oint committee oes notconstitute grave a"use an cannot "e sai to &aveeprive petition an t&e ot&er mem"ers o'congress o' t&eir congressional prerogative/

"ecause uner t&e ver! rules uner attac+/ t&eecisions an 'inal report o' sai committee s&all"e su"*ect to t&e approval o' t&e *oint session o'"ot& &ouses o' congress/ voting separatel!.

Pimentel v. 5oint Canvassing Committeei. #etition pra!s 'or t&e issuance o' a writ o'

pro&i"ition irecting oint Committee to cease anesist 'rom conucting an! 'urt&er proceeingspursuant to t&e rules o' t&e oint #u"lic Session o'Congress on Canvassing.

ii. #etitioner contens t&at wit& t&e a*ournment o't&e 15t&Congress o' its last regular session/ itsterm terminate an e@pire on sai a! an t&e

sai 15t&Congress passe out o' legal [email protected]&ere'ore/ all pening matters an proceeingsterminate upon t&e e@piration o' congress. 3relieson legislative proceure/ preceent or practice as"orne out "! rules o' "ot& &ouses6

Issue$ ;ON t&ere &as "een a grave a"use o' iscretionamounting to lac+ or e@cess o' *urisiction on t&e part! o'an! "ranc& or instrumentalit! o' government uner Sec 1o' Article VIII o' t&e constitution an its original *urisictionover petitions 'or pro&i"ition uner Sec = Article VII9el,)atio$No "asis uner t&e constitution/ t&ere'ore ismisse.

i. Sec H5 )ule IV o' t&e rules aopte "! t&e senateclearl! provies t&at t&e FSenate s&all convene in*oint session uring an! voluntar! or compulsor!recess to canvass t&e votes 'or presient an vicepresientQ.G In accorance wit& Sec H Art VII o't&e Constitution.

ii. #receents set "! t&e 1005 an 100 presientialelections o not support t&e move to stop ongoingcanvassing "! oint committee

iii. T&e term o' t&e present 15t&Congress i notterminate an e@pire upon t&e a+oirnment sineie o' t&e regular session o' "ot& 9ouses. Sec 1Article VI o' t&e Consti cite "! petitioner oes not

pertain to t&e term o' congress "! to its regularannual legislative sessions/ "ut t&is oes nota''ect its nonlegislative 'unctions/ suc& as t&at o'"eing t&e National Boar o' Canvassers.

iv. In 'act/ t&e *oint pu"lic session o' "ot& &ouses o'congress convene "! e@press irective o' Sec HArticle VII o' t&e Constitution to canvass votes 'oran to proclaim t&e newl! electe presient anvice presient &as not/ an cannot/ a*ourn sineie until it &as accomplis&e its constitutionall!manate tas+s. >or onl! w&en a "oar o'canvassers &as complete its 'unctions is itrenere 'unctus o''icio.

v. Since 15t&congress &as not !et complete its nonlegislative ut! to canvass votes an proclaim

ul! electe #res an V#/ its e@istence as t&eNational Boar o' Canvassers as well as t&at o' t&eoint committee to w&ic& it re'ere as t&epreliminar! tas+s o' aut&enticating ancanvassing certi'icates o' canvass/ &ave not"ecome 'unctus o''icio.

Fernando Poe 5r. v. Gloria /aca&agal *rro%oIssue$ ;ON t&e wiow su"stitute or intervene 'or t&eprotestant w&o ie uring t&e penenc! o' t&e latter7sprotest case9el,)atio$No s&e cannot.

i. Uner rule 1H o' #resiential Electoral Tri"unal

rules F..onl! t&e registere caniate 'or presientor vice presient o' t&e #&ilippines w&o receivesecon or t&ir &ig&est num"er o' votes ma!contest t&e election o' t&e presient or vicepresient as t&e case ma! "eQ..G

ii. #u"lic o''ice is personal to t&e pu"lic o''icer annot a propert! transmissi"le to t&e &eirs uponeat&.

iii. Alt&oug& &as allowe su"stitution anintervention/ onl! "! a real part! in interest.

iv. )eal part! in interest is t&e part! w&o woul "e"ene'ite or in*ure "! t&e *ugment/ an t&epart! w&o is entitles to t&e avails o' t&e suit.


31/40

v. Since (rs. ># &ersel' enies an! claim to t&eaugust o''ice o' #resient/ we can conclue t&atprotestant7s wiow is not a real part! in interest.

Note$ 5 aspects in a contest "e'ore election tri"unals1. In pursuit o' one7s rig&t to a pu"lic o''ice5. Im"ue wit& pu"lic interest

Sec =

Estrada v. 6esiertoi. Estraa electe presient on (a! 11 100ii. In Octo"er 5/ Ilocos Sur governor C&avit

Singson went on air an accuse petitioner/ &is'amil! an 'riens o' receiving millions o' pesos'rom *ueteng lors

iii. )epresentatives 9e&erson Alvare/ Ernesto9errera an (ic&ael De'ensor spear&eae moveto impeac& petitioner

iv. Calls 'or resignation o' t&e presient 'ille air1. Carinal Sin issue a pastoral statement

as+ing petitioner to step own5. Cat&olic Bis&ops Con'erence *oine cr!. Coraon A8uino an >iel )amos *oine

v. #etitioner still &el on to &is position sogovernment o''icials starte to resign$

1. Council o' (em"ers o' t&e SeniorEconomic Avisers5. Secretar! (ar )o@as III o' t&e Dept o'

Trae an Inustr!. Senate #res >ran+lin Drilon an 9ouse

Spea+er (anuel Villar/ toget&er wit& H4representatives

vi. On Dec 4/ 100/ t&e impeac&ment trial starte.vii. Testimon! o' Clarissa Ocampo/ V# o' E8uitt"le #CI

Ban+$ 1 'oot awa! w&en Estraa a''i@e signatureo' ose Velare on ocs involving a #= millioninvestment agreement

viii. Egaro Espiritu/ Secretar! o' >inance allege t&atpetitioner *ointl! owne B; resources corporation

i@. Vote o' 111$ Senaror*uges rule against

opening o' 5nenvelope w&ic& allegel! containeevience s&owing t&at petitioner &el #. "illionin a secret "an+ uner name ose Velare. Inisgust/ Senator #imentel resigne as Senatepresient. #u"lic an private prosecutors wal+eout.

@. %eneral )e!es eclare t&at A># is wit&rawingsupport to t&e gov7t

@i. #an'ilo :acson gave same announcement@ii. #etitioner announce &e was orering &is law!ers

to agree to opening 5nenvelop@iii. anuar! 5$ Da! o' surrener. >irst roun o'

negotiations 'or peace'ul an orerl! trans'er o'powers starte at (alacanang/ o''ice o' t&e

e@ecutive secretar!.@iv. 15 nn C&ie' ustice Davie aministere oat& to%(A

@v. #etitioner issue press statement$ F Q'or t&isreason t&at I now leave (alacanang #alace/ t&eseat o' presienc! o' t&is countr! 'or t&e sa+e o'peaceQG

@vi. Also appears t&at on same a! an 5/ 51/ &esigne t&e '' letter$ FQ"! virtue o' Sec 11 Art VII/Quna"le to e@ercise powers an uties o' m!

o''iceQ.V# s&all "e acting presient..G sent to'ormer spea+er >uenta"ella an to Senate#resient #imentel

@vii. %(A "egan to isc&arge powers an uties o'presienc!.

1. )ecognition o' responent Arro!o7sgovernment "! 'oreign governments

5. 9ouse o' )epresentatives passe )esol14= an 14< e@pressing 'ull support o'9ouse o' )ep to aministration o' %(Aan to &er assumption intoT&e o''ice o' presienc!.

. Senator Teo'isto %uingona "ecame V#H. Senate passe a resolution con'irming t&e

nomination o' Senator %uingona.@viii. Senate passe resolution eclaring t&at t&e

impeac&ment court is 'unctus o''icio an &as "eenterminate

@i@. #etitioner7s legal pro"lems appeare in clusters$ ueraA et al. v. *lcasidIssue$ ;ON t&e presient &as t&e power to issue AO 50limiting t&e amount o' incentive "ene'its/ en*oining &easo' government agencies 'rom granting incentive "ene'itswit&out prior approval 'rom &im an irecting t&e re'uno' t&e e@cess over t&e prescri"e amount.9el,)atio$es &e &as t&e aut&orit!.

i. B! virtue o' &is power o' control/ t&e presient canreview/ moi'!/ alter/ or nulli'! an! action or

ecision o' &is su"orinate in t&e e@ecutiveepartments/ "ureaus/ or o''ices uner &im.ii. B! issuing AO 50/ &e was merel! e@ercising &is

power o' control.

6adoleA et al. v. C)*i. uges o' (anaue cit! 'iles a petition 'or

certiorari annulling t&e ecision an resolution o'COA 3commission on Auit6 a''irming notices o'(anaue Cit! Auitor w&ic& iminis&e t&emont&l! aitional allowances receive "! t&epetitioner *uges o' t&e regional trial court anmunicipal trial court.


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Issue$ ;ON t&e :BC == o' t&e DB( is voi 'or going"e!on t&e supervisor! powers o' t&e presient9el,)atio$

i. >irst esta"lis& t&at t&e e@ercise o' local autonom!o' local gov7t units remains su"*ect to t&e power o'control "! congress an t&epower of supervision3aut&orit! to see t&at su"orinate per'ormsuties6 "! t&e presient.$ Sec H Article o'Constitution$ F#resient s&all e@ercise generalsupervision over local govt7sG

ii. T&ere'ore/ t&e presient or an! o' &is alter egoscannot inter'ere in local a''airs as long as t&econcerne local government unit acts wit&in t&eparameters o' t&e law an t&e constitution.

iii. An! irective "! presient or &is alteregos see+ingto alter t&e wisom o' a law con'orming *ugmenton local a''airs o' a local gov7t violates principle o'local autonom! an separation o' powers "etweene@ec an legis

iv. B! setting a uni'orm amount 'or t&e grant o'aitional allowances/ DB( oversteppe its powero' supervision "! imposing a pro&i"ition t&at inot correspon wit& law it soug&t to implement$)A 41


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iii. Sec 1 Article VII clearl! s&ows t&at constitution"estows on t&e presient/ 'ull iscretionar! powerto call out t&e arme 'orces an to eterminenecessit! 'or t&e e@ercise o' suc& power.

a. Because lesser an more "enign powercompare to t&e power to suspen writan eclare martial law 3su"*ect to review"! Supreme Court an concurrence o'National Assem"l!6

iv. Decision to call out t&e militar! to prevent orsuppress lawless violence must "e one swi'tl!an ecisivel! i' it were to &ave an! e''ect at all3especial

v.vi. l! wit& t&e insurgents in (inanao6 'ull

iscretion to call 'ort& militar!

Lacson v. Pere3i. (a! 1 51$ %(A was 'ace "! angr! an violent

mo" arme wit& e@plosives/ 'irearms/ "laeweapons/ clu"s/ stones an ot&er eal! weaponsassaulting an attempting to "rea+ intomalacanang

ii. So #%(A issue proclamation eclaring t&att&ere was a state o' re"ellion in t&e NC)

iii. Issue %eneral Orer 1 irecting A># an #N# tosuppress re"ellion in t&e NC)iv. ;arrantless arrests ensue in t&e name o' %.O

No.1v. (a! C##N#A6 to "ring owngovernment an assassinate %(A

". )ec+lessl! magni'ie "! national meiac. Series o' actions a''ect econom!/

con'ience o' pu"lic in t&e gov7t/ as wellas enanger t&eir sa'et!

. (em"ers o' t&e (agalo group inicte inOa+woo mutin! were a"le to escape$ in apu"lic statement$ even avowe to remaine'iant an encourage ot&ers to *oin t&eircause

e. Oplan 9ac+le I ocument ? plot to

assassinate selecte targets incluingsome ca"inet mem"ers an #%(A uring#(A Alumni 9omecoming

'. :t. San uan 3(agalo %roup6 an -a)oger )osal7s 3N#A6 re"ellious statements

g. Business men an mi level gov7t o''icialsplotting moves to "ring own Arro!oamin in #eping Co*uanco7s &ouse

&. Bom"ing o' telecommunications towersan cell sites in Bulacan an Bataan

v. %(A cancelle all programs an activities relateto 5t&anniv cele" o' Esa I an revo+e permitsto &ol rallies issue earlier "! local gov7ts riotin esa s&rineW

vi. #olicemen "ro+e up esa cele" rall! in (a+ati anarreste wit&out warrant in t&e name o' ##114vii. Operatives o' t&e Criminal investigation an

Detection %roup 3CID%6 o' #N# raie Dail!Tri"une o''ices in (anila/ t&en A"ante$ imposeF"alance reportingG

viii. #olice arrests$ Congressman Beltran using warrantate 10=/ )etire (a*or %eneral )amon(ontano arreste w&ile in Orc&ar/ et al

Issue$ ;ON ## 114 an %.O = are constitutional9el,)atio$

i. ## 114 is constitutional inso'ar as it constitutes acall "! t&e presient 'or t&e A># to prevent orsuppress violence$ #%(A coul valil! eclare t&e


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e@istence o' state o' national emergenc! even int&e a"sence o' Congressional enactment

ii. 9owever/ ## 1147s e@traneous provisions givingt&e presient e@press or implie power

a. To issue ecrees". To irect A># to en'orce o"eience to all

laws even t&ose not relate to lawlessviolence as well as ecrees promulgate"! t&e presient

c. To impose stanars on meia or in an!'orm o' prior restraint on t&e press/

A)E UNCONSTITUTIONA: "ecause as oppose to(arcos/ t&e consti oes not grant &er t&osepowers.

iii. T&e court also rules t&at uner Sec 14/ Article CIIo' t&e constitution/ t&e presient/ in t&e a"senceo' a legislation/ cannot ta+e over privatel! ownepu"lic utilit! an private "usiness a''ecte wit&pu"lic interest.

iv. %.O No. = is vali "ecause it provies a valistanar$ t&at militar! an police s&oul onl! ta+emeans necessar! an appropriate actions anmeasures to suppress an prevent acts o' lawlessviolence

'EC 1?:1. E@ecutive clemenc! in general

E@ecutive Clemenc! ? power e@ists as an instrument 'orcorrecting in'irmities an 'or mitigating w&atever&ars&ness mig&t "e generate "! a too strict applicationo' law

Various 'orms$1. )eprieve ? postpones e@ecution o' an o''ense5. Commutation ? su"stitution o' a less penalt! 'or

t&e originall! impose. )emission o' 'ines an 'or'eituresH. #aron ? an act o' grace w&ic& e@empts t&e

iniviual w&om it is "estowe 'rom t&e

punis&ment t&e law in'licts 'or a crime &e &ascommitteL ee/ to t&e valiit! o' w&ic& eliver!is essential/ an eliver! is not complete wit&outacceptance

a. A"solute paron ? complete even wit&outacceptance

". Conitional paron ? no 'orce untilaccepte "! conemne.

Note$ %rant o' e@ecutive clemenc! terminates a peningappeal

5. #aron/onsato v. Factoran

i. (onsato committe esta'a t&roug& 'alsi'ication o'pu"lic ocuments

ii. A'ter conviction/ &e was grante paroniii. Now emaning t&at &e7s entitle to receive

"ac+pa! 'or lost earnings an "ene'its/ asie 'romreinstatement as assistant cit! treasurer.

Issue$ ;ON grant o' paron to a pu"lic o''icial meansreinstatement to pu"lic o''iceK9el,)atio$No it oes not.

i. T&e ver! essence o' paron is 'orgiveness orremission o' guilt. It oes not erase t&e 'act o' t&ecommission o' t&e crime an t&e conviction

t&ereo'.ii. #arons ma! relieve 'rom t&e isa"ilit! o' 'ines

an 'or'eitures attenant upon a conviction "utcannot erase stain o' "a c&aracter.

iii. #aron oes not ipso 'acto restore a convicte'elon to pu"lic o''ice necessaril! relin8uis&e or'or'eite "! reason o' conviction.

iv. S&e must reappl! an unergo usual proceurere8uire to get "ac+ ol position

Separate opinion "! #ailla$ FQunless t&e same s&all&ave "een e@pressl! remitte "! t&e paron 3re'erring torig&t to &ol pu"lic o''ice/ vote/ etc.6

+orres v. Gon3alesi. Torres was grante conition paron on conitiont&at &e woul not again violate an! o' t&e penallaws o' t&e #&ils or else &e will "e proceeeagainst in t&e manner prescri"e "! law

ii. Boar o' #arons an #arole resolve torecommen to t&e presient cancellation o'conitional paron "ecause o' violation o'conition$ 5 counts o' esta'a/ seition/ swinling/illegal possession o' 'irearms/ etc.

iii. #resient cancelle petition an orere arrestan recommitment against petitioner

iv. Now petitioner assails valiit! o' orer o' arrestan recommitment$ rig&t to ue process


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Issue$ ;ON conviction o' a crime "! 'inal *ugment o' acourt is necessar! "e'ore t&e petitioner can "e valil!rearreste an recommitte 'or violation o' terms o' &isconitional paron an accoringl! serve "alance o'original sentence9el,)atio$es.

i. B! accepting t&e terms uner w&ic& paron &as"een grante/ petitioner &a in e''ect agree tot&e presient7s etermination 3rat&er t&an t&at o't&e regular courts o' law6 t&at &e &a "reac&et&e conitions o' &is paron.

ii. 5 Basis$a. Sec ounation Inc. 3:T>I6/ an evenprove t&e relatie success o' &is liveli&oo loanprogram t&roug& t&e :T>I. E@ecutive clemenc!grante an reuce to perio alrea! serve3more t&an


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was sentence to li'e imprisonment an &arla"or. %anon was release an place uner&ouse arrest in 104.

iii. Secretar! o' ustice orere state prosecutor toconuct preliminar! investigation against #areesan %anon 'or t&e ou"le murer. #rivateresponents move 'or ismissal #resientalrea!. (otion enie. T&e! "roug&t it to COA/enie again. 9ence t&is petition

Issue$ ;ON %anon can still "e reinvestigate or mae tocomplete t&e service o' &is sentence9el,)atio$No &e can7t.

i. #resient (arcos commute %anon7simprisonment to < !ears wit& t&e conition t&at &es&all remain uner &ouse arrest.

ii. Since t&e sentence &as "een commute/ %anon&as serve &is sentence 'ull!$ can no longer "ereinvestigate,mae to compete service o'sentence

iii. T&e 'act t&at %anon mig&t &ave gotten o'' toolig&tl! is immaterial.

. Amnest!Amnest! ? commonl! enotes t&e general paron tore"els 'or t&eir treason an ot&er &ig& political o''ensesL

t&e 'orgiveness w&ic& one sovereign grants to t&esu"*ects o' anot&er/ w&o &ave o''ene "! some "reac& o't&e law o' nations.#aron VS. Amnest!

Pardon *mnest%%rante "! t&e C&ie'e@ecutive/ an is a privateact

#roclamation o' t&eC&ie' e@ecutive wit&t&e concurrence o'Congress &ence apu"lic act

(ust "e pleae anprove "! personparone "ecause courtsta+e no notice t&ereo'

T&e courts s&oul ta+e*uicial notice o'

%rante to one a'terconviction

%rante to classes o'persons orcommunities w&o ma!"e guilt! o' politicalo''ense generall! a'ter

:oo+s 'orwar an relieveso''ener 'romconse8uences o' ano''ense w&ic& &e &as "eenconvicte$ won7t give "ac+rig&t to &ol pu"lic o''ice/to vote/ etc. unlesse@pressl! state.

:oo+s "ac+war ana"olis&es an puts intoo"livion t&e o''enseitsel'/ it so overloo+san o"literate t&eo''ense wit& w&ic& &eis c&arge t&at t&eperson stans "e'oret&e law as i' &e &as not

committe an! o''ense

H. :imits on E@ecutive Clemenc!$a. )eprieves/ commutations/ parons an

remission o' 'ines an 'or'eitures can onl!"e grante a'ter conviction "! 'inal*ugment

". Cannot "e e@ercise over cases o'impeac&ment

c. %rant o' amnest! must "e wit& t&econcurrence o' a ma*orit! o' congress

. No paron/ amnest!/ parole/ or suspensiono' sentence 'or violation o' election laws/rules/ regulations s&all "e grante wit&out

'avora"le recommenation o' t&ecommission on elections

Peo&le v. 'alleIssue$ ;ON a paron grante to an accuse can "een'orce uring t&e penenc! o' &is appeal 'rom a*ugment o' conviction "! a trial court9el,)atio$

i. A'ter tracing t&e &istor! o' t&e c&anges in t&eprovision regaring w&en e@ecutive clemenc! ma!"e grante/ t&e 104 constitution states t&at noparon ma! "e e@tene "e'ore a *ugment o'conviction "ecomes >INA:.

ii. A *ugment o' conviction "ecomes 'inal$a. ;&en no appeal is seasona"l! per'ecte". ;&en t&e accuse commences to serve

t&e sentencec. ;&en t&e rig&t to appeal is e@pressl!

waive in writing/ e@cept w&ere eat&penalt! was impose "! trial court

. ;&en accuse applies 'or pro"ationt&ere"! waiving &is rig&t to appeal

iii. T&ere'ore/ w&ere t&e *ugment o' conviction is stilpening appeal an &as not !et t&ere'ore attaine

'inalit!/ as in t&e instant case/ e@ecutive clemenc!ma! not !et "e grante to t&e appellant.iv. Contention$ &ow a"out FQgrant o' paron uring

penenc! o' appeal serves to put an en toappeal..GK

a. Be'ore an appellant ma! "e valil!grante paron/ &e must 'irst as+ 'or t&ewit&rawal o' &is appeal/ i.e. t&e appealeconviction must 'irst "e "roug&t to a'inalit!.

v. Declare t&ere'ore t&at t&e conviction "! 'inal*ugment limitation uner sec 10 o' t&e presentconstitution pro&i"its grant o' paron w&et&er 'ullor conitional/ to an accuse uring t&e penenc!o' &is appeal 'rom &

consti digests of cases

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