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Project on The Conditions of the River YamunaBy Group 1 Of Foundation Course : Language , Literature and Creativity English

Introduction : River YamunaFolk StoriesPresent Conditions of River YamunaRiver Yamuna SegmentRiver Yamuna in DelhiBODMajor Sources of PollutionFlood Safety tipsInitiatives Taken by the Govt.ReferencesEnd CreditsIndex

RIVER YAMUNA IN DELHI POLLUTION& ITS CONTROL

The River Yamuna is the largest tributary of River Ganga This river is as prominent and sacred as the great River Ganga itself. It has been acclaimed as a holy river in Indian mythology and various pilgrimage centers e.g. Yamunotri (Uttaranchal), Paonta Sahib (Himachal Pradesh), Mathura, Vrindavan, Bateshwar & Allahabad (all inUttar Pradesh) are located at the banks of this river. Large urban centers e.g. Yamuna Nagar, Sonepat, Delhi, the political nucleus of India, Gautam Budh Nagar, Faridabad, Mathura, Agra and Etawah are also established on its banks. Large industrial centers have also been developed either on banks or in its basin. In agriculture front also the Yamuna basin is one of the highlyfertile and high food grain yielding basin, especially areas in Haryana and Western district in Uttar Pradesh. All this reflects that the River Yamuna not only flows in the hearts of Indian but also plays a significant role in the economy of the country. This river Yamuna is also influenced by the problems imparted by industrialization, urbanization and rapid agricultural developments similar to other riverine system.

Introduction : River Yamuna

In Tibetan beliefs, Yami is the goddess of death and rules the female spirits in the underworld (Naraka). She is also the consort of Yama, lord of the underworld. There are perhaps some Indian stories that Yama and Yami parented the human beings but I could not read about it. In the Old Testament, we are presented initially with only Adam, Eve, and their sons Cain and Abel. So, how others evolve is a parallel mystery. Folk Stories

Folk STORIESLiterally meaning twins, in sanskritas it runs parallel to Ganga,its name is mentioned at many places in the RIG VEDA(1700-100 BC) and also later in ATHARVA VEDA.In RIG VEDA ,the story of the Yamuna describes her excessive love for her twin YAMA,who in asks her to find a suitable match for herself,which she does in KRISHNA.According to YAMUNASHTAKAM it is YAMUNAwho being a holder of infinite love and compassioncan grant us freddom from even death.the realm of her elder brother.She rushes down to Kalinda mountain giving her another name,KALINDIthe backdrop of Krishna leela.It is mentioned as IOMANES in surveys of Seleus I Nicator,an officer of ALEXANDER the Great.

Seasonal Variations in Water QualityThe physical characteristics i.e. discharge and drainage area of Yamuna rivervaries significantly during non monsoon (January to June & October toDecember) and monsoon period (July to September). Therefore, an attempt ismade to find out the variation in river water quality during these two seasons.For four parameters i.e. dissolved oxygen, Biochemical oxygen demand, Totaland Faecal coliform, seasonal variations was also analysed year-wise and aredepicted in Fig. 3.3 to 3.6. The seasonal variations indicate that in Delhistretch the DO level was always below the prescribed limit during both theseasons except during the year 2001 when the value just touches the limit atNizamuddin Bridge. After Delhi, the dissolved oxygen generally dropped downslightly during monsoon period, may be due to vanishing of eutrophiccondition. The BOD concentration upto Palla was generally below thestandards both in monsoon and non-monsoon periods during all the sevenyears. The value of BOD exceeded the limit afterwards and again meets thestandards only at Allahabad. However, during monsoon period BOD levelsgenerally reduced & often to meet the prescribed limit after Agra. Though, thevalues of total and faecal coliforms reduced significantly during monsoonperiod in the entire Yamuna stretch, but the values were generally high thanthe prescribed standards. In general it was observed that DO, BOD levelsreduced during monsoon period. The total & faecal coliforms reduced in themost polluted stretch i.e. between Delhi and Agra and generally increased atrelatively less polluted or clean locations. This may be due to flushing offaecal materials into the river from the catchment areas.

(COURTESY : www.cpcb.nic.in)Present CondItions of river Yamuna

RIVER YAMUNA- SEGMENTSDistinguished Independent Segments ofRiver YamunaHimalayan Segment From origin to Tajewala Barrage (172 kms)Upper Segment Tajewala Barrage to Wazirabad Barrage (224 kms)Delhi Segment Wazirabad Barrage to Okhla Barrage (22 kms)Eutriphicated Segment Okhla Barrage to Chambal Confluence (490 kms)Diluted Segment Chambal Confluence to Ganga Confluence (468 kms)RIVER YAMUNA- SEGMENTS

River Yamuna enters Delhi fromPalla Village Length : 48 km Widhth : 1.5Km to 3.0 Km Floodplain area: 97 Sq Km Polluted stretch within City:22 Km(from Wazirabad to Okhla) Number Drains falling into Yamuna: 22(18 major drains fall directly into riverand 4 through Agra and Gurgaon canal) Caters for 70 % of Delhis watersuppliesRIVER YAMUNA IN DELHIRIVER YAMUNA IN DELHI

RIVER YAMUNA IN DELHIFlow of River Yamunawithin Delhi isregulated by 3barrages:Wazirabad BarrageITO BarrageOkhla BarrageITO BarrageRIVER YAMUNA IN DELHI

Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) is the amount of oxygen that would be consumed if all the organic matter in 1 litre of water is oxidized by bacteria.

Given below is the YAMUNA BOD load.

(Courtesy : Hindustan Times Newspaper 23 august 2013)

The most important question is that can clean up drive become successful without the contribution of citizens? In our country, India we all assumes that it is duty of government to do everything. If government agencies failed to do something, should not we take our own initiative and put our efforts to complete the project.It is almost impossible to make the Rivers clean, till we all wake up. It is the prime duty of Indian citizens to help the government to save Rivers. Only then Rivers clean up drive can achieve its goal. 'Obviously, there is need for great involvement of citizens' groups

cONCLUSION

REFERENCESCSE, 2009. State of pollution in Yamuna, Centre for science and environment, Delhi, India MoEF, National river conservation directorate (NRCD), Working for cleaning rivers. . Accessed on 10th December 2010 Planning Commission, 2007. Report of the working group on rivers, lakes and aquifers in Environment & Forests for the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012). GoI. JBIC assisted Yamuna action plan phase II, Inception report, 2005. NRCD, MoEF, JBIC. Prepared by Project Management Consultants-TEC Consortium. Project Management Consultants (PMC), N.A., Yamuna action plan: A bilateral project of governments of India & Japan on river conservation. < www.pmc4yap2.com>, Accessed on 7th November, 2010. Areendran, G. N.A. Yamuna action plan, Indira Gandhi Conservation Monitoring Centre, World Wide Fund for Nature-India,< http://www.wwfenvis.org>, Accessed on 12th November 2010.

End Credits

BibliographyLanguage , Literature and Culture English book.Wikipedia Google Images

Teacher in Charge and Special Thanks ToTuhina MaamConcept Developer Akash Ganguly

Special EffectsAkash GangulyAnshu Pandey

Sushant Sagar

Editing and SupervisionAkash GangulyShubhamRavinder

PurposePowerPoint Presentation for Foundation Course I : Language, Literature and Culture ( English) Titles by Sound of LTheme adapted from L Change The World Movie COPYRIGHT2013Bhaskaracharya College Of Applied Sciences All Rights Reserved

The characters and incidents portrayed and the names used herein are fictitious and any similarity of any person is entirely coincidental and unintentional.

Special Thanks toWikipedia

Dheera Sameere Yamuna Theere (Raga Bhoop)-11th AshtapadhiGhantasalaAstapadhulu - Ghantasala, track 3/14, disc 1/12011TRADITIONAL254904.0eng - iTunPGAP0eng - iTunNORM 000002B4 000002BC 000011D9 000011D6 00032508 00032508 00004430 0000440A 000324D8 000324D8eng - iTunSMPB 00000000 00000210 000009F0 0000000000BAA680 00000000 009B76C0 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000eng - iTunes_CDDB_IDs14++