Compound SentencesPart 1

• Basic Sentence Structure:-A simple sentence in English consists of at

least one subject and verb( it also called an independent clause).

-Some sentences may also have more than one subject, more than one verb, or more than one subject/verb combination.

• SubjectsExplanation Structures Examples

The subject is usually the most important person, thing, or idea in the sentence.

The subject maybe a word, a phrase (a group of words) or a clause (a group of words with a subject/verb combination)

Noun

Pronoun

Phrase

Clause

-Population is a serious issue.

-It increased by 87 million people worldwide in 1993.-The population of the world is a serious issue.-Birth rates and life expectancy are higher.

-What I need is a long holiday.

• Verbs

Explanation Examples

The verb tells what the subject is or does.

The world population is growing rapidly.Birth rates are higher.Today, more babies can live longer.

• Compound Sentences.A compound sentence is two or more simple

sentences(independent clauses) joined together by a comma and a coordinating conjunction.

e.g. India has over 1 billion people, and it is expected to reach 1.5 billion by 2050.

A semicolon (;) may sometimes be used instead of one of these conjunctions.

e.g. India has over 1 billion people; it is expected to reach 1.5 billion by 2050.

The coordinating conjunctions are and, but, for, nor, or, so and yet.

Coordinating conjunctions can join words, phrases, and clauses.

When coordinating conjunctions can join clauses, they form compound sentences.

A comma generally comes before the conjunction in a compound sentence.

In compound sentences, if the subject of the two clauses is the same, a pronoun is often used in the second clause.

Coordinating ConjunctionsStructures Explanation Examples

and And shows additional information. China has a huge population, and it is growing.

butyet

Both but and yet show contrast. Argentina is a large country, but (yet) it has a small population.

for As a conjunction, for means “because.”For is formal; it is more common in writing than in speaking.

Population growth is a problem, for the Earth has limited resources.

nor Nor joints two negative sentences. The word order of the clause with nor changes. The appropriate auxiliary verb must come before the subject.

-Norway is not large, nor does it have a large population.- Norway is not large, nor is it overpopulated.

or Or shows a choice between two possibilities. Governments can ignore the problem, or they can help to solve it.

so As a conjunction, so means “as a result” or “therefore”

China is trying to slow its population growth, so it has put limits on family size.

• Coordinating conjunctions with Words and PhrasesStructures Examples

Verbs Today, the world produces enough food and can nourish every human.

Nouns Problems with food involve distribution and diet.

Adjectives People everywhere are eating beef, which is harder and more expensive to produce than other food.

Adverbs We can eat simply but adequately.

Phrases Today, hunger is not caused by scarcity or by overpopulation.

Clauses In the future, hunger will be worse because the population is growing and because diets are changing.

Complex Sentences

Part 2

• Complex Sentences.A complex sentence has a main (independent) clause and

at least one dependant clause._________________________________________________________• A main clause has a subject and verb and can stand alone. It is a

complete sentence.• A dependent clause also has a subject and verb, but alone, it is not

complete. It depends on the main clause.

main clause dependent clause

The U.N. Was created because world leaders wanted to meet.

• Types of dependent clausesIn a complex sentence, the dependent clause is

connected to the main clause by a subordinating conjunction, such as when, because, although, and if and they show different relationships between the two clauses.

Types of Dependent Clauses

Common Subordinating Conjunctions

Examples

Condition Ifunless

-If you don't save  some  money, you can't go on vacation.-You can't go on vacation unless you save some money.

Contrast althougheven though

Even though (Although) he's a millionaire, he lives in a very small flat.

Purpose so that We took some blankets so that we could keep warm.

Reason because She married Alex because she loves him.

Time After, before, until, since, when, whenever, while, as

Maha went to bed after she had done her homework.

• Now, it is your turn!

Warm-UpMark the following as simple, compound or

complex and Why?

• The rain fell for hours and ruined the picnic.

• I left, but Marcy stayed.

• Polar bears feed on seals; seals feed on fish.

• Female penguins usually stay at sea, but they return when their eggs hatch.

Warm-Up

• Kiwi birds have nostrils on their beaks; they can smell earthworms.

• Most rabbits drown in water, but the marsh rabbit can swim.

• The sloth eats and sleep while hanging upside down.

Warm-Up• Create a compound sentence by joining the two

independent clauses using a suitable coordinating conjunction.

1- I’m driving to the office in an hour. I’ll pick up the supplies on the way.

2- She did not cheat on the test. It was not the right thing to do.

3- I really want to go to work. I am too sick to drive.4- Everyone was busy. I went to the movie alone.5- Cats are good pets, for they are clean and are not noisy.6- We have never been to Asia. We have never visited Africa.7- He didn’t want to go to the dentist. He went anyway.

Thank you!^_^

Clauses of Time and Condition in the Present and Future

Part 3

• A. Clauses of Time and Condition: Present or Unspecified Time

Clauses of Time and Condition in the present or unspecified time use when, whenever and if.

When and Whenever can relate two actions or situations that exist at the same time or that immediately follow each other.

If can relate two actions or situations and by cause and effect.

Structures Explanations Examples

When The simple present tense is usually used in both clauses in these sentences. The dependent clause may begin or end the sentence. Use a comma after a dependent clause that begins the sentence.

When I plan a trip, I always get as much information as possible.

I ask a lot of questions when I visit the travel agent.

Whenever Whenever is similar to when, but it is used to emphasize the idea of “any time "or “every time”

Whenever I travel, I get very excited.

if The main clause is the effect or result of the if clause.

If it’s possible, we make our travel plans in advance.

You should plan ahead if you want discount prices.

• A. Clauses of Time and Condition: Future TimeTime clauses (with after, before, when, etc.) can

relate statements about future plans or possibilities.

Sentences with if and unless show a direct cause-effect relationship.

The action or situation in the main clause is the effect or result of the action or situation in the dependent clause.

Structures Explanations Examples

After

before

If

Unless

when

The verb in the dependent clause is usually in the simple present tense. It cannot be in a future tense.

The verb in the main clause is usually in a future tense, but a model auxiliary may also be used.

The dependent clause may begin or end the sentence. Use a comma after a dependent clause that begins the sentence.

After I complete this project, I am going to take a long vacation.

It will be a week before I complete it.

If the weather is nice, I will go to the beach. I am going to stay home if the weather isn’t nice.

Unless it’s cold, I will go to the beach.I am going to stay home unless the weather is nice.

When I finish this project, I will take some time off.

Transitions

Part 4

Transitions• Transitions are words or phrases that connect

two related ideas.• In written English, transitions often appear in

compound sentences joined by a semicolon. • Transitions may also begin new sentences.• In most cases, a comma follows the transition.((Some of the most common transitions P.225))