comparative telecommunications law spring, 2007 prof. karl manheim 14: internet i (tech basics)...
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Spring, 2007CTL3 What is the Internet Interconnection requires standards Who should set them? If not by gov’t, how is interoperability assured? Voluntary adoption by networks (“buy-in”) New standards by IETF (private org) Internet protocols (standards) IP : datagrams/packets (info blocks) TCP : transmission/routing protocols End-to-end principle The Internet runs on TCP/IPTRANSCRIPT
Comparative Telecommunications Law
Spring, 2007Prof. Karl Manheim
14: Internet I (Tech Basics)
Copyright © 2007
Spring, 2007 CTL2
What is the InternetAn InterNetwork A global connection of public networks
Consisting of hardware, transmission, other layers
predominant vehicle for telecommunication carrying ~ 10 exabytes of information annually <
link> Exa = 1 quintillion (10^18 or 2^60) 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes (~ words)
Compare all human communication (1999) ~ 12 exabytes How the Internet works <article>
Spring, 2007 CTL3
What is the InternetInterconnection requires standards Who should set them? If not by gov’t, how is interoperability assured?
Voluntary adoption by networks (“buy-in”) New standards by IETF (private org)
Internet protocols (standards) IP : datagrams/packets (info blocks) TCP : transmission/routing protocols
End-to-end principle The Internet runs on TCP/IP
Spring, 2007 CTL8
U.S. Backbone Connectivity
Spring, 2007 CTL11
The Layers of the InternetHardware: Physical Devices & ConnectionsTransmission modality: MethodTransmission protocols: LanguageAddressing: Delivery InstructionsApplications: Particular Services (& their code)Data: Usable Information
Spring, 2007 CTL12
The Layers of the InternetData: Usable InformationApplications: Particular ServicesAddressing: Delivery InstructionsTransmission protocols: LanguageTransmission modality: MethodHardware: Physical Devices
Spring, 2007 CTL13
Internet HardwareComputers & other processing devices Including storage devices (e.g., raid arrays)Wire “Backbone” (mostly fiber & radio) Increasingly wireless The “Inter-network” Currently, mostly owned by major telcosSwitches (routing devices) Compare automobile traffic
Spring, 2007 CTL14
Transmission ModalityDigital transmission Binary digits, 0 and 1
That’s what modern computers use To put data on an analog tel network, you need a ModulatorDemodulator
Packet Switching Discrete length Packets of binary information Routing
Each packet sent/routed/received independently Redundancy, robustness
Compare “circuit switching” for telephony
Spring, 2007 CTL15
Transmission ProtocolLanguage of the Internet Sender and receiver both know binary digits
and packets, but must code/decode the sameMust be device independent (cross-platform)Must be human language independentMust be application independent
TCP/IP IP (Internet Protocol)
communicable rules for packetsTCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
sequencing & error checking (assure packets are readable) assuring “end-to-end” connections and reliability
Everything that goes over the Internet uses TCP/IP
Spring, 2007 CTL17
AddressingIP Addresses <tutorial> 137.204.190.254
4 numbers (quartet), 2 base 8 (0-255) Network address Specific computer address
www.lls.edu Universal Resource Locator (URL) [web address] Top Level Domain (ccTLD) Second Level Domain (SLD) [network address] Computer address
Domain Name Servers
translate IP numbers into
URLs
Spring, 2007 CTL18
Comparing IP Numbers with PSTN
157.242.136.220 157: Region
Regional Internet Registry (RIR) Am. Registry for Inet Nos.
242: National/Local NIR or LIR (mostly Asia)
136: Internet Service Provider
220: Computer/Inet device DHCP? Further addressing
Static or dynamic
1.213.736.1000 1: Country code
US/Canada/Caribbean China (86)
213: Area (city) code Beijing (10)
736: Exchange 1000: Number
Extension? Further addressing
Static
Spring, 2007 CTL19
Comparing IP Numbers with PSTN
157.242.136.220 Translated by DNS
www.lls.eduGo to “root server”
Where do I find edu directoryGo to edu directory
What is the main IP number for lls.edu?
Go to lls.edu (157.242.136.220) What is the IP number for
Prof. Manheim’s computer?Go to Manheim’s computer
1.213.736.1000 Translated by Phone Book
Loyola Law School (LA)Go to national directory
Where do I find LA bookGo to LA book
What is the main phone number for Loyola Law Sch
Go to LLS (1.213.736.1000) What is the phone number
for Prof. Manheim’s officeGo to Manheim’s phone
Spring, 2007 CTL20
Domain Name System (DNS)
Root Server contains IP #s of all TLD serversTLD Server contains IP #s of all SLD servers (for that TLD)SLD Server contains IP #s of all 3LDs (or Internet devices)
www.lls.eduTLD (top level domain name)
SLD (second level domain name)3LD (3d level d. name or computer/internet device)
Spring, 2007 CTL21
Types of Top Level DomainsgTLD (generic) .com, .net, .org, .name, .biz, .info, .xxx, .e
u .edu, .gov, .milccTLD (country code) .us, .uk, .cniTLD (international) .int (limited to treaty organizations – UN.
int)
Spring, 2007 CTL22
Root Servers
Spring, 2007 CTL23
Internet ApplicationsWorld Wide Web Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Graphical depiction and formatting of data Code: Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)
Alt. Codes: XML, Java, Flash, WAPEmail Text transport (Client-Server-Inet-Server-Client) Code: Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP)
Alt. Codes: MIME, HTMLOther: FTP, Skype, File sharing, ATMs, etc.
Spring, 2007 CTL24
DataAnything that can be digitized Text Images Sound Video Genetic information
Spring, 2007 CTL25
Putting it all together - Layers
Used by Internet HTTP, SMTP, FTP MIME, ASCII N/A (session timing) TCP IP Ethernet, 802.11 Cables, hubs, wires
Spring, 2007 CTL26
Who Owns ItThere is no “it,” only components distributed system w/o centralized control compare ownership of spectrum
scarcity vs ubiquityComponents are privately owned computers, network components, lines users may have to pay for use of componentsInformation on the internet may be “owned” (as in intellectual property) or in the public domain (not owned, or “open”)