COLD WAR

Arms Race: 1945- 1952 US created the Atomic

bomb “Manhattan Project” Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico◦ Robert Oppenheimer lead

man.First time and Last time

used in war. Ending WWII against the Japanese

Hiroshima Aug 6th 1945 90K killed

Nagasaki Aug 9th 1945 60K killed

I. ARMS RACE

new military strategy to be used in war.

Truman felt this weapon was too powerful for military control◦ Use of an atomic bomb

was to be made by politicians

Us felt the soviets would not develop weapon till mid to late 1950’s

US monopoly on power 1945-1949

1949 Soviets detonate first Atomic bomb

RDS-1 (JOE- 1) August 29th 1949◦ Much of the technology was from spies in

the US program◦ Immediate effect escalation in an arms race

and loss of the US monopoly◦ Rise of the US red scare

Russian nuclear development

US had stated development of H-bomb prior to 1949

Edward Teller chief designer- first detonation 1952◦ H- Bomb uses Hydrogen fusion in the

detonation of Uranium Fission Soviets developed a Hydrogen

bomb in 1955 Hydrogen bombs were more

powerful and destructive than atomic.

Development of the Hydrogen bomb

When did the US and the USSR develop their first atomic and Hydrogen bombs?

USA: USSR:

a single soviet attack on an American Ally ◦ result many attacks on the

soviet union with the use of Nuclear Weapons

◦ This policy cause more hesitance of soviet forces pushing into W Europe.

◦ There was also a US fear of a Missile gap

President Eisenhower and Massive Retaliation Policy1955

Missile Gap- was coined to give a perceived soviet advantage in # of Nuclear weapons and their power.◦ Truth was the US had the upper hand in total weapons◦ US had an advantage in having bases close to the USSR

(Turkey& Germany)◦ Used to increase anti-soviet sentiment

“Missile Gap”

What was Eisenhower's Defensive Policy?

Discuss with your partner one advantage and one disadvantage of this Policy.

After WWII Germans had V-2 rockets

Both US and USSR worked from this to improve rocket technology

Soviets working closely with Sputnik (Space Program) developed first medium range ICBMs 1957.

Arms Raceby 1964 China, France, and the UK joined nuclear age

ICBM’s Intercontinental Ballistics Missiles◦ Immediate goals was to equip with Nuclear

warheads.◦ Were only defensive as they had a limited range.

US developed their ICBM’s by 1958

Cuban Missile Crisis showed flaw in Massive Retaliations ◦ Policy would result in: MAD- Mutually assured

Destruction

JFK policy change towards USSR 1961

3 stages of Military Response◦1. Direct Defense: standard military use if soviets attack US or an Ally

◦2. Deliberate Escalation : IF NATO Forces are taken over use of Small Nuclear weapons in combat

◦3. General Nuclear: all out Nuclear War if there is a Nuclear attack

New Policy :Flexible Response

What was JFK’s policy called?

Discuss positives and negatives of this policy.

USSR 10/4/57: First artificial

satellite, Sputnik I, 4/12/61: Yuri Gagarin

completes the first manned space flight,

3/18/65: Cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov takes man's first space walk

USA 5/5/61U.S. launches

first American astronaut, into space,

2/20/62 John Glenn becomes first American to orbit Earth,

1/20/69: Man walks on the moon

Sputnik vs NASA-Space race and arms race closely connected-Soviets had an early advantage in their Missile and Rocket Technology

1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty- No Testing in Atmosphere, Underwater, or Space(US, UK,USSR)

1968 Non-Proliforation Treaty Non Nuclear states can not posses or create Nuclear Weapons◦ Goal of Disarmament◦ (India, Israel, Pakistan against and did not sign)

Trying to control Nuclear Weaponsand Radiation they produce

USSR Soviet ABM- Anti

Ballistics Missile (nuclear tipped)◦ Goal of shooting

down US – ICBM’s targeting Moscow

Successful tests of these weapons 1970’s

USA 1970’s US starts

MIRV missile program. One missile with multiple nuclear warheads to hit enemy

Escalation of weapons 1970’s

SALT I 1969-72 Under (US)Nixon and (USSR)Brezhnev

talks about the limitations and control of Nuclear weapons between the US and USSR

No new missile launch sites Must dismantle ICBM’s before creating New

Nuclear subs◦ Created Anti ballistic Missile Treaty 1972- Limit # of

ABM’s

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)

Stop the creation of New Nuclear Weapons

Reduce the # of existing Nuclear Weapons

Never ratified by the US Senate due to Soviet invasion of the Afghanistan in Dec of 1979

Both sides followed guidelines until 1986 when Reagan cancelled SALT II

SALT II- 1979 Under (US)Carter and (USSR) Brezhnev

List 3 steps taken to limit Nuclear weapons.

Ronald Reagan 1983 developed SDI(Strategic Defense Initiative)◦ Called Star Wars◦ Plan would be a system to shoot down incoming Soviet

Missiles with( Lasers & particles beams from land Air and space)

◦ Problem technology was not ready Most real increase in weapons technology in the

1980’s stealth air craft.

Impact of Reagan

Gorbachev reached out to the US for Nuclear Disarmament in 1987◦ Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces treaty

INF Treaty 1987 Treaty Between US and USSR On the elimination of their Intermediate-Range And Shorter-Range Missiles

START Treaty 1991(Strategic Arms Reductions Treaty) Signed with Pres. Bush

Gorbachev

Chinese Civil War Kuomintang or Guomintang Nationalist vs

CCP Communist 1927-1937 Initial Civil War 1937-1945 Stop to fight the Japanese 1946-1949 Communist Victory

II Sino Soviet Relations

Chinese Civil War continues after WWII 1945-1949 Communist Mao Zedong- Red Army Rural areas Northern China -USSR SUPPORT-spread com -Rural and poor supported

◦ Promise land for all

Nationalist Jiang Kai-Shek Control Cities in southern China -USA SUPPORT- capitalism Wealthy supported

1949 Stronger Red Army won Civil War -2 Chinas

1.Republic of China (Nationalist)- moves to Island of Taiwan-US support

2.Peoples Republic of China (communist) -1949 lead by Mao Zedong◦ Create alliance with USSR ◦ China expands-1950’s China takes Tibet,

Mongolia, parts of India

Who were the Leaders of each side of the revolution?

Discuss with a neighbor: China split into 2 nations who supported

each nations and why?

1950- did not allow China in to the UN 1950 Mao Sought alliance With USSR

◦ Also a Marxist-Leninist Communist nation 1950 Signed Sino-Soviet Treaty of

Friendship and Alliance◦ Soviets got access to Northern territories◦ China would get Soviet Aid to modernize

Treaties With The USSR

Mao Respected Stalin and saw him as the Leader of the Communist World◦ Great respect for his actions in turning the USSR from

an agricultural nation to a World Power Korean War- Supporting NK

◦ China sent aid and 300k troops◦ USSR sent military aid and MIG fighter pilots

Stalin and Mao

Nikita Khrushchev takes power China no longer respects Soviet Communist under Khrushchev◦Khrushchev set forth an era of De-

Stalinization Undoing actions of Stalin and revealing

truths Mao began to resent this attitude

Stalin Died 1953

Write an example of Chinese Soviet Cooperation?

Discuss why do you think Sino Soviet relations Changed under Khrushchev?

Changes in View of Communism beginning in late1950’s- 1960’s

USSR- Khrushchev “peaceful coexistence”

with the Capitalist West Denounced Marxist-

Leninist view of global Communist

Soviet Unwilling to fund nuclear research.

USSR Denounced China for 1962 Sino-Indian war

China-Mao wanted no part of

interacting with capitalist nations

Was in Favor of Spreading Communism

China wanted to develop nuclear weapons

China denounced USSR for backing down I in Cuban Missile Crisis

Both Sides amass troops and weapons along Ussuri River and along their Northern Border

Small moments of fighting but never war This made the split between the Chinese and the

USSR clear◦ US uses this to increase relations with China

Peace was restored and official borders were set.

1968-1969 Sino Soviet Border Dispute

Write three points where the Soviets and Chinese differed?

Mao’s Changes1. Collectivization

-1950’s- gave land to peasants live and work on together

Wealthy had land taken Private companies were

taken in by gov

2.Great Leap Forward 1958-60

Commune’s -large community farms produce more Food & goods for all ◦ Farms failed useless goods & Less Food ◦ Caused Famine in China

3. Cultural Revolution 1960’s Hold peasants and Workers as heroes of

Nation Attack the privileged (educated, bosses,

professors… Red Guard were the Police of this Policy

Attacks hurt country factories, farms, business slowed.

Purged Chinese government of any dissenters◦ Including any who supported Soviet Views

Became more isolated and worsened Soviet Relations

Program shut down 1970’s

Failure of Cultural Revolution

Write Each of the programs Mao enacted. Discuss problems of each of them

1989, Mikhail Gorbachev and Deng Xiaoping meet in Beijing.

New Leaders Improve Sino Soviet Relations

1. Soviet Union stop supporting Vietnam's occupation of Cambodia.

2. Soviet Union to withdraw its troops from Mongolia

3. Soviets remove of troops on the Soviet-Chinese border.◦ China recognized the 3,110-mile border

4.Ended debate over orthodox communism since neither was a purely Communist

Improved both nations international standing and allowed start economic reforms

Issues Resolved

Early Tension 1949-Mao’s Communist Victory

◦ Chinese took any American properties in China US side With Republic of China(Taiwan) and as

legitimate Chinese US block China entry in UN and imposed embargo.

◦ US allies did the same

Creation of nuclear weapons 1964

III US Sino Relations

Korean War-China entered in support of NK after US troops amass near Chinese Border(Yalu River)

Vietnam War◦ 1960’sChina sent

thousands of troops, advisors, and weapons to support NV.

War Time Conflicts

Sino-Soviet Border Fight 1969 ◦ Both US and China saw need to work together

against USSR◦ Potential trade partners

huge market for US goods?

Rapprochement

List 2 examples of conflicts we had with the Chinese?

Discuss: In your opinion which nations has benefited more from trade between them ? (China or the US)

1971 Table Tennis World Championships(Japan)◦ American Players received an invitations to play in

China◦ First Americans invited to China since 1949◦ Henry Kissinger made the trip, secretively.

(National Security advisor later Sec State) Began easing of tensions and set up an official

Trip by Nixon◦ 1972 Chinese players toured the US

PING PONG DIPLOMACY

Great step in relieving Cold War Tension

Helped normalize US China relations

Put pressure on the USSR to continue with Détente

US allied nations agreed with this actions◦ Many of them had already set up

diplomatic relations with China Lead to creation of a Liaison office

in China to work on diplomatic relationship◦ (Not an Embassy)

Nixon to China 1972

While Nixon in China goals of both Nations Both nations work to normalize relations Better for both nations if they work together No single nations should control Asia “One China Policy” there is only 1 china both PRC and Taiwan are part of it. Nothing was official

Shanghai Communiqué 1972

Two ways Nixon’s visit to China improved the situation between the 2 nations?

Gang of Four- Communist politicians had control of China with high influence on Mao.◦ Behind Cultural Revolution

They were brought down after Mao Death

Deng Xiaoping (Vice Premiere)Takes control of China◦ Would be more open with both

US and Soviet Relations

Mao Dies 1976

1978 US announces Diplomatic Relations with China.◦ Republic of China(Taiwan) angered

1979 Joint Communiqué PRC was deemed the official China◦ Deng Xiaoping Met with Jimmy Carter 1979

1980’s communications and trade increased◦ Trade became beneficial for China with use of low

wage factory work.

Normalization

1980- US sale of Military supplies to Taiwan◦ Caused tension but was resolved

US would reduce arms sales 1989 Tiananmen Square Protest Crackdown Issues with Human Rights Violations

Some Stumbling Blocks

Discuss with a neighbor what key achievements should Deng Xiaoping be remembered for?

Inspired by soviet bloc democratic uprisings

In May Students, workers, and teachers protested in the Square(Beijing)◦ Demanded democratic freedoms◦ During Gorbechev Visit.

Gov Forces asked protesters to disperse(refusal)

June 4th Army troops and tanks began to shoot into the crowd◦ later organizers were arrested

Tiananmen Square 1989

Discuss with a neighbor_ What do you think Chinese Kids in China are

taught about Tiananmen square?

United States and Europe ostracized China back in 1989. ◦ Some economic sanctions◦ Reduction in weapons sales

USSR Gorbachev Did not react negatively◦ used the situation to strengthen relations with

China◦ helped rearm the Chinese army

by 1989 tension between nations was over

Reactions to Tiananmen Square

Stalin Expands the Soviet Union

Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Romania , Bulgaria, and Poland

Had control because of troop placement after WWII

IV. Challenges to the Soviet Union

One party rule-Eliminated all political parties except for Communist Party

Nationalization- Had major companies with control of natural resources turned over to government control.

Five Year plans- Plans in the Soviet union to meet industrial or Agricultural goals◦ These were implemented in Bloc nations to help

repay the soviets for their liberation of the Nazi’s Censorship- Control the press to limit what is

seen, heard, and said

Direct control of Satellite states

Religious suppression- Goal of communism is Atheism.◦ Religion was not outlawed but limited. Could not

interfere with communist ideals◦ Centers of worship had to be state approved

Many were closed and leaders arrested Political purges- Eliminated all those who were

anti-communist or anti-soviet ◦ Leaders left favor soviet intervention

Cominform- Communist information Bureau

Direct control of Satellite states continued

Which programs do you feel were most effective in controlling the people in communist bloc nations.

Communist Separate from USSR Albania set up a Stalinist-type

dictatorial regime that was NOT a Soviet satellite ◦ (allied w. Communist China)

Yugoslavia, Josip Broz (Tito,) was leader of Communist resistance to Nazis

created a Communist govt. that was NOT a Soviet satellite. ◦ He ruled until death in 1980.

Expelled out of the group on communist government (Cominform) by Stalin◦ different foreign policy and

economic policy◦ accepted Marshall plan aid.

This helped in protecting him from Soviet invasion

Set up the Non-Aligned movement

More open form of Communism

Challenges of Yugoslavia

Left-What benefits does being not aligned have?

Right-What are draw backs of being non aligned?

Massive emigration out of E. Germany Government factories increased work demand but

not wage Strikes and protest erupted throughout E. Germany German Government brought in the Soviet army to

Reestablish order.

1953 East German Uprising

Khrushchev's Policy De-Stalinization Peaceful Coexistence Opened the door for Eastern bloc nations to

seek a less soviet model of Gov.

Challenges to Soviet control under Khrushchev

Workers began going on strike at a Gov steel factory

Protesting Began by workers in late June 1956 demanding better pay and angered by soviet influence

Soviet General fired into the crowds ending the protest◦ Workers revolt not anti-communist

Poland 1956

How were the causes of the Polish and E German uprisings similar?

Why is this hypocritical for a Communist nation?

Protest failed but resulted in a less soviet Polish Government

Some Differences in Poland◦ Collectivization's cancelled peasants could own land◦ They made an Agreement with Catholic Church

Only independent Church Eastern bloc◦ Higher degree of freedom by the people

Effects of 1956 Polish Uprising

1956 Hungarian reform crushed

Soviet hostility & Soviet economic exploitation made E. Europeans upset

Unrest in Hungary, combined w. economic difficulties led to calls for revolt.

Imre Nagy declared Hungary an independent nation in 1956 and promised free elections.◦ Ending Communist ties with the USSR

Soviet army attacked capital of Budapest, re-established control and executed Nagy.

How was the result of the uprisings different in Poland than in Hungary?

Czechoslovakia, 1968 In Czechoslovakia, Antonin Novotny (“Little

Stalin”) = disliked by his own party & especially among writers.

Caused an uprising

Challenges to Soviet control under Brezhnev

1968 Czechoslovakia reform Crushed Novotny resigned, so

Alexander Dubcek was elected leader & introduced democratic reforms (“socialism with a human face.”)

Social euphoria of the Czech people(They were all happy)

Soviet army invaded Czechoslovakia, crushed reform movement and replaced

Dubcek w. Gustav Husak. Last attempt to push soviet influence out of

Eastern Europe until the mid 1980’s

“Prague Spring” of 1968

V. The Fall of the Soviet Union

Soviet Afghan War 1979- détente setback when S. U. invaded

Afghanistan in 1979. Soviets wanted a pro-Soviet regime but U.

S. viewed as Soviet expansionism.◦ protest, Pres. Jimmy Carter cancelled US

participation in the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow.

◦ placed an embargo on shipment of grain to S. U.

Cold War Tensions Rise Reagan called the USSR an “evil empire.” Reagan began military buildup, starting a new

arms race. ◦ military aid to rebels in Afghanistan.

By 1980, S. U. was facing serious problems of: poor economy,

Last Soviet troops leave in 1989

What lessons should the US have learned about arming other nations?

Mikhail Gorbachev. Reformers within Communist party “perestroika” (restructuring Soviet

economy with free enterprise) “glasnost”(“openness” within S. U.

and with rest of world.) new Soviet parliament w. elected

members, the Congress of People’s Deputies

List all the key soviet leaders from WWII to the fall of the USSR.

Berlin Wall Falls E. Germany leader, Erich

Honecker refused to remove wall.

East Germans either fled the country or protested. ◦ Honecker step down.

new govt. opened the wall on 1989 to allow travel freely between E and W

Germany reunited 1990,◦ Berlin again as its capital.

Eastern Europe Ends Communism 1989(USSR did not attack)

-Poland – Under banner of Solidarity ended communism.

◦ Leader was Lech Walesa Hungary - ended communism open

elections 1989 Czechoslovakia-1989 end Com and

Separate◦ 1992-Czech Republic & Slovakia◦ Alexander Dubcek as its leader

Germany Reunited- by 1990◦ 1989 Berlin wall fall combining of E & W Berlin,

The end is Near In 1987, Gorbachev & Reagan agreement

on t I.N.F. (Intermediate Nuclear Forces) Treaty◦ first treaty to actually reduce # of nuclear

weapons between superpowers. 1990, Gorbachev - non-communist parties

could organize. March, 1990 Gorbachev became the Soviet

Union’s first president

USSR BREAKS UP nationalist movements emerged

in 15 republics of the U.S.S.R. hard-line Communists worried,

who attempted a coup in Aug. of 1991 and had Gorbachev arrested.

coup failed when Boris Yeltsin, president of the Russian Republic and Russian Citizens resisted communist rebels

Discuss three reasons why Gorbechev was such an important leader.

Cold War Over

Soviet Union ceased to exist as of Dec, 1991. Gorbachev resigned power to Yeltsin.

15 republics became independent nations, Yeltsin became first freely elected, non-

communist leader of Russia, ◦ committed to creating a prosperous Capitalist

democratic nation