FLORAL BIOLOGY AND CROSSING

TECHNIQUES IN Cluster bean

(Cyamopsis tetragonolobus)

FLORAL BIOLOGY AND CROSSING TECHNIQUES IN Cluster bean

(Cyamopsis )

Introduction

Origin and distribution

Taxonomy

Botany

Botanical classification

Floral biology

Genetics and cytogenetics

Breeding objectives

Breeding methods

INTRODUCTION

The word guar [Cyamopsis

tetragonoloba] represents its derivation from

the Sanskrit word “GAUAHAAR” which means

cow fodder otherwise fodder of the livestock.

The crop is also known by local names as

Khutti, Dararietic, Guari etc.

The crop is mainely grown in the dry habitats

of Rajasthan,Haryana,Gujarat, & Punjab and to

limited extent in Uttar Pradesh & Madya

Pradesh.

AREA AND PRODUCTION

Guar is grown in almost 23.30 lakh hectares area in india

The maximum contribution of states in respect of area is shared by Rajasthan

(119.85 lakh ha) followed by Gujarat(2.27 lakh ha) Haryana (1.20 lakh ha) and

Punjab(0.14 lakh ha)

Table 1: Area production and productivity of Guar in India and important states

India and states Area

(Lakh ha)

Production

( lakh ton)

Productivity

(kg/ha)

India 23.30 11.98 428.0

Rajasthan 19.85 7.33 370.0

Gujarat 2.27 1.15 668.8

Haryana 1.20 1.08 740.0

Punjab 0.14 0.0065 922.0

USES

Soil health enrichment through atmospheric nitrogen fixation(30 kg N/ha)

Add organic carbon to the soil

Source of food, fodder and feed

Guar seed meal is a good source of proteins

Natural polysaccharide Galactomannan Gum is the chief product used in many

Industries

Guar gum act as binder, thickener stabilizer for the following industrial products

Food industries : Frozen foods, baked foods, Processed cheese, dairy products,

Dressings and sauces, instant mixings, meat products, canned meats, beverages

And pharmaceutical products.

Other industries : Textile thickness, paper industry, mining industry, oil well drilling

Explosive industry, tobacco industry, fire fighting, industrial water treatment,

agriculture

Africa was probably the centre of origin of Cyamopsis (Gillete1958)

The name of cultigen in Arabic is hindia which suggest to be an

Indian origin

The drought tolerant species found in the semi arid and savannah

zone south of the Sahara from Senegal to Saudi Arabia reached

Indo – Pakistan sub continent as flotsam in Arab- Indian trade

ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION

Scientific Name :Cyamopsis tetragonolobus

Family : Leguminosae

Sub family : Papillionaceae

Tribe : Galeage( Indigoferae)

Chromosome no: 2n=2x=14

Robust annual with long tap root and well developed laterals

Height of 3m with stiff erect branches

Generally 50-100 cm tall and bears 4-10 branches

Bears on an average 30-90 pods/ plant

Leaves : Alteranate, trifoliate born on long petioles

Stem : Tall and slender born on long petioles

BOTANY AND TAXONOMY

Flowers : Small ,typically papilionaceous. The 5 unequal linear teeth type

sepals from the calyx while papilionaceous corolla has orbicular

standard oblong petals and long broad keel petals. Generally

purplish to pink in colour.

Stamens : Arranged in diadalphous condition

Style : Short

Stigma : Head shaped

Pods : Oblong 5-12 cm in length normally containing 5-12 oval or cube

shaped seeds of variable shape

The crop due to cleistogamous nature is considered strictly self

pollinated however out Crossing to the tune of 0.5-7.9 per cent has

also been reported( saini et al., 1981)

FLORAL BIOLOGY and MORPHOLOGY

Table 2: Nutritional composition of green Guar pods

Constituent( Per 100 g edible portion) Content

Energy(Kcl) 16.00

Moisture(g) 81.00

Protein(g) 3.20

Fat(g) 1.4

Carbohydrate(g) 10.8

Vitamin A(IU) 65.3

Thiamine(mg) 0.09

Riboflavin(mg) 0.03

Niacin(mg) 0.60

Ascorbic acid(mg) 49.0

Calcium(mg) 57.0

Phosphorous(mg) 57.0

Iron(mg) 4.5

Roy and Chakraborti(1993)

The genus Cyamopsis D .C .is an old world genus with four species,viz

Cyamopsis tetragonolobus

C.Serrata

C. Senegalensis

C.Dentana

Ayyangar and Krishnaswamy(1933) observed seven pairs of chromosomes

in Cymopsis tetragonolobus (Syn. C. psoraliodes)

CYTOGENETICS

Table 3; Gene action of important traits

Character Mode of inheritance Reported symbol

Growth habit Indeterminate: dominant De

Determinate: recessive de

Pubescent Pubescent: dominant G

Glabrous: recessive g

Hairy; dominant H

Non hairy : recessive h

Male sterility Male Fertile;dominant MS

Male sterile; recessive ms

Seed shape Flat:dominant R

Round: recessive r

Leaf colour Green; dominant Y

Yellow :recessive y

Ray and stafford(1985)

BREEDING OBJECTIVES

Higher yield and productivity

Development of variety suitable for summer season

Resistance to diseases

Early maturity

BREEDING METHODS

Pedigree method

Bulk Pedigree method

Back cross

Single plant selection

Mutation breeding

Polyploidy breeding

Interspecific hybridization

Biotechnological tools

Breeding for quality traits

Gum and protein contents in guar seed are of prime importance from industrial view

point

Positive correlation was observed between seed yield and percentage gum content

but there was a negative correlation between seed weight and gum percentage which

may hamper breeding for bold seededness

Genetic analysis revealed that both additive and non additive gene effects were

operating in the expression of this industrial component

Breeding for disease resistance

Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oxonopodis), Alternaria leaf spot and powdery mildew are the serious diseases

Inheritance of bacterial blight and alternaria leaf spot is not fully understood

Singh et al(1995) and Saharan et al(1999) observed that resistance for bacterial blight was a dominant trait whereas alternaria leaf spot is inherited by recessive trait

Additive , dominant and epistatic gene interaction played significant role towardscontributing resistance in guar

Phenol and peroxidase enzyme played a significant role in imparting the resistancetowards main diseases

MUTATION BREEDING

Perfect tool to enhance variation in crop like guar where exploitable and

useful genetic variability is megre

Creation of variation through hybridization is difficult

Physical mutagens

Occurrence of reciprocal translocation in 20kR irradiated population

200KR irradiation proved to be lethal leading to complete failure in seed

germination

Early flowering and determinate mutants developed by gamma radiation

Chemical mutagens

Chlorophyll deficient mutants observed in seed treated with EMS in

M1[Gohal et al., 1970]

Hydroxyl amine treatment resulted in entranced and regular pod bearing

mutant

EMS and hydroxyl hydrate treatment resulted in pleiotropic effect leads to

extensive flowering and late flowering.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MUTAGENS

Induction of high yielding mutants in cultivars PLG 143 and

Suvidha seeds exposed to 80 to 100 Kr gamma rays and treated with

EMS 0.1to 0.3 per cent leads to long pods increased number of pods

and early maturity

Effect of hybridization and irradiation on induction of variability

Comparison of nature and magnitude of variability among the

unirradiated F1S and F2S,and irradiated F1M1S and F2M2S generations

revealed that irradiation cause earliness in flowering and maturity as

well as increased 100 seed weight

The hybridization though a conventional method could be a complete

failure.

Cyamopsis tetragonoloba x c.serreta

(Sandhu,1988)

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES

Major problem is the lack of cloned DNA

representing genes for characters of economic

importance for use of guar breeders.

Use of RFLPs for gene mapping could provide

useful selection tool .

Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer and direct

gene transfer in to protoplast are the methods which

have yielded transgenic plants.

INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION

POLYPLOIDY BREEDING

Clusterbean is a diploid with 2n=14

Autotetraploids have been characterized bycomparatively slow growth during early stages ofdevelopment, thickened leaves fewer stomataand lager pollen grains,

Reduced pollen and seed fertility and

Mixoploid plant resulted from aqueous colchicinetreatment showed 2n=26 and 2n=28chromosomes in PMC of same plant

Anthesis

Flower opening at morning from 6-

10 am.

Dehiscence of anther prior to

blooming i.e.; 10 pm-1 am

SELFINGCluster bean is being a self pollinated

crop it does not require any artificial

selfing methods but for the

betterment we generally go for

bagging of the mature flower bud.

CrossingEmasculation carried out in mature

flower bud in preceding evening.

• Pollination is done simultaneously or

in next morning from a freshly

opened flowers.

IDEOTYPE IN CLUSTER BEAN

Short duration maturity.

Photo-period insensitive.

Determinate growth habit.

Elevated harvest index (>30%).

Faster growth rate.

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