Classroom SystemsSchool-wide PBIS

Opportunities to RespondChris Borgmeier, PhDPortland State Universitycborgmei@pdx.edu www.pbisclassroomsystems.pbworks.com

Opportunities to Respond - OTR

• An instructional question, statement or gesture made by the teacher seeking an academic response from students. Can be provided individually or to whole class.

• Sprick, Knight, Reinke & McKale 2006

• The number of times the teacher provides academic requests that require students to actively respond.

• Teacher behavior that prompts or solicits a student response (verbal, written, gesture).

• Includes strategies for presenting materials, asking questions, and correcting students’ answers to increase the likelihood of an active response.

Active Participation - Why?

Increasing Opportunities to Respond is related to:• Increased academic achievement• Increased on-task behavior• Decreased behavioral challenges

Caveat• Only successful responding brings these results

Initial Instruction - 80% accuracyPractice/Review - 90% or higher accuracy

Anita Archer

Watch this video and note the different response strategies being implemented

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_EBsPgyONew

• As you watch this video… make a tally each time you see a student response

• Group/Choral = ll• Action/Non-verbal = ll• Partner Responding = l• Rnd Select/Individual = ll

7 responses in 1:10

By giving a chance for multiple responses, students are retrieving, rehearsing and practicing what has been taught.

Could we insert picture of Dean’s actions that move as words present?

OTR Guidelines

• Teacher talk should be no more than 40-50% of instructional time.

• New material: a minimum of 4-6 responses per minute with 80% accuracy.

• Review of previously learned material: 9-12 responses per minute with 90% accuracy.

• (CEC, 1987; Gunter, Hummel & Venn, 1998)

Activity: Personal Reflection

• Think about the amount of opportunities to respond you gave your students during the most recent day you taught.

• How would you compare to these response guideline? • New material–a minimum of 4-6 responses per minute

with 80% accuracy.• Review of previously learned material–8-12 responses

per minute with 90% accuracy

Opportunities to RespondCritical Features• Strive for all students to participate

• reduce reliance on student volunteer responses & increase random selection of responders to keep students actively engaged

• Choose strategies that best fit your style and instructional content, structure and activities

• Use wait time of 3-5 seconds before students respond to increase participation

• Use clear, consistent prompts to elicit responses effectively

Strategies to increase OTR

Verbal ResponsesWritten ResponsesAction Responses

Verbal Responses• Less desirable practices

#1. Calling on volunteersGuidelines:

• Call on volunteers only when answer relates to personal experience• Don’t call on volunteers when answer is product of instruction or

readingRandomly call on students

#2. Calling on inattentive students

Guidelines:• Don’t call on inattentive students • Wait to call on student when he/she is attentive

• To regain attention of students:• Use physical proximity• Give directive to entire class• Ask students to complete quick, physical behavior

Anita Archer

Verbal Responses

More desirable practices:• Random Selection

• Choral Responding• All students in class respond in unison to a teacher

question.

• WhipAround or Pass• Have students quickly give answers, go up and down

rows, limiting comments• Allow students to “Pass”

Verbal Responses- Individual TurnsRandom Selection

• Individual Questioning – calling on students unpredictably heightens student attention

• Procedures for Random Selection of students

Procedure #1 - Call on students in different parts of room

Procedure #2 - Write names on cards or sticks

Procedure #3 - Use ipad or iphone app (e.g., Teacher’s Pick, Stick Pick, or Pick Me!)

Procedure #4 - Use two decks of playing cards. Tape cards from one deck to desks. Pull a card from other deck and call on student.

Use above random strategy, and call on a student to repeat or summarize what the student just said. Anita Archer

Verbal Responses- Individual TurnsWhipAround or Pass

• Use with Questions that have many possible answers

• Ask a question

• Give students thinking time• Examples:

• “Tell me the months of the year in Spanish – think (pause 5 sec.) – we’ll start with the front row”

• “What are the universities in the Pac-12 – think (pause 3 sec.) – we’ll start in the back and work across”

• Start at any location in the room

- Have students quickly give answers

- Go up and down rows, limiting comments

- Allow student to pass Anita Archer

Your Turn

• Complete Steps 1 & 2 on the Worksheet

Your Turn• Complete Step 3 on the Worksheet

Choral RespondingAll Students Respond: When possible useresponse procedures that engage all students.

Verbal Responses

• Choral Responding – all students in class respond in unison to a teacher question.• Suitable for review, to teach

new skills, as a drill, or as a lesson summary.

Verbal Responses – Choral Responses

1) Ask a question

2) Raise your hands to indicate silence

3) Give thinking time

4) Cue Response• Individual Student response, Chorale response,

Response card, whiteboard, thumbs up, etc.

Anita Archer

1. Ask a Question• Develop questions with only one right answer that

can be answered with short, 1-3 word answers.

• Examples:• What is the capital of California? (pause 4 sec.) Everyone (drop hands)

• What are the 3 branches of government, in alphabetical order (pause 5 sec.) – First…. Second…. Third

• What does CPR stand for? (pause 5 sec.) Everyone (drop hands)

2. Raise your hands to indicate silence

• Students are looking at a common stimulus• Point to stimulus• Ask question• Give thinking time• Tap for response

• Students are looking at their own book/paper• Ask question• Use auditory signal (“Everyone”)

Anita Archer

3. Give thinking time• Think Time –pause for 5 seconds after question before calling on

a student or cueing a group response.• Can have students put up thumbs, or look at you, to indicate enough

thinking time

• Engages students in thinking.• Increases participation.• Increases quality of responses.• Results in fewer redirects of students and fewer discipline problems.

Rowe, 1987

4. Lower your hands as you say, “Everyone”

• Use a clear signal or predictable phrase to cue students to respond in unison.• Drop hands & snap

• Provide immediate feedback on the group response.

• If students don’t respond or blurt out an answer, repeat (Gentle Redo)

• Keep a brisk, lively pace.

Teach your Response Routines

• Teaching Active Participation Routines• Response Routines & Choral Responding

• http://www.scoe.org/pub/htdocs/archer-videos.html• Click on link to :

• “Active Participation Instruction, 7th Grade”• Teaching Expectations 0:15-2:55

• Notice how the teacher sets up Choral Responding using the overhead

• Choral Response Routine 2:55 – 4:10

Additional Video Resources• Choral Response Overview (4:22)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKkR0EpvrcM

Your Turn

• Complete Steps 4-5 on your Worksheet

Your TurnComplete Steps 3-5

Partner Activity: Practice

• Get into Groups of 3• Assign Roles

• Teacher• Student/Observer• Student/Observer

• Take turns (switching roles)• Teacher: Practice Delivering your Choral Response Routine using

questions you identified• Student/Observer: Respond to cue• Student/Observer: Give feedback re: effectiveness & ways to

improve Routine (use the Checklist to guide feedback)

Supports for “Habit Building”

Active, Recurring Prompts & Supports to use your use of OTR strategies

• ID a variety ways to support use of your identified strategy• Plan ways to actively support teachers to use the targeted

practice -- Prompting, monitoring & rewarding• Not just tomorrow, but the next day & the next day & next week &

the following week… until the habit is built

• Provide Multiple Levels of Support for Classroom Improvement Efforts

• Personal plan• Peer Support• Team• School-wide

Personal & Peer Supports• Personal Supports

• Phone alarm• Bright Note on clipboard• Note in textbook as prompt at

appropriate time• Daily self-check at end of day• Set weekly goal with self based

on daily implementation• Ask a student to remind me or

monitor implementation• Prompt written on board into

daily classroom schedule• Poster in classroom on location

• Peer Supports• Check-in or prompt w/ buddy

before school/ at lunch/ end of day

• Buddy sends me an email or text reminder or follow-up to check implementation w/ daily rating

• Set weekly goal with buddy w/ reward contingent on meeting reward

• Assistant in room gives a reminder just before time

Simple Daily RatingsRate your level of implementation of your PreCorrection Strategy (today or this week)

Low Medium High 1 2 3

Rate the effectiveness of your implementation on student behavior (today or this week)

Low Medium High 1 2 3

Your TurnStep 6: Recurring Supports for Building Habits

• Take a few minutes to Complete Step 6 of the Worksheet

• Make sure to Identify meaningful& feasible supports• Identify Personal Strategies for supporting implementation• Develop Peer Strategies for support – you can discuss with a peer

• 6) Monitor your Plan: Implementation & Impact

Team & School-wide Supports• Team Supports (e.g.

Dept., Grade Level, PLC)• Make Classroom

improvement a regular part of meetings and activities

• Begin meeting w/ 2 minute check:

• Check-in, share ideas & give feedback to:

• Encourage implementation• Check-in, problem solve,

enhance implementation

• School-wide Supports• Reminder on Morning

announcements• Regular review/check-in at

staff meeting• Rewards for implementers

• Recognize your Buddy• Recognize someone you

observed engage in the practice

• Daily or weekly implementation checks

• via email link• Put sticker on staff board to

rate implementation

Follow-up Supports

• Dots Competition – Track your Progress• Reminders in Weekly Check-in• Recognize a peer – place name in box for weekly

drawing

• Recurring Discussion & Review in:• Staff meetings• Dept. meetings

Group Discussion• What school-wide strategies would be helpful for you

in supporting your implementation?

• Regular reminders over announcements?• Staff meeting review & sharing?• Collect implementation data?

• Daily email, survey monkey?

References• Barbetta, P. M., & Heward, W. L. (1993). Effects of active student response during error

correction on the acquisition and maintenance of geography facts by elementary students with learning disabilities. Journal of Behavioral Education, 3, 217-233.

• Carnine, D. W. (1976). Effects of two teacher-presentation rates on off-task behavior, answering correctly, and participation. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 9, 199-206.

• Heward, W. L. (1994). Three low-tech strategies for increasing the frequency of active student response during group instruction. In R. Garner, III, D. M. Sainato, J. O., Cooper, T. E., Heron W. L., Heward, J., Eshleman, & T.A. Grossi (Eds.), Behavior analysis in education: Focus on measurably superior instruction. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

• MacSuga, A. S., & Simonsen, B. (2011). Increasing teachers’ use of evidence-based classroom management strategies through consultation: Overview and case studies. Beyond Behavior, 20(11), 4-12.

• Miller, S.P. (2009). Validated practices for teaching students with diverse needs and abilities. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

• Reiser, R. A., & Dempsey, J. (2007). Trends and issues in instructional design and technology (2nd Ed., pp. 94-131). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

• Rowe, M. (1987) Wait time: Slowing down may be a way of speeding up. American Educator, 11, 38-43.

• Scott, T. M. Anderson, C. M., & Alter, P. (2012). Managing classroom behavior using positive behavior supports. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

References• Simonsen, B., Myers, D., & DeLuca, C. (2010). Providing teachers with training and

performance feedback to increase use of three classroom management skills: Prompts, opportunities to respond, and reinforcement. Teacher Education in Special Education, 33, 300-318.

• Skinner, C.H., Belfior, P.J., Mace, H.W., Williams-Wilson, S., & Johns, G.A. (1997). Altering response topography to increase response efficiency and learning rates. School Psychology Quarterly, 12, 54-64.

• Skinner, C. H., Smith, E. S., & McLean, J. E. (1994). The effects on intertribal interval duration on sight-word learning rates of children with behavioral disorders. Behavioral Disorders, 19, 98-107.

• Sprick, R., Knight, J., Reinke, W. & McKale, T. (2006). Coaching classroom management: Strategies and tools for administrators and coaches. Eugene, OR: Pacific Northwest Publishing.

• Sutherland, K. S., Adler, N., & Gunter P. L. (2003). The effect of varying rates of opportunities to respond on academic request on the classroom behavior of students with EBD. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders (11), 239-248.

• Sutherland, K. S., & Wehby, J. H. (2001). Exploring the relationship between increased opportunities to respond to academic requests and the academic and behavioral outcomes of student with EBD: A review. Remedial and Special Education, (22), 113-121.

• West, R. P., & Sloane, H. N. (1986). Teacher presentation rate and point delivery rate: Effect on classroom disruption, performance, accuracy, and response rate. Behavior Modification, 10, 267-286.