CIB Webinar: Implementation of Energy CIB Webinar: Implementation of Energy

Efficient Buildings Policies in 5 ContinentsEfficient Buildings Policies in 5 Continents

North AmericaNorth America

Beyond the Code: Energy, Carbon, and Cost

Joshua Kneifel, PhDJoshua Kneifel, PhD

Engineering LaboratoryEngineering Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

U.S. Department of CommerceU.S. Department of Commerce

Beyond the Code: Energy, Carbon, and Cost

Savings using Conventional Technologies

U.S. Goals Impacting BuildingsU.S. Goals Impacting Buildings

��New Energy for AmericaNew Energy for America��Dramatically improve building energy efficiencyDramatically improve building energy efficiency��Reduce greenhouse gas emissions 80% by 2050Reduce greenhouse gas emissions 80% by 2050

��Federal R&D AgendaFederal R&D Agenda��Integrated, PerformanceIntegrated, Performance--Based Design and OperationBased Design and Operation��Integrated, PerformanceIntegrated, Performance--Based Design and OperationBased Design and Operation��NetNet--Zero Energy Building Technologies and StrategiesZero Energy Building Technologies and Strategies

��How do you reach these goals for buildings?How do you reach these goals for buildings?

��What metrics do you use to measure accomplishments?What metrics do you use to measure accomplishments?

Policy Options and MetricsPolicy Options and Metrics

��How to drastically increase building energy efficiency and How to drastically increase building energy efficiency and

reduce carbon emissions?reduce carbon emissions?

��Regulation Regulation –– Building codesBuilding codes

��“Stick”“Stick”

��Incentives Incentives –– Tax creditsTax credits

��“Carrot”“Carrot”��“Carrot”“Carrot”

��Markets Markets –– Building performance labelsBuilding performance labels

��Voluntary/Educational programsVoluntary/Educational programs

��What metrics do you use to measure accomplishments?What metrics do you use to measure accomplishments?

��Energy Savings?Energy Savings?

��Emissions Reductions?Emissions Reductions?

��Costs?Costs?

��Baselines?Baselines?

Current Research:Current Research:

Targeting Building CodesTargeting Building Codes

��Focus on Commercial Building CodesFocus on Commercial Building Codes��Adoption of New CodesAdoption of New Codes

��ComplexComplex��ComplexComplex��No National Building CodeNo National Building Code��State CodesState Codes

��Vary from No Code to Newest CodeVary from No Code to Newest Code��ASHRAE 90.1ASHRAE 90.1--2007 or 2009 IECC2007 or 2009 IECC

Commercial Building CodesCommercial Building Codes

As of September 14, 2010

Questions to AnswerQuestions to Answer

��Why do states adopt new building energy codes?Why do states adopt new building energy codes?��Energy savings?Energy savings?��Economic reasoning?Economic reasoning?��Environmental concerns?Environmental concerns?

��Are these energy code adoptions worth it?Are these energy code adoptions worth it?��Energy savings?Energy savings?��Energy savings?Energy savings?��Economically viable?Economically viable?

��Over what time frame?Over what time frame?

��Vary by building type?Vary by building type?

��Environmentally beneficial?Environmentally beneficial?

��Does location matter?Does location matter?��Climate/RegionClimate/Region��Energy Source and CostsEnergy Source and Costs��Construction CostsConstruction Costs

Metrics & ToolsMetrics & Toolsto answer these questionsto answer these questions

ToolsTools

Building for Environmental &

Economic Sustainability

(BEES)

MetricsMetrics

LifeLife--Cycle CostingCycle Costing

(BEES)

Product/component scale

BEES for Buildings

System/building scale

GIS Mapping

Energy SavingsEnergy Savings

LifeLife--Cycle AssessmentCycle Assessment

BEES for BuildingsBEES for Buildings

��Business Business Case for SustainabilityCase for Sustainability�� Whole Building Whole Building Integrated Integrated DesignDesign

��Compare Energy Efficiency AlternativesCompare Energy Efficiency Alternatives(1) Life(1) Life--cycle costingcycle costing(1) Life(1) Life--cycle costingcycle costing

�� First and Future CostsFirst and Future Costs

(2) Energy savings(2) Energy savings

(3) Life(3) Life--cycle assessmentcycle assessment

�� Carbon Carbon footprintfootprint

��GIS MappingGIS Mapping

Building PrototypesBuilding Prototypes

�� 12 Commercial Building Types12 Commercial Building Types�� Varying sizes and functionVarying sizes and function

�� Represents 29% of U.S. commercial building stockRepresents 29% of U.S. commercial building stock

�� 3 Energy Efficiency Alternatives 3 Energy Efficiency Alternatives �� ASHRAE 90.1ASHRAE 90.1--2004 2004 -- baselinebaseline

�� ASHRAE 90.1ASHRAE 90.1--2007 2007 or “Low Energy Case”or “Low Energy Case”

�� Varying exterior envelope, lighting, and HVAC sizeVarying exterior envelope, lighting, and HVAC size

�� 228 Locations228 Locations

�� 1, 1, 1010, 25, and 40, 25, and 40--year study periodsyear study periods

�� 8,208 simulations8,208 simulations

Energy savings (%) Energy savings (%) ––

12 Building Types (10 Yr)12 Building Types (10 Yr)

90.1-2007 v 90.1-2004 Low Energy Case v. 90.1-2004

Energy savings (%) Energy savings (%) ––

12 Building Types (10 Yr)12 Building Types (10 Yr)

90.1-2007 v 90.1-2004 Low Energy Case v. 90.1-2004

Energy savings Energy savings map (%) map (%) ––

LEC for 3LEC for 3--Story Story Office Office BuildingBuilding

Carbon Reduction (%) Carbon Reduction (%) ––

12 Building Types (10 Yr)12 Building Types (10 Yr)

90.1-2007 v 90.1-2004 Low Energy Case v. 90.1-2004

Carbon reduction Carbon reduction map (%) map (%) ––

LEC for 3LEC for 3--Story Story Office BuildingOffice Building

LifeLife--cycle cost cycle cost savings savings (%) (%) ––

12 Building Types (10 Yr)12 Building Types (10 Yr)

90.1-2007 v 90.1-2004 Low Energy Case v. 90.1-2004

Cost savings Cost savings map (%) map (%) ––

LEC for 3LEC for 3--Story Story Office BuildingOffice Building

State Code AdoptionState Code Adoption

�� Compare adoption of Compare adoption of ASHRAE 90.1ASHRAE 90.1--2007 2007 from from ASHRAE 90.1ASHRAE 90.1--20042004

�� Over all building types…Over all building types…

�� Based on lifeBased on life--cycle cost savings?cycle cost savings?

�� Top 20 Top 20 –– 30% adopted 90.130% adopted 90.1--20072007

Bottom 20 Bottom 20 –– 46%46%�� Bottom 20 Bottom 20 –– 46%46%

�� Based on Energy Savings?Based on Energy Savings?

�� Top 20 Top 20 –– 34% adopted 90.134% adopted 90.1--20072007

�� Bottom 20 Bottom 20 –– 36%36%

�� Based on Emissions Reductions?Based on Emissions Reductions?

�� No correlationNo correlation

SummarySummary

�� Energy efficient building designs are usually Energy efficient building designs are usually costcost--effectiveeffective over a over a 10+ year study period10+ year study period

�� Large Large variationvariation in benefits and costs across locationsin benefits and costs across locations

�� Climate, Code requirements, Energy costs, Construction costsClimate, Code requirements, Energy costs, Construction costs

States are NOT adopting new building codes for economic, States are NOT adopting new building codes for economic, �� States are NOT adopting new building codes for economic, States are NOT adopting new building codes for economic, environmental, or energyenvironmental, or energy--related reasons.related reasons.

�� Gov. policiesGov. policies are necessary to improve nationwide energy efficiencyare necessary to improve nationwide energy efficiency

�� Improve Education/InformationImprove Education/Information

�� Create IncentivesCreate Incentives

�� Increase RequirementsIncrease Requirements

�� EasyEasy--toto--understand understand metrics and toolsmetrics and tools are needed to inform and are needed to inform and educate the public and policymakerseducate the public and policymakers

For More Information...For More Information...

www.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/bees.htmlwww.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/bees.html

joshua.kneifel@nist.govjoshua.kneifel@nist.gov