chemistry of biology. what is matter? anything that has mass and volume
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Chemistry of Biology
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What is Matter?Anything that has mass and volume.
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An Atom!
What is the smallest unit of matter?
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An element is “pure stuff”. It is only one kind of atom in matter such as pure gold (Au) from the periodic table.
Other Examples:Carbon – all organic molecules have thisHydrogenOxygenNitrogenPhosphorous
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Electrons (-)
Protons (+) and Neutrons (0)
What 2 larger particles are in the nucleus of the atom and make up
the MASS of the atom?
What are their charges?
What are the smallest particles in the space outside
of the nucleus and do not add to its mass?
What is its charge?
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Represents the
# of Protons (+)
Represents the # Protons + # Neutrons
Also indicates# of electrons (-)
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AN ION IS WHEN AN ATOM HAS GAINED OR LOST ELECTRONS
Sodium loses an electron
Becomes (+)
Chloride gains an electron
Becomes (-)
Na + CL → Na⁺CL⁻
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“I”onic Bond: When electrons are lost or gained (NO SHARING) between atoms.
NaCl
Hint: “I” am greedy! “I” give or take but do not share!
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Covalent bond: When two atoms are sharing an electron pair in a compound.
Hint:Co-captains share their
position
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ISOTOPES are different numbers of NEUTRONS in same type of atom!
Isotopes of Carbon
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•Molecule •Compound
Same Definition:2 or more elements chemically
combined
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Chemical and Physical
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What does a pH scale indicate? (do not say the pH number). It is the concentration of Hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.
Know which numbers are acidic and basic
Strong Acid Weak AcidpH= 1,2,3 pH=4,5,6
Weak Base Strong BasepH= 8,9,10 pH=11, 12, 13, 14
NeutralpH = 7
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A weak acid or weak base that can react with strong acids or bases to make small pH changes and maintain pH balance
HOMEOSTASIS
Buffer
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Solvent : What does the dissolvingEx: WATER (Best Solvent)
Solute: What is dissolved by the solvent Ex: SALT
Solution: When a solute is dissolved into a solvent Ex: Salt + Water
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What is the name for a type of mixture that there is NO DISSOLVING taking place?
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SuspensionExamples:Sand + WaterOil + Vinegar
What is the name for a type of mixture that there is NO DISSOLVING taking place?
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Same molecules sticking togetherWater + Water
COHESION
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2 different molecules that stick together
Ex: Water and glass
ADHESION
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What is the weak bond called that forms between the polar molecules of water?
HYRDOGEN BONDS
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H(+)
O(-)
H(+)
Polarity: Unequal sharing of electrons (H₂O)
EXAMPLE: WATER IS POLARcausing (+) on one side and (-) on the other
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MACROMOLECULES
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Polymerization process of joining
monomers to make polymers
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What is this process called that removes water (H2O) when combining monomers to make polymers? DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
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Carbohydrates – Quick Energy & Structure
Lipids – Long-term Energy Storage, membranes, chemical messengers
Proteins – movement, pigments, skin, hair, enzymes, immune system, carrying oxygen
Nucleic Acids – Heredity, DNA, RNA, ATP
They all contain CARBON (organic molecules)
What are the 4 types of macromolecules?
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Monosaccharides (sugars)linked together make Polysaccharides
What are the basic building blocks (monomers)of carbohydrates (sugars)?
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Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
What 3 elements make up all carbohydrates?
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What type of carbohydrates do animals and plants store?
Glycogen (Sugar) Starch (Sugar)
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What is cellulose?
What is chitin?
Carbohydrate of plant cell walls known to us as fiber. MOST ABUNDANT MACROMOLECULE!!!
Carbohydrate of insect exoskeletons
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A Glycerol + Fatty Acid Chain(s) is a lipid. Waxes, Oils, Fats
Cell membranes are made up of
phospholipids
What is the building block (monomer) of lipids?
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AMINO ACIDS
What is the basic building block (monomer)
of proteins?
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What are the 4 elements that are found in proteins?
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Which macromolecule creates pigments for our skin, hair, eyes, hemoglobin (carry oxygen), antibodies to fight infection, and muscles (movement) for our bodies?
PROTEINS
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Nitrogen Base
5 Carbon Sugar
Phosphate groupNUCLEOTIDE
Nucleic AcidsWhat is the monomer of nucleic acids and
name the 3 parts?
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Nucleic Acids:What are 3 types of nucleic acids?
DNA (genetic information)RNAATP
What are 5 the elements?C, H, O, N, P
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What are Enzymes?
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in our bodies.
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Enzymes are catalysts in the body that help speed up chemical reactions.
Must know the 3 parts
Reactant that
needs the help of
an enzyme is
called a substrate
Lock & Key
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What 2 things affect enzymes ability to do their job?
Temperature & pH
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What part is the area of catalytic activity?
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Chemical ReactionsWhat are the reactants and products of this
reaction?
A + B → CReactants Products
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Activation Energy (energy needed to get a reaction started)
Energy Released
Energy Absorbed
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Energy released during a chemical reaction is in the form of………
Heat, Light, and or Sound
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A
B
An enzyme was added to reaction B to lower the activation energy needed for the reaction to take
place.
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