CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY

Composition of Matter Matter - ___________________________________________________________

Matter is anything that ________________

______________________ – quantity of matter an object has

Weight – ____________________________

ElementsElements ________________that cannot be broken

down chemically into simpler kinds of matter

More than 100 elements (__ naturally occurring, ____ man-made)

90% of the mass of an organism is composed of 4 elements (______, ________, ________ and _________)

Each element unique chemical ________ Consisting of __________ ___ letter is always a

_______

AtomsAtoms The ________ particle of

an element that retains ____ ____ ___________of that element

Properties of _____ determine the structure and properties of the matter they compose

Our understanding of the structure of atoms based on _________ _______, not observation

The NucleusThe Nucleus _________ core Consists of ________

charged ________ and _______ ________

Positively charged Contains most of

the ______ of the atom

The ProtonsThe Protons ____ ______of a given element have

the _____ _________of ________ Number of _______ called the _______

________ The number of protons is balanced

by an equal number of _____________ charged ______________

The NeutronsThe Neutrons The number _______ slightly among

atoms of the same element Different number of neutrons

produces __________ of the same element

Atomic Mass Protons & neutrons are found in the

____________ of an atom Protons and neutrons each have a

mass of 1 amu (________ _______ _____)

The ________ _______of an atom is found by adding the number of protons & neutrons in an atom

The ElectronsThe Electrons __________ ________ high energy

particles with ____________ or ___ mass Travel at very high speeds at various

distances (________ _______) from the nucleus

Electrons in the same energy level are approximately the same distance from the nucleus

_______ energy levels have _______ energy than _______ levels

Each level can only hold a certain number of electrons

Energy LevelsEnergy Levels Atoms have ___ energy levels The levels are K (closest to

the nucleus), L, M, N, O, P, Q (furthest from the nucleus)

The K level can only hold ___ electrons

Levels L – Q can hold up to ____ electrons (_________ _____)

Periodic TablePeriodic Table Elements are arranged by their

atomic number on the ________ _______

The horizontal rows are called ______ & tell the number of ________ ______

Vertical groups are called ________ & tell the ____________ ________ of electrons

CompoundsCompounds

Most elements do not exist by themselves

__________ __________ with other elements in a ___________ fashion

A __________ is a pure substance made up of atoms of _____ or ______ elements The proportion of

atoms are _________ ________

__________ ___________ show the type and proportion of atoms of each element that occur in a particular compound

____________ are the ________ part of a substance that retains ____ of the properties of the substance and exists in a ______ _________

Some molecules are ________ and _________

Chemical FormulasChemical Formulas A __________ after a symbol tells the

_________ of atoms of each element H20 has ________ of hydrogen &

________ of oxygen ____________ before a formula tell the

number of molecules ______ represents __ molecules of

oxygen or (__ x __) or ___ atoms of oxygen

The ___________ and ____________ properties of a compound _______ from the physical and chemical properties of the individual __________ that compose it

The tendency of elements to combine and form compounds depends on the number and arrangement of electrons in their outermost energy level

______ are most ________ when their ______________ energy level is _______

Most atoms are ____ stable in their natural state

Tend to _______ (combine) with other atoms in order to become more stable (undergo chemical reactions)

In __________ ____________ bonds are _______; atoms __________ and new chemical bonds are formed that store _______

Covalent Bonds Formed when two atoms _______

one or more ______ of ___________

Ionic Bonds Some atoms become stable by ________

or __________ ____________ Atoms that ______ electrons are called

______________ _______ (__________)

Atoms that ______ electrons are called ____________ _______ (_________)

Because positive and negative electrical charges _______ each other ionic bonds form

Energy and MatterEnergy and Matter Energy

The ______________________________ or ______ change Occurs in various forms Can be __________ to another form Forms important to biological

systems are _________, ________, ____________ and _____________ energy

________________is the energy in a system that is available for work

States of MatterStates of Matter Atoms are in _____________ _________ The rate at which atoms or

molecules in a substance move determines its _______

Solid Molecules tightly linked together in a ____________ _________

Vibrate in place________ __________ and ________

Liquids Molecules not as tightly _______ as a solid

Maintain _________ _________Able to ______ and ______ the ________ of container that they are in

GasMolecules have

______ or ___ __________ to each other

______ ___ ________of the occupied container

Move most _________ To cause a substance to change state, ________ energy (_____) must be added to or removed

Energy and Chemical Reactions

Living things undergo ___________ of _________ ___________ as part of the life process

Many are very complex involving _________ sequences called _______________________

__________ ____________ represent chemical reactions

__________ are shown on the ______ side of the equation

_________ are shown on the ________ side

The number of each kind of atom must be the _____on either side of the arrow (equation must be _________)

_______ may be broken or made forming new compounds

Energy TransferEnergy Transfer Much of the energy

organisms need is provided by ______ (_____)

Undergoes a series of chemical reactions in which energy is released (___________________)

The net ________ of free energy is called an __________ (__________) reaction

Reactions that involve a net __________ of free energy are called __________ (____________) reactions

____________ is an example

Most reactions in living organisms are ___________; therefore living organisms require a constant source of __________

Most chemical reactions require ________ to begin

The amount of energy needed to _____ the reaction is called ______________ _________

Certain chemical substances (___________) reduce the amount of activation energy required

______________________ are called ___________

________ are an important class of catalysts in living organisms Mostly _________ ___________ of different kinds Each one is _________ for a

different chemical reaction

Enzyme Structure Enzymes work on

substances called ____________

Substrates must fit into a place on an enzyme called the ________________

Enzymes are ______________!!

Reduction-Oxidation Reactions

Many of the chemical reactions that help transfer energy in living organisms involve the transfer of ___________

(reduction-oxidation = _______ reactions)

____________________– reactant loses electron(s) becoming more positive

________________– reactant gains electron(s) becoming more negative

Solutions

SolutionsSolutions

A ___________ is a mixture in which 2 or more substances are _____________ _____________ in another substance

___________ is the substance __________ in the solution Particles may

be ions, atoms, or molecules

__________ is the substance in which the ________ is _________

________ is the ____________ ___________

Solutions can be composed of varying proportions of a given solute in a given solvent --- vary in ____________ (measurement of the amount of solute)

A ___________ solution is one in which ___ _____ __________can be dissolved

______________ _________(______) are universally important to living things

____________ of water _________ _______ of the

water molecule into two _____ of opposite charge (due to strong attraction of oxygen atom of one molecule for H atom of another water molecule)

H2O ___ (_______ ___) + ____ (_________ ____)

H+ + H2O _______ (______________ ____)

Acids and BasesAcids and Bases One of the most important aspects

of a living system is the degree of ________ or ___________

AcidsAcids Number of __________ ____ in

solutions is ________ than the number of ____________ ___

HCl H+ + Cl-

BasesBases Number of __________ ____ in solution

is _________ than the number of ____________ ____

NaOH Na+ + OH-

pH ScalepH Scale

__________ ________ comparing the relative concentrations of __________ and __________ ions in a solution

ranges from __ - ___

Each pH is 10X stronger than next

e.g. ph 1 is 10 times stronger than ph 2

the _________ the pH the _______ the ______

the ______ the pH the stronger the ____

pH ______ is ________ (______)

BuffersBuffers Control of pH is very

important Most _______ function only

within a very _________ ___ Control is accomplished

with _________ made by the body

Buffers keep a neutral pH (______)

Buffers ___________ small amounts of either an ____ or _____ added to a solution

Complex buffering systems _________ ______________ of your body’s many fluids at normal and _____ levels