chapter7 references 113 -...

Chapter 7 References 113

7. References

Aguilera B, Ghauharali-Van-Der-Vlugt K, Helmond MT, Out JM, Doker-

Koopman WE, Groener JE, Boot RG, Renkema GH, Van-Der-Marel GA,

Van-Boom JH, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JM (2003). Transglycosidase activity

of chitotriosidase: Improved enzymatic assay for the human microphage

chitinase. J Biol Chem 278:40911-40916.

Ahmad T, Rajagopal R, Bhatnagar RK (2003). Molecular characterization of

chitinase from polyphagous pest Helicoverpa armigera. Biochem Biophys

Res Commun 310:188–195.

Aloise PA, Lumme M, Haynes CA (1996). N-acetyl D-glucosamine production

from chitin waste using chitinase from Serratia marcescens. In: Muzzarelli

RAA (ed) Chitin enzymology, vol 2. Eur Chitin Soc, Grottammare, pp

581–594.

Andronopoulou E, Vorgias CE (2003). Purification and characterization of a new

hyperthermostable, allosamidininsensitive and denaturation-resistant

chitinase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus

chitonophagus. Extrem 7:43-53.

Arakane Y, Zhu Q, Matsumiya M, Muthukrishnan S, Kramer KJ (2003).

Properties of catalytic, linker and chitin-binding domains of insect chitinase.

Insect Biochem Mol Biol 33:631–648.

Asao H, Nshizawa Y, Arai S, Sato T, Hirai M, Yoshida K, Shinmyo A, Hibi T

(1997). Enhanced resistance against a fungal pathogen Sphaerotheca

humuli in transgenic strawbwerry expressing a rice chitinase gene. Plant

Biotechnol 14:145-149.

Ates S, Mehmetoglu U (1997). A new method for immobilization of ß-

galactosidase and its utilization in a plug flow reactor. Process Biochem

32:433–439.


Becker P (1997). Determination of the kinetic parameters during continuous

cultivation of the lipase producing thermophile Bacillus sp. IHI-91 on olive

oil. Appl Microb Biotechnol 48:184–190.

Bhushan B (1998) Isolation, purification, characterization and scaleup production

of a thermostable chitinase from an alkalophilic microorganism. Ph.D.

thesis, Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh

Bhushan B (2000). Production and characterization of a thermostable chitinase

from new alkalophilic Bacillus sp. BG-11. J Appl Microbiol 88:800-808.

Bhushan B, Hoondal GS (1998). Isolation, purification and properties of a

thermostable chitinase from an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. BG-11. Biotechnol

Lett 20:157–159.

Blaak H, Schnellmann J, Walter S, Henrissat B, Schremph H (1993).

Characteristics of exochitinase from Streptomyces olivaceoviridis, its

corresponding gene, putative protein domains and relationships to other

chitinases. Euro J Biochem 214:659-669.

Bleau G, Massicotte F, Merlen Y, Boisvert C (1999). Mammalian chitinase-like

proteins. Exs 87:211–221.

Boot RG, Renkema GH, Verhoek M, Strijland A, Bliek J, de Meulemeester TM,

Mannens MM, Aerts JM (1998). The human chitotriosidase gene. Nature of

inherited enzyme deficiency. J Biol Chem 273:25680–25685.

Boot RG, Blommaart EF, Swart E, Ghauharali-van der Vlugt K, Bijl N, Moe C,

Place A, Aerts JM (2001). Identification of a novel acidic mammalian

chitinase distinct from chitotriosidase. J Biol Chem 276:6770–6778.

Brameld KA, Goddard III WA (1998a). Substrate distrortion to a boat

conformation at subsite-1 is critical in the mechanism of family 18

chitinases. J Am Chem Soc 120:3571–3580.

Brameld KA, Goddard III WA (1998b). The role of enzyme distortion in the

single displacement mechanism of family 19 chitinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci

U S A 120:4276–4281.


Brurberg MB, Nes IF, Eijsink VG (1996). Comparative studies of chitinases A and

B from Serratia marcescens. Microbiol 142:1581–1589.

Carstens M, Vivier MA, Rensburg V, Peretorius IS (2003). Overexpression,

secretion and antifungal activity of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae chitinase.

Ann Microbiol 53:15-28.

Chang NC, Hung SI, Hwa KY, Kato I, Chen JE, Liu CH, Chang AC (2001). A

macrophage protein, Ym1, transiently expressed during inflammation is a

novel mammalian lectin. J Biol Chem 276:17497–17506.

Chang WT, Chen CS, Wang SL (2003). An antifungal chitinase produced by

Bacillus cereus with shrimp and crab shell powder as carbon source. Curr

Microbiol 47:102–108.

Cheetam PSJ (1985). Principles of industrial Enzymology: Basis of utilization of

soluble and immobilized enzymes in industrial processes. In: Wiseman A,

Jen AC, Wake MC, editors. Handbook of Enzyme Biotechnology.

Chichester: Ellis Harwood Limited; p. 74–76.

Chen JP, Lee MS (1995). Enhanced production of Serratia marcescens chitinase

in PEG/dextran aqueous two-phase system. Enzyme Microb Technol

17:1021–1027.

Chen WP, Gu X, Liang GH, Muthukrishnan S, Chen pD, Liu DJ, Gill BS (1998)

Introduction and constitutive expression of rice chitinase gene in bread

wheat using biolistic bombardment and the bar gene as selectable marker.

Theor Appl Genet 97:1296-1306.

Chernin LS, de la Fuente L, Sobolev V, Haran S, Vorgias CE, Oppenheim AB,

Chet I (1997). Molecular cloning, structural analysis, and expression in

Escherichia coli of a chitinase gene from Enterobacter agglomerans. Appl

Environ Microbiol 63:834–839.

Choi EH, Zimmerman PA, Foster CB, Zhu S, Kumaraswami V, Nutman TB,

Chnock SJ (2001). Genetic polymorphism in molecules in innate immunity


and susceptibility to infection with Wuchereria bancrofti in South India.

Genes Immun. 2:248-253.

Chye ML, Zhao KJ, He HM, Ramlingam S, Fung KL (2005). An agglutinating

chitinase with two chitin binding domains confers fungal protection in

transgenic potato. Planta 220:717-730.

Dahiya N, Tewari R, Tiwari RP, Hoondal GS (2005a). Production of an antifungal

chitinase from Enterobacter sp. NRG4 and its application in protoplast

production. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 21:1611-1616.

Dahiya N, Tewari R, Tiwari RP, Hoondal GS (2005b). Chitinase production in

solid state fermentation by Enterobacter sp. NRG4 using statistical

experimental design. Curr Microbiol 51:1–9.

Dahiya N, Tewari R, Hoondal GS (2006). Biotechnological aspects of chitinolytic

enzymes: a review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 71:773-782

David JA (2004). Fungal cell wall chitinases and glucanases. Microbiol 150:

2029-2035.

Deane EE, Whipps JM, Lynch JM, Peberdy JF (1998). The purification and

characterization of a Trichoderma harzianum exochitinase. Biochim

Biophys Acta 1383:101–110.

De La Cruz J, Rey M, Lora JM, Hidalgo-Gallego A, Dominguez F, Pintor-Toro JA,

Llobell A, Benitez T (1992). Isolation and characterization of three

chitinases from Trichoderma harzianum. Eur J Biochem 206:859–867.

De Lisboa Marco J, Valadares-Inglis MC, Felix CR (2004). Purification and

characterization of an N-acetylglucosaminidase produced by a Trichoderma

harzianum strain which controls Crinipellis perniciosa. Appl Microbiol

Biotechnol 64:70–75.

DeMarco JL, Lima CLH, Desousa MV, Felix CR (2000). A Trichoderma

harzianum chitinase destroys the cell walls of the phytopathogen

Crinipellis pernicosa, the casual agent of the witches broom disease of

cocoa. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 16:383–386.


Di Giambattista R, Federici F, Petruccioli M, Fenice M (2001). The chitinolytic

activity of Penicillium janthinellum P9: purification, partial characterization

and potential applications. J Appl Microbiol 91:498–505.

Downing KJ, Thomson JA (2000). Introduction of the Serratia marcescens chiA

gene into an endophytic Pseudomonas fluorescens for the biocontrol of

phytopathogenic fungi. Can J Microbiol 46:363–369.

Everly C, Alberto J (2000). Stressors, stress and survival: overview. Front

Bioscien 5:780–786.

Fang W, Leng B, Xiao Y, Jin K, Ma J, Fan Y, Feng J, Yang X, Zhang Y, Pei Y

(2005). Cloning of Beauveria bassiana chitinase gene Bbchit1 and its

application to improve fungal strain virulence. Appl Environ Microbiol

71:363–370.

Felsenstein J (1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the

bootstrap. Evolution 39:783-791.

Fukamizo T, Sasaki C, Schelp E, Bortone K, Robertus JD (2001). Kinetic

properties of chitinase-I from the fungal pathogen Coccidioides immitis.

Biochem 40:2448-2454.

Fung KL, Zhao KJ, He ZM, Chye ML (2002). Tobacco-expressed Brassica juncea

chitinase BjCHI1 shows antifungal activity in vitro. Plant Mol Biol 50:283-

294.

Gacto M, Vicente-Soler J, Cansado J, Villa TG (2000). Characterization of an

extracellular enzyme system produced by Micromonospora chalcea with

lytic activity on yeast cells. J Appl Microbiol 88:961-967.

Galabova D, Tuleva B, Spasova D (1996). Permeabilization of Yerrowia lipolytica

cells by Triton X-100. Enzyme Microb Technol 18:18-22

Genta FA, Blanes L, Cristofoletti PT, do Lago CL, Terra WR, Ferreira C (2006).

Purification, characterization and molecular cloning of the major chitinase

from Tenebrio molitor larval midgut. Ins Biochem Mol Biol 36:789–800.


Giambattista RD, Federici F, Petruccioli M, Fence M (2001). The chitinolytic

activity of Penicillium janthinellum P9: purification, partial characterization

and potential application. J Appl Microbiol 91:498–505.

Gianfrancesco F, Musumeci S (2004). The evolutionary conservation of the

human chitotriosidase gene in rodents and primates. Cytogenet Genome

Res. 105:54-56.

Gkargkas K, Mamma D, Nedev G, Topakas E, Christakopoulos P, Kekos D,

Macris BJ (2004). Studies on a N-acetyl-ß-d-glucosaminidase produced by

Fusarium oxysporum F3 grown in solid-state fermentation. Process

Biochem 39:1599–1605.

Gohel V, Megha C, Vays P, Chhatpar HS (2004). Strain improvement of

chitinolytic enzyme producing isolate Pantoea dispersa for enhancing its

biocontrol potential against fungal plant pathogens. Ann Microbiol 54:503-

515.

Gohel V, Jiwan D, Vyas P, Chhatpar HS (2005b). Statistical optimization of

chitinase production by Pantoea dispersa to enhance degradation of

crustacean chitin waste. J Mirobiol Biotechnol 15:197-201.

Gohel V, Jiwan D, Tandel S, Vyas P, Chhatpar HS (2005c). Management of the

chitinous wastes by production of chitosan and its application. Environ.

Degradation and management Vol. 1, pp. 35-42.

Gohel V, Singh A, Vimal M, Ashwini P, Chhatpar HS (2006). Bioprospecting and

antifungal potential of chitinolytic microorganisms. Afr J Biotechnol 5:54-

72.

Gomes RC, Semedo LTAS, Soares RMA, Linhares LF, Ulhoa CJ, Alviano CS,

Coelho RRR (2001). Purification of a thermostable endochitinase from

Streptomyces RC1071 isolated from a cerrado soil and its antagonism

against phytopathogenic fungi. J Appl Microbiol 90:653–661.

Gómez Ramírez M, Avelizapa LIR, Rojas NGA, Camarillo RC (2004). Colloidal

chitin stained with Remazol Brilliant Blue R®, a useful substrate to select


chitinolytic microorganisms and to evaluate chitinases. J Microbiol Meth

56:213-219.

Gooday GW (1990). The ecology of chitin degradation. In: K.C. Marshall (ed.),

Advances in Microbial Ecology, Vol.11: P.P.387-430. Plenum press, New

York.

Gooday GW, Wei-Yun Z, O’Donnell RW (1992). What are the roles of chitinases

in the growing fungus? FEMS Microbiol Lett 100:387-392.

Govindsamy V, Gunaratna KR, Balasubramanian R (1998). Properties of

extracellular chitinase from Myrothecium verrucaria, an antagonist to the

groundnut rust Puccinia arachidis. Can J Plant Pathol 20:62–68.

Graham LS, Sticklen MB (1994). Plant chitinases. Can J Bot 72:1057–1083.

Grison R, Grezes-Besset B, Scheider M, Lucante N, Olsen L, Leguay JL, Toppan

A (1996). Field tolerance to fungal pathogens of Brassiaca napus

constitutively expressing a chimeric chitinase gene. Nat Biotechnol 14:643-

646.

Gupta R. Saxena RK. Chaturvedi P. Virdi JS (1995). Chitinase production by

Streptomyces veridificans: its potential in fungal cell wall lysis. J Appl

Bacteriol 78:378-383.

Guo RF, Li DC, Wang R (2005). Purification and properties of a thermostable

chitinase from thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus. Acta

Microbiol Sin 45:270– 274.

Guo RF, Shi BS, Li DC, Ma W, Wei Q (2008). Purification and characterization

of a novel thermostable chitinase from Thermomyces lanuginosus SY2 and

cloning of its encoding gene. Agri sci in China 7:1458-1465.

Haki GD, Rakshit SK (2003). Developments in industrially important

thermostable enzymes: A review. Biores Tech 89:17-34.

Harman GE, Hayes CK, Lorito M, Broadway RM, Di Pietro A, Peterbauer C,

Tronsmo A (1993). Chitinolytic enzymes of Trichoderma harzianum:

purification of chitobiosidase and endochitinase. Phytopath 83: 313–318.


Henrissat B, Bairoch M (1993). New families in the classification of glycosyl

hydrolases based on amino acid sequence similarities. Biochem J 293:781-

788.

Hobel CF, Hreggvidsson GO, Marteinsson VT, Bahrani-Mougeot F, Einarsson JM,

Kristjansson JK (2005). Cloning, expression and characterization of a

highly thermostable family 18 chitinase from Rhodothermus marinus.

Extrem 9:53–64.

Horsch M, Mayer C, Sennhauser U, Rast DM (1997). β-N-acetylhexosaminidase:

a target for the design of antifungal agents. Pharma 76:187–218.

Hsu SC and Lockwood JL (1975). Powdered chitin agar as a selective medium for

enumeration of actinomycetes in water and soil. J Appl Microbiol 29:422–

426

Huang CJ, Chen CY (2005). High level expression and characterization of two

chitinases ChiCH and ChiCW of Bacillus cereus 28-9 in Escherichia coli.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun 372:8–17.

Huber R, Stoohr J, Hohenhaus S, Rachel R, Burgraff S, Jannsch H, Stetter K

(1995). Thermococcus chitonophagus sp. Nov, a novel chitin degrading,

hyperthermophilic archaeon from the deep sea hydrothermal vent

environment. Arch Microbiol 164:255–264.

Ike M, Nagamatsu K, Shioya A, Nogawa M, Ogasawara W, Okada H, Morikawa

Y (2005). Purification, characterization, and gene cloning of 46 kDa

chitinase (Chi46) from Trichoderma reesei PC-3-7 and its expression in

Escherichia coli. Appl Micribiol Biotechnol 1432–0614

Ishikawa F, Oishi K (1985). Formation and regeneration of protoplasts from

Conidiobolus lamprauges. J Gen Microbiol 131:3311-3316

Jeon YJ, Kim SK (2000). Production of chitooligosaccharides using an

ultrafiltration membrane reactor and their antibacterial activity. Carbohyd

Polym 41:133–141.


Johnson EA, Villa TG, Lewis MJ, Phaff HJ (1979). Lysis of the cell wall of yeast

Phaffia rhodozyme by lytic complex from Bacillus circulans WL-12. J

Appl Biochem 1:273–282.

Joo GJ (2005). Purification and characterization of an extracellular chitinase from

the antifungal biocontrol agent Streptomyces halstedii. Biotechnol lett

27:1483-1487.

Kang SC, Park S, Lee DG (1999). Purification and characterization of a novel

chitinase from the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. J

Invertebr Pathol 73:276–281.

Kawachi I, Fujieda T, Ujita M, Ishii Y, Yamagishi K, Sato H, Funaguma T, Hara

A (2001). Purification and properties of extracellular chitinases from the

parasitic fungus Isaria japonica. J Biosci Bioeng 92:544–549.

Kenji S, Akira Y, Hajime K, Mamoru W, Mitsuaki M (1994). Purification and

characterization of three thermostable ß-N-acetylhexoseaminidase of

Bacillus stearothermophilus CH-4 isolated from chitin-containing compost.

Appl Environ Microbiol 60:2911–2915.

Kenji S, Akira Y, Hajime K, Mamoru W, Mitsuaki M (1998). Purification and

characterization of three thermostable endochitinases of a noble Bacillus

strain, MH-1, isolated from chitin containing compost. Appl Environ

Microbiol 64:3397–3402

Kim HB, Chung SA (2002). Differential Expression Patterns of an Acidic

Chitinase and a Basic Chitinase in the Root Nodule of Elaeagnus umbellate.

MPMI 15:209-215.

Kishimoto K, Nishizawa Y, Tabei Y, Hibi T, Nakajima A, Akutsu K (2002).

Detailed analysis of rice chitinase gene expression in transgenic cucumber

plants showing different levels of disease resistance to grey mold (Botrytis

cenerea). Plant Sci. 162:297-303.

Kojima M, Yoshikava T, Ueda M, Nonomura T, Matsuda Y, Toyoda H, Miyatake

K, Arai M, Fukamizo T (2005). Family 19 chitinase from Aeromonas sp.


No. 10S-24: Role of chitin binding domain in the enzyme activity. J.

Biochem. 137:235-242.

Kudan S, Pichyangkura R (2009). Purification and characterization of

thermostable chitinase from Bacillus licheniformis SK-1. Appl Biochem

Biotechnol 157:23–35.

Kumar HD, Swati S (2001). Modern Concepts of Microbiology, second revised ed.

Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Kumar MNVR (2000). A review on chitin and chitosan applications. Rea Func

Poly 46:1-7.

Kumar S, Nussinov R (2001). How do thermophilic proteins deal with heat? A

review. Cell Mol Life Sci 58:1216–1233.

Kupiec RC, Chet I (1998). The molecular biology of chitin digestion. Curr Opin


Kuranda MJ, Robbins PW (1991). Chitinase is required for cell separation during

growth of Sacchromyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 226:19758-19767.

Labrie C, Leclerc P, Côté N, Roy S, Brzezinski R, Hogue R, Beaulieu C (2001).

Effect of chitin waste-based coposts produced by two phase compositing on

two oomycete plant pathogens. Plant soil 235:27-34.

Laine LA, Lo CJ (1996). Diagnosis of fungal infections with a chitinase. PCT Int

Appl Wo 9802742 A122 (CA 128, 86184).

Langer RC, Fengwu L, Vsevolod P, Alexander K, Vientz JM (2002). Monoclonal

antibody against the Plasmodium falciparum chitinase, PfCHT1, recognizes

in a malaria transmission blocking epitope in Plasmodium gallinaceum

Ookinetes unrelated to the chitinase Pg CHT1 Infect. Immun 1581-1590.

Li DC, Zhang SH, Liu KQ, Lu J (2004). Purification and characterization of a

chitinase from the mycoparasitic fungus Trichothecium roseum. J Gen Appl

Microbiol 50:35–39.


Li DC, Chen S, Lu J (2005). Purification and partial characterization of two

chitinase from the mycoparasitic fungus Talaromyces flavus. Mycopath

159:223–229.

Li DC (2006). Review of fungal chitinases. Mycopath 161:345-360.

Lien ST, Wu ST, Yu ST, Too JR (2007). Purification and characterization of a

thermophilic chitinase produced by Aeromonas sp. DYU-Too7. Korean J

Chem Eng 24:806-811.

Limon MC, Margolles-Clark E, Benitez T, Penttila M (2001). Addition of

substrate-binding domains increases substrate-binding capacity and specific

activity of a chitinase from Trichoderma harzianum. FEMS Microbiol Lett

198:57-63.

Limon MC, Chacon MR, Mejias R, Delgado-Jarana J, Rincon AM, Codon AC,

Benitez T (2004). Increased antifungal and chitinase specific activities of

Trichoderma harzianum CECT 2413 by addition of a cellulose binding

domain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 64:675-685.

Lorito M, Harman GE, Hayes CK, Broadway RM, Tronsmo A, Woo SL, DiPietro

A (1993). Chitinolytic enzymes produced by Trichoderma harzianum:

antifungal activity of purified endochitinase and chitobiosidase. Phytopath

83:302–307.

Lorito M, Di Pietro A, Hayes CK, Woo SL, Harman GE (1993). Antifungal,

synergistic interaction between chitinolytic enzymes from Trichoderma

harzianum and Enterobacter cloacae. Phytopath 83:721-728.

Lorito M, Hayes CK, Di Pietro A, Woo SL, Harman GE (1994). Purification,

characterization, and synergistic activity of a glucan 1,3-b-glucosidase and

an N-acetylglucosaminidase from Trichoderma harzianum. Phytopath

84:398–405.

Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951). Protein measurement

with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 93:265–275.


Mahadevan B, Crawford DL (1997). Properties of the antifungal biocontrol agent

Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108. Enzyme Microb Technol 20:489–493.

Manocha MS, Zhonghua Z (1997). Immunochemical and cytochemical

localization of chitinase and chitin in infected hosts of a biotrophic

mycoparasite, Piptocephalis virginiana. Mycol 89:185–194.

Marchant R, Davey MR, Lucas JA, Lamb CJ, Dixon RA, Power JB (1998).

Expression of a chitinase transegene in rose (Rosa hybrida L.) reduces

development of blackspot disease (Diplocarpon rosae Wolf). Mol Breed

4:187-194.

Mann JW, Jeffries TW, Macmillan JD (1978). Production and ecological significance of

yeast cell wall degrading enzymes from Oerskovia. Appl Environ Microbiol 36:594-

605.

Mendonsa ES, Vartak PH, Rao JU, Deshpande MV (1996). An enzyme from

Myrothecium verrucaria that degrades insect cuticle for biocontrol of Aedes

aegypti mosquito. Biotechnol Lett 18:373–376.

Merril CR (1987). Detection of proteins separated by electrophoresis. Adv

Electroph 1:111–139

Merzendorfer H, Zimoch L (2003). Chitin metabolism in insects:structure,

function and regulation of chitin synthases and chitinases. J Exp Biol

206:4393-4412.

Miller M, Palofarvi A, Rangger A, Reeslev M, Kjoller A (1998). The use of

fluorogenic substrates to measure fungal presence and activity in soil. Appl

Environ Microbiol 64:613–617.

Mitsutomi O, Isono M, Uchiyama A, Nikaidov N, Ikegami T, Watanabe T (1998).

Chitosanase activity of the enzyme previously reported as β-1,3-1,4-

glucanase from Bacillus circulans WL 12. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem

62:2107–2114.


Mitsutomi O, Isono M, Uchiyama A, Nikaidov N, Ikegami T, Watanabe T (1998).

Chitosanase activity of the enzyme previously reported as β-1,3-1,4-

glucanase from Bacillus circulans WL 12. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem

62:2107–2114.

Miyashita K, Fujii T, Sawada Y (1991) Molecular cloning and characterization of

chitinase gene from Streptomyces lividans. J Microbiol 137:2065–2072.

Mizuno K, Kimura O, Tachiki T (1997). Protoplast formation from Schizophyllum

commune by a culture filtrate of Bacillus circulans KA-304 grown on a

cell-wall preparation of S. commune as a carbon source. Biosci Biotechnol

Biochem 61:852–857.

Monreal J, Reese ET (1969). The chitinase of Serratia marcescens. Canadian J

Microbiol 15:689-696.

Mozhaev V (1993). Mechanism-based strategies for protein thermostabilization.

Trends Biotechnol 11:88–95.

Mukherjee G, Sen SK (2006). Purification, characterization and antifungal activity

of chitinase from Streptomyces venezuelae P10. Curr Microbiol 53:265-269.

Nagasaki H, Yamamoto K, Shomura A, Koga-ban Y, Takasuga A, Yano M,

Minobe Y, Sasaki T (1997). Rice Class III chitinase homologous isolated

by random cloning of rice cDNAs. DNA Resea 4:379-385.

Nanjo F, Sakai K, Ishikawa M, Isobe K, Usui T (1989). Properties and

transglycosylation reaction of a chitinase from Nocardia orientalis. Agric

Biol Chem 53:2189–2195.

Nawani NN, Kapadnis BP (2001). One step purification of chitinase from Serratia

marcescens NK-1, a soil isolate. J Appl Microbiol 90:803-808.

Nawani NN, Kadapnis BP, Das AD, Rao AS, Mahajan SK (2002). Purification

and Characterization of a thermophilic and acidophilic chitinase from

Microbiospora sp. V2. Appl Microbiol 93:965-975.

Nawani NN, Kapadnis BP (2005). Optimization of chitinase production using

statistics based experimental design. Process Biochem 40:651-660.


Neuhaus JM (1999). Plant chitinase (PR-3, PR-4, PR-8, PR-11). In Datta SK and

Muthukrishnan S (ed.) Pathogenesis related Proteins in plants CRC press,

Boca Raton, Florida. 77-105.

Nicol S (1991). Life after death for empty shells ? New Scientist 129:46-48.

Nishijawa Y, Nishio Z, Nakazono K, Soma M, Nakajima E, Ugaki M, Hibi T

(1999). Enhanced resistance to blast (Magnaporthic grisea) in Transgenic

japonica rice by constitutive expression of rice chitinase. Theor Appl Genet

99:383-390.

Noishiki Y, TakamiH, Nishiyama Y,Wada M, Okada S, Kuga S (2003). Alkali

induced conversion of ß-chitin to α-chitin. Biomacromol 4:896–905.

Ogawa K, Yui T, Okuyama K (2004). Three D structures of chitosan. Int J Biol

Macromol 34:1–8.

Ohishi K, Yamagishi M, Ohta T, Suuki M, Izumida H, Sano H, Nishizima M,

Miwa T (1996). Purification and properties of two chitinases from Vibrio

alginolyticus H-8. J Ferm Bioeng 82:598-600.

O’Riordan A, McHale ML, Gallagher J, McHale AP (1989). Chitinase production

following co-immobilization of Micromonospora chalcae with chitin in

calcium alginate. Biotechnol. Lett 11. 735-738.

Park JK, Morita K, Fukumoto I, Yamasaki Y, Nakagawa T, Kamamukai M,

Matsuda H (1997). Purification and characterization of the chitinase (ChiA)

from Enterobacter sp. G-1. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 61:684–689.

Park HY, Pan CH, So MY, Ah JH, Jo DH, Kim SI (2002). Purification,

characterization, and cDNA cloning of rice class III chitinase. Mol Cells

28:69-76.

Pasonen HL, Seppaenen SK, Degefu Y, Rytkoenen A, Weissenberg K, Pappinen

A (2004) Field performance of chitinase transgenic silver birches (Betula

pendula): resistance to fungal diseases. Theor Appl Genet 109:562-570.


Patel B, Gohel V, Raol B (2007). Statistical optimization of medium components

for chitinase production by Paenibacillus sabina strain JD2. Ann Microbiol

57:589–597.

Patil RS, Ghormade V, Deshpande MV (2000). Chitinolytic enzymes: an

exploration. Enzyme Microb Technol 26:473-483.

Pichyangkura R, Kudan S, Kultiyawong K, Sukwattanasinitt M, Aiba SI (2002).

Quantitative production of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose from

crystalline chitin by bacterial chitinase. Carbohydr Res 337:557–559.

Pinto DS, Barreto CC, Schrank A, Ulhoa CJ, Henning VM (1997). Purification

and characterization of an extracellular chitinase from the entomopathogen

Metarhizium anisopliae. Can J Microbiol 43:322–327.

Purwani EY, Maggy TS, Yaya R, Jae KH, Yu RP (2004). Characteristics of

thermostable chitinase enzymes from the indonesian Bacillus sp.13.26.

Enzyme Microb Technol 35:147–153.

Ramot O, Viterbo A, Friesem D, Oppenheim A, Chet I (2004). Regulation of two

homodimer hexosaminidases in the mycoparasitic fungus Trichoderma

asperellum by glucosamine. Curr Genet 45:205–213.

Rattanakit N, Plikomol A, Yano S, Wakayama M, Tachiki T (2002). Utilization of

shrimp shellfish waste as a substrate for solid-state cultivation of

Aspergillus sp. S1-13: Evaluation of a culture based on chitinase formation

which is necessary for chitin-assimilation. J Biosci Bioeng 93:550-556.

Rattanakit N, Yano S, Plikomol A, Wakayama M, Tachik T (2007). Purification of

Aspergillus sp. S1-13 Chitinases and Their Role in Saccharification of

Chitin in Mash of Solid-State Culture with Shellfish Waste. J Biosci Bioeng

103:535-541.

Revah-Moiseev S, Carrod PA (1981). Conversion of the enzymatic hydrolysate of

shellfish waste chitin to single cell protein. Biotechnol Bioeng 23:1067-

1078.


Ridout CJ. Coley-smith JR. Lynch JR (1988). Fractionation of extracellular

enzymes from a mycoparasitic strain of Trichoderma harzianum. Enzyme

Microb Technol 10:180-187

Rinaudo M (2006). Chitin and chitosan: properties and applications. Prog Polym

Sci 31:603–32.

Rinaudo M (2008). Main properties and current applications of some

polysaccharides as biomaterials. Polym Int 57:397–430.

Roberts GAF (1992). Chitin chemistry (1st ed.). London: Macmillan.

Rohini VK, Rao KS (2001). Transformation of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) with

tobacco chitinase gene: variable response of transformants to leaf spot

disease. Plant Sci 160:889-898.

Saboto D, Nucci R, Rossi M, Gryczynski I, Gryczyniski Z, Lakowicz J (1999).

The ß-glycosidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus

solfataricus: enzyme activity and conformational dynamics at temperatures

above 100 ºC. Biophys Chem 81:23–31.

Saitou N, Nei M (1987). The neighbor-joining method: A new method for

reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Bio Evol 4:406-425.

Sakai K, Uchiyama T, Matahira Y, Nanjo F (1991). Immobilization of chitinolytic

enzymes and continuous production of N-acetyl D-glucosamine with the

immobilized enzymes. J Ferment Bioeng 72:168–172.

Sakai K, Yokota A, Kurukowa H, Wakayama M, Moriguchi M (1998).

Purification and characterization of three thermostable endochitinases of a

noble Bacillus strain, MH-1, isolated from chitin containing compost. Appl

Environ Microbiol 64:3397-3402.

Sakurada M, Morgavi DP, Komatani K, Tomita T, Onodera R (1997). Purification

and characteristics of an autolytic chitinase of Piromyces communis OTS1

from culture medium. Curr Microbiol 35:48–51.

Sampson MN, Gooday GW (1998). Involvement of chitinases of Bacillus

thuringiensis during pathogenesis in insects. Microbiol 144:2189–2194.


Sashiwa H, Fujishima S, Yamano N, Kawasaki N, Nakayama A, Muraki E, Hiraga

K, Oda K, Aiba S (2002). Purification of N-acetyl D-glucosamine from

alpha-chitin by crude enzymes from Aeromonas hydrophila H-2330.

Carbohydr Res 337:761–763.

Shaikh SA, Desphande MV (1993) Chitinolytic enzymes their contribution to

basic and applied research. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 9:468–475.

Sherrif AA, El-Sawah MMA, Abd El-Naby MA (1991). Some properties of

chitinase produced by a potent Aspergillus carneus strain. Appl Microbiol


Shimono K, Matsuda H, Kawamukai M (2002). Functional expression of chitinase

and chitosanase, and their effects on morphologies in the yeast

Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 66:1143–1147.

Shinoda T, Kobayashi J, Matsui M, Chinzei Y (2001). Cloning and functional

expression of a chitinase cDNA from the common cutworm, Spodoptera

litura, using a recombinant baculovirus lacking the virus-encoded chitinase

gene. Ins Biochem Mol Biol 31:521–532.

Singh AK, Mehta G, Chhatpar HS (2009). Optimization of medium constituents

for improved chitinase production by Paenibacillus sp. D1 using statistical

approach. Lett Appl Microbiol 49:708-714.

Smirsod O, Skjak-Braek G (1990). Alginate as immobilization matrix for cells.

Trend Biotechnol 8:71–79

Sneath PHA (1994) Nocardioforms. In Bergey's Manual of Systematic

Bacteriology Vol. 2. pp 1489 -1491

Souza RF, Gomes RC, Coelho RR, Alviano CS, Soares RM (2003). Purification

and characterization of an endochitinase produced by Colletotrichum

gloeosporioides. FEMS Microbiol Lett 222:45–50.

Stoyachenko IA, Varlamov VP, Davankov VA (1994). Chitinases of Streptomyces

kurssanovii: purification and some properties. Carboydr Polym 24:47–54


Suginta W (2007). Identification of chitin binding proteins and characterization of

two chitinase isoforms from Vibrio alginolyticus 283. Enzyme Microb

Technol 41:212-220.

Suresh PV, Chandrasekaran M (1999). Impact of process parameters on chitinase

production by an alkalophlic Beauveria bassiana in solid state fermentation.

Process Biochem 34:257-267l.

Suzuki K, Suzuki M, Taiyoji M, Nikaidou N, Watanabe T (1998). Chitin binding

protein (CBP21) in the culture supernatant of Serratia marcescens 2170.

Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 62:128–135

Suzuki K, Sugawara N, Suzuki M, Uchiyama T, Katouno F, Nikaidou N,

Watanabe T (2002). Chitinases, A, B and C1 of Serratia marcescens 2170

produced by recombinant E. coli: enzymatic properties and synergism on

chitin degradation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 66:1075–1083.

Takayanagi T, Ajisaka K, Takiguchi Y, Shimahara K (1991). Isolation and

characterization of thermostable chitinases from Bacillus licheniformis

X_7u. Biochem Biophys Acta 1078:404–410.

Takezaki N, Rzhetsky A, Nei M (2004). Phylogenetic test of the molecular clock

and linearized trees. Mol Bio Evol 12:823-833.

Tamura K, Nei M, Kumar S (2004). Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies

by using the neighbor-joining method. PNAS 101:11030-11035.

Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S (2007). MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary

Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Bio Evol 24:1596-

1599.

Tanabe T, Kawase T, Watanabe T, Uchida Y, Mitsutomi M (2000). Purification

and characterization of a 49-kDa chitinase from Streptomyces griseus

HUT-6037. J Biosci Bioeng 89:27-32.

Tanaka T, Fukui T, Fujiwara S, Atomi H, Imanaka T (2004). Concerted action of

diacetylchitobiose deacetylase and exo-D-glucosaminidase in a novel


chitinolytic pathway in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus

kodakaraensis KOD1. J Bio Chem 279:30021-30027.

Tantimavanich S, Pantuwatana S, Bhumiratana A, Panbangred W (1998). Multiple

chitinase enzymes from a single gene of Bacillus licheniformis TP-1. J

Ferm Bioeng 85:259-265.

Taylor G, Jabaji-Hare S, Charest PM, Khan W (2002). Purification and

characterization of an extracellular exochitinase, ß-N-acetylhexosaminidase,

from fungal mycoparasite Stachybotrys elegans. Can J Microbiol 48:311–

319.

Terayama H, Takahashi S, Kuzuhara H (1993). Large scale preparation of N,N′-

diacetylchitobiose by enzymatic degradation of chitin and its chemical

modification. J Carbohyd Chem 12:81–93.

Tews I, Scheltinga AC, Terwisscha V, Perrakis A, Wilson KS, Dijkstra BW

(1997). Substrate assisted catalysis unifies two families of chitinolytic

enzymes. J Am Chem Soc 119:7954–7959.

Tikhonov VE, Radigina LA, Yamskov IA, Gulyaeva ND, Ilyina AV, Anisimova

MV, Varlamov VP, Tatarinova NY (1998). Affinity purification of major

chitinases produced by Streptomyces kurssanovii. Enzyme Microb Technol

22:82-85.

Tikhonov VE, Lopez-Llorca LV, Salinas J, Jansson HB (2002). Purification and

characterization of chitinases from the nematophagous fungi Verticillium

chamydosporium and V. suchlasporium. Fungal Genet Biol 35:67–78.

Toharisman A, Suhartono MT, Barth MS, Hwang JK, Pyun YR (2005).

Purification and characterization of a thermostable chitinase from Bacillus

licheniformis Mb-2. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 21:733–738.

Tohidfar M, Mohammadi M, and Ghareyazie B (2005). Agrobacterium-mediated

transformation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) using a heterologous bean

chitinase gene. Plant cell, Tis Org Cult 83:83-96.


Tsujibo H, Minoura K, Miyamoto K, Endo H, Moriwaki M, Inamori Y (1993).

Purification and properties of a thermostable chitinase from Streptomyces

thermoviolaceous OPC-520. Appl Environ Microbiol 59: 620-622.

Tsujibo H, Endo H, Miyamoto K, Inamori Y (1995). Expression in Escherichia

coli of a gene encoding a thermostable chitinase from Streptomyces

thermoviolaceus OPC-520. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 59:145–146.

Tsujibo H, Orikoshi H, Shiotani K (1998). Characterization of chitinase C from

marine bacterium Alteromonas sp. strain O-7, and its corresponding gene

and domain structure. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:472–478.

Tsujibo H, Okamoto T, Hatano N, Miyamoto K, Watanabe T, Mitsutomi M,

Inamori Y (2001). Family 19 chitinases from Streptomyces

thermoviolaceus OPC-520: molecular cloning and characterization. Biosci

Biotechnol Biochem 64:2445–2453.

Tsujibo H, Orikoshi H, Baba N, Miyahara M, Miyamoto K, Yasuda M, Inamori Y

(2002). Identification and characterization of gene cluster involved in chitin

degradation in a marine bacterium, Alteromonas sp. O-7. Appl Environ


Tsujibo H, Kuboto T, Yamamoto M, Miyamoto K, Inamori Y (2003).

Characterization of chitinase genes from an alkaliphilic actinomycete,

Nocardiopsis prasina OPC-131. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:894-900.

Tweddel RJ, Jabaji-Hare SH, Charest PM (1994). Production of chitinase and ß-

1,3-glucanases by Stachybotrys elegans, a mycoparasite of Rhizoctonia

solani. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:489-495.

Ueda M, Fujiwara A, Kawaguchi T, Arai M (1995). Purification and some

properties of six chitinases from Aeromonas sp. No. 10S-24. Biosci

Biotechnol Biochem 59:2162–2164.

Ueno H, Miyashita K, Sawada Y, Oba Y (1990). Purifcation and some properties

of extracellular chitinases from Streptomyces sp. S-84. J Gen Appl



Usui T, Matsui H, Isobe K (1990). Enzymic synthesis of chitooligosaccharides

utilizing transglycosylation by chitinolytic enzymes in a buffer containing

ammonium sulfate. Carbohyd Res 203:65–77.

Vaidya RJ, Shah IM, Vyas PR, Chhatpar HS (2001). production of chitinase and

its optimization from a novel isolate Alcaligenes xylosoxydans:potential

antifungal biocontrol. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1:62-69.

Vaidya RJ, Macmil SLA, Vyas PR, Chhatpar HS (2003a). The novel method for

isolating chitinolytic bacteria and its application in screening for

hyperchitinase producing mutant of Alcaligenes xylosoxydans. Lett. Appl.

Microbiol. 36:129-134.

Vanbogelen R, Acton MA, Neidhardte C (1987). Induction of the heat shock

regulon does not produce thermotolerance in Escherichia coli. Genes

Develop 1:525-531.

Van den Bergh KPB, Rouge P, Proost P, Coosemans J, Krouglova T, Engelboeghs

Y, Peumans WJ, Van Damme EJM (2004). Synergistic antifungal activity

of two chitin binding protein from speendle tree (Euonymus europaeus L.).

Planta 219:221-232.

Vyas P, Deshpande MV (1989). Chitinase production by Myrothecium verrucaria

and its significance fungal mycelia degradation. J. of Gen Appl Microbiol

35:343-350.

Vyas P, Deshpande M (1991) Enzymatic hydrolysis of chitin by Myrothcium

verrucaria chitinase complex and its utilization to produce SCP. J Gen Appl

Microbiol 37:267- 275.

Wang SL, Chio SH, Chang WT (1997). Production of chitinase from shellfish

waste by Pseudomonas aeruginosa K-187. Proc. Natl Sci Counc. ROC (B).

21:71-78.

Wang SL, Chang WT (1997). Purification and characterization of two bifunctional

chitinases/lysozymes extracellularly produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa


K-187 in a shrimp and crab shell powder medium. Appl Environ Microbiol

63:380–386.

Wang SY, Moyne AL, Thootappilly G, Wu SJ, Locy RD, Singh NK (2001).

Purification and characterization of a Bacillus cereus exochitinase. Enzyme

Microb Technol 28:492-498.

Wang SL, Yen YH, Tsiao WJ, Chang WT, Wang CL (2002). Production of

antimicrobial compounds by Monascus purpureus CCRC31499 using

shrimp and crab shell powder as a carbon source. Enzyme Microb Technol

31:337–344.

Wang SL, Chao CH, Liang TW, Chen CH (2008). Purification and

characterization of protease and chitinase from Bacillus cereus TKU006

and conversion of marine wastes by these enzymes. Mar Biotechnol

11:334-344.

Wang SL, Lin TY, Yen YH, Liao HF, Chen YJ (2006) Bioconversion of shellfish

chitin wastes for the production of Bacillus subtilis W-118 chitinase.

Carbohyd Resear 341:2507-2515.

Wang SY, Moyne AL, Thootappilly G, Wu SJ, Locy RD, Singh NK (2001).

Purification and characterization of a Bacillus cereus exochitinase. Enzyme

Microb Technol 28: 492-498.

Ward JM, Yoon M, Anver MR, Haines DC, Kudo G, Gonzalez FJ, Kimura S

(2001). Hyalinosis and Ym1/Ym2 gene expression in the stomach and

respiratory tract of 129S4/SvJae and wild-type and CYP1A2-null B6, 129

mice. Am J Pathol 158:323–332.

Watanabe T, Oyanagi W, Suzuki K, Tanaka H (1990). Chitinase system of

Bacillus circulans WL-12 and importance of chitinase A1 in chitin

degradation. J Bacteriol 172:4017-4022.

Wen CM, Tseng CS, Cheng CY, Li YK (2002). Purification, characterization and

cloning of a chitinase from Bacillus sp. NCTU2. Biotechnol Appl Biochem

35:213–219.


Wiwat C, Siwayaprahm P, Bhumiratana A (1999). Purification and

characterization of chitinase from Bacillus circulans no. 4.1. Curr


Xia G, Jin C, Zhou J, Yang S, Zhang S, Jin C (2001). A novel chitinase having a

unique mode of action from Aspergillus fumigatus YJ-407. Eur J Biochem

268:4079–4085.

Yabuki M, Mijushina K, Amatatsu T, Ando A, Fujji T, Shimada M, Yamashita M

(1986). Purification and characterization of chitinase and chitobiase

produced by Aeromonas hydrophila subsp.Anaerogenes A52. J Gen Appl

Microbiol 32: 25-38.

YamaguchiY, Nge TT, TakemuraA, Hori N, Ono H (2005). Characterization of

uniaxially aligned chitin film by 2D FT-IR spectroscopy. Biomacromol

6:1941–1947.

Yamamoto T, Iketani H, Ieki H, Nishizawa Y, Notsuka K, Hibi T, Hayashi T,

Matsuta N (2000). Transgenic grapevine plants expressing a rice chitinase

with enhanced resistance to fungal pathogens. Plant Cell Rep 10: 639-646.

Yamanoi T, Tsutsumida M, Oda Y, Akaike E, Osumi K, Yamamamoto K, Fujita

K (2004). Transglycosylation reaction of Mucor hiemalis endo-β-N-

acetylglucosaminidase using sugar derivatives modified at C-1 or C-2 as

oligosaccharide acceptors. Carbohydr Res 339:1403–1406

Yan J, Cheng Q, Narashimhan S, Li CB, Aksoy S (2002). Cloning and functional

expression of a fat body-specific chitinase cDNA from the tsetse fly,

Glossina morsitans. Ins Biochem Mol Biol 32:979–989.

Yang SS, Chang HL, Wei CB, Lin HC (1991). Reduce waste production in

Kjeldahl method. J Biomass Energy Soc China 10:147-155.

Yang JK, Shih IL, Tzeng YM, Wang SL (2000). Production and purification of

protease from a Bacillus subtilis that can deproteinize crustacean wastes.

Enzyme Microbi Technol 26: 406-413.


You M, Xuan X, Tsuji N, Kamio T, Taylor D, Suzuki N, Fujisaki K (2003).

Identification and molecular characterization of a chitinase from the hard

tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. J Biol Chem 278:8556–8563.

Yui T, Taki N, Sugiyama J, Hayashi S (2007). Exhaustive crystal structure search

and crystal modeling of ß-chitin. Int J Biol Macromol 40:336–344.

Zhou SN, Yang CY, Lu YJ, Huang L, Cai C H, Lin YC (1999). Isolation and

characterization of chitinase from a marine bacterium Vibrio sp. World J

Microbiol and Biotechnol 15:745-746.

Zhu Z, Zheng T, Homer RJ, Kim YK, Chen NY, Cohn L, Hamid Q, Elias JA

(2004). Acidic mammalian chitinase in asthmatic Th2 inflammation and IL-

13 pathway activation. Science 304:1678–1682.

Zhu Q, Arakane Y, Beeman RW, Kramer KJ, Muthukrishnan S (2008).

Characterization of recombinant chitinase-like proteins of Drosophila

melanogaster and Tribolium castaneum. Ins Biochem Mol Biol 38:467–477.

chapter7 references 113 -...

Documents