chapter 8 republican ascendancy: the jeffersonian vision
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Chapter 8 REPUBLICAN ASCENDANCY: The Jeffersonian Vision. Republican Identities in a New Republic. An age of rapid population growth 7.2 million in 1810; 2 million more than in 1800 20% black slaves Children under sixteen the largest single group - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 8Chapter 8REPUBLICAN REPUBLICAN
ASCENDANCY: ASCENDANCY: The The Jeffersonian VisionJeffersonian Vision
Republican Identities in Republican Identities in a New Republica New Republic
An age of rapid population growthAn age of rapid population growth– 7.2 million in 1810; 2 million more than in 7.2 million in 1810; 2 million more than in
18001800– 20% black slaves20% black slaves– Children under sixteen the largest single groupChildren under sixteen the largest single group
Strong regional identities facilitated by Strong regional identities facilitated by transportation improvements and transportation improvements and motivated by defensivenessmotivated by defensiveness
Early secession movements threatened Early secession movements threatened national unitynational unity
North America in 1800North America in 1800
Westward the Course of Westward the Course of Empire Empire
Intense migration to West after 1790Intense migration to West after 1790 New statesNew states
– Kentucky—1792Kentucky—1792– Tennessee—1796Tennessee—1796– Ohio—1803Ohio—1803
Western regional culture rootless, Western regional culture rootless, optimisticoptimistic
Native American Native American ResistanceResistance
Settlers bought land fraudulently Settlers bought land fraudulently Native Americans resistedNative Americans resisted
– Tecumseh led Shawnee; defeated in War of Tecumseh led Shawnee; defeated in War of 18121812
– Creek defeated by Andrew Jackson at Battle of Creek defeated by Andrew Jackson at Battle of Horseshoe BendHorseshoe Bend
Jefferson wanted Native Americans moved Jefferson wanted Native Americans moved west of Mississippi and to become yeoman west of Mississippi and to become yeoman farmers with help of federal Indian agents farmers with help of federal Indian agents
Commercial Life in the Commercial Life in the CitiesCities
U.S. economy based on agriculture and U.S. economy based on agriculture and trade (84% of population in agriculture)trade (84% of population in agriculture)
American shipping prospered, 1793-American shipping prospered, 1793-18071807
Cities’ main function was international Cities’ main function was international trade, : only 7% of population was trade, : only 7% of population was urban urban
Commerce preferred, manufacturing Commerce preferred, manufacturing seen as too riskyseen as too risky– Samuel Slater an exceptionSamuel Slater an exception
Industrialization and mechanization just Industrialization and mechanization just beginning to frighten skilled craftsmenbeginning to frighten skilled craftsmen
Jefferson as PresidentJefferson as President Jefferson’s personal styleJefferson’s personal style
– Despised ceremonies and formalityDespised ceremonies and formality– Dedicated to intellectual pursuitsDedicated to intellectual pursuits
Jefferson’s goals as presidentJefferson’s goals as president– Reduce size and cost of governmentReduce size and cost of government– Repeal Federalist legislation like the Sedition Repeal Federalist legislation like the Sedition
ActAct– Keep U.S. out of warKeep U.S. out of war
Jefferson was skillful politicianJefferson was skillful politician– Good relations with Congressional leaders, Good relations with Congressional leaders,
never had to veto a billnever had to veto a bill– Picked talented, loyal men for his cabinetPicked talented, loyal men for his cabinet
Jeffersonian ReformsJeffersonian Reforms
Cutting federal debt a priorityCutting federal debt a priority Tax system re-structured, direct taxes Tax system re-structured, direct taxes
eliminated, federal revenue from customseliminated, federal revenue from customs Military cut substantiallyMilitary cut substantially
– Cut government expenses Cut government expenses – Republican ideology favored militia over Republican ideology favored militia over
standing armystanding army– Military professionalism kept by creating Army Military professionalism kept by creating Army
Corps of Engineers and West PointCorps of Engineers and West Point Federalists fell apartFederalists fell apart
– Many leaders like Jay retired from public lifeMany leaders like Jay retired from public life– Campaigning to commoners seen as Campaigning to commoners seen as
demeaningdemeaning– Westward expansion favored RepublicansWestward expansion favored Republicans
The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase
Spain gave Louisiana to France, New Spain gave Louisiana to France, New Orleans closed to American shipsOrleans closed to American ships
Jefferson saw New Orleans as vital to U.S.Jefferson saw New Orleans as vital to U.S.– Sent James Monroe to negotiate its purchaseSent James Monroe to negotiate its purchase
Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana for Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million$15 million
Importance: it would help make America a Importance: it would help make America a first-rank powerfirst-rank power
Constitution vague on power to acquire Constitution vague on power to acquire land inhabited by foreignersland inhabited by foreigners
The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase
Louisiana French and Spanish Louisiana French and Spanish inhabitants unfamiliar with inhabitants unfamiliar with Republican principlesRepublican principles
Louisiana Government Act denied Louisiana Government Act denied Louisiana self-ruleLouisiana self-rule
Another Jeffersonian departure from Another Jeffersonian departure from RepublicanismRepublicanism
The Lewis and Clark The Lewis and Clark ExpeditionExpedition
Lewis and Clark Expedition Lewis and Clark Expedition commissioned prior to purchase of commissioned prior to purchase of LouisianaLouisiana
Goal to find if Missouri River goes to Goal to find if Missouri River goes to Pacific and to explore flora and faunaPacific and to explore flora and fauna
Sacagawea critical in helping expedition Sacagawea critical in helping expedition deal with nature and Native Americans deal with nature and Native Americans whom they encounteredwhom they encountered
Report on Louisiana’s economic promise Report on Louisiana’s economic promise confirmed Jefferson’s desire to purchaseconfirmed Jefferson’s desire to purchase
The Louisiana Purchase and The Louisiana Purchase and the Route of Lewis and the Route of Lewis and
ClarkClark
Conflict with the Barbary Conflict with the Barbary StatesStates
North African states demanded tribute North African states demanded tribute from ships sailing in Mediterraneanfrom ships sailing in Mediterranean
Jefferson refused and dispatched U.S. Jefferson refused and dispatched U.S. fleet to intimidate Barbary statesfleet to intimidate Barbary states
Attacks failed and U.S. ended up paying Attacks failed and U.S. ended up paying ransom for crew of ransom for crew of U.S.S. PhiladelphiaU.S.S. Philadelphia
U.S. finally forced negotiation with a U.S. finally forced negotiation with a blockadeblockade
Jefferson won re-election Jefferson won re-election overwhelmingly overwhelmingly
The Barbary StatesThe Barbary States
The Election of 1804The Election of 1804
Jefferson’s Critics Jefferson’s Critics
Dispute over Jefferson’s reforms of Dispute over Jefferson’s reforms of federal judiciaryfederal judiciary
Conflicts between RepublicansConflicts between Republicans Burr’s plot to separate the WestBurr’s plot to separate the West Sectional dispute over the slave Sectional dispute over the slave
tradetrade
Attack on the Judges: Attack on the Judges: Judiciary ActJudiciary Act
Judiciary Act of 1801 created new Judiciary Act of 1801 created new circuit courts filled with loyal circuit courts filled with loyal FederalistsFederalists– ““Midnight judges”Midnight judges”
1802—Jeffersonians repealed 1802—Jeffersonians repealed Judiciary Act of 1801 to abolish Judiciary Act of 1801 to abolish courts and save moneycourts and save money
Federalists charged violation of Federalists charged violation of judges’ constitutional right of tenurejudges’ constitutional right of tenure
Attack on the Judges: Attack on the Judges: Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison
Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison (1803) declared (1803) declared Judicial Review a right of the Judicial Review a right of the Supreme CourtSupreme Court
Federalist Marbury denied his Federalist Marbury denied his judgeshipjudgeship
Republicans claimed victoryRepublicans claimed victory Chief Justice John Marshall ensured Chief Justice John Marshall ensured
Federalist influence through judicial Federalist influence through judicial reviewreview
Attack on the Judges: Attack on the Judges: ImpeachmentsImpeachments
1803—Federalist John Pickering 1803—Federalist John Pickering impeached, removed for alcoholism, impeached, removed for alcoholism, insanity, but no “high crimes”insanity, but no “high crimes”
Republicans began fearing the Republicans began fearing the destruction of an independent destruction of an independent judiciaryjudiciary
Jefferson exacerbated fears by Jefferson exacerbated fears by seeking to impeach Federalist seeking to impeach Federalist Samuel ChaseSamuel Chase
Republican Senate refused to convictRepublican Senate refused to convict
Politics of Desperation:Politics of Desperation:The Yazoo ControversyThe Yazoo Controversy
Yazoo controversy Yazoo controversy – Fraudulent land case in Georgia Fraudulent land case in Georgia – Jefferson attempted to settle by Jefferson attempted to settle by
providing land to innocent partiesproviding land to innocent parties Fletcher v. PeckFletcher v. Peck (1810) (1810)
– Marshall Court upheld Jefferson’s Marshall Court upheld Jefferson’s settlementsettlement
– Court may nullify unconstitutional state Court may nullify unconstitutional state lawslaws
Murder and Conspiracy: The Murder and Conspiracy: The Curious Career of Aaron Curious Career of Aaron
Burr Burr Vice-President Aaron Burr broke with Vice-President Aaron Burr broke with
JeffersonJefferson Burr sought Federalist support in Burr sought Federalist support in
1804 New York governor’s race 1804 New York governor’s race Alexander Hamilton blocked Burr’s Alexander Hamilton blocked Burr’s
effortsefforts Burr killed Hamilton in a duelBurr killed Hamilton in a duel
The Burr ConspiracyThe Burr Conspiracy
Burr fled West after Hamilton duelBurr fled West after Hamilton duel Schemed to invade Spanish territory, Schemed to invade Spanish territory,
separate Louisiana from U.S.separate Louisiana from U.S. Burr arrested, tried for treasonBurr arrested, tried for treason Acquitted on constitutional grounds of Acquitted on constitutional grounds of
insufficient evidenceinsufficient evidence Precedent made it difficult for presidents Precedent made it difficult for presidents
to use charge of treason as a political tool, to use charge of treason as a political tool, especially hearsay and circumstantial especially hearsay and circumstantial evidenceevidence
The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade
Constitution had said Congress could Constitution had said Congress could consider banning importation of consider banning importation of slaves after 1808slaves after 1808
Jefferson asked for and Congress Jefferson asked for and Congress approved such a banapproved such a ban
Sectional conflict over what to do Sectional conflict over what to do with captured slaveswith captured slaves– Northerners could not agree Northerners could not agree – Southerners demanded states regulate Southerners demanded states regulate
slaveryslavery– Law said states deal with captured Law said states deal with captured
smuggled slavessmuggled slaves
Embarrassments Embarrassments OverseasOverseas
1803—England and France resumed war1803—England and France resumed war American ships subject to seizureAmerican ships subject to seizure
– By England through “Orders in Council” By England through “Orders in Council” – By Napoleon through Berlin, Milan DecreesBy Napoleon through Berlin, Milan Decrees
ChesapeakeChesapeake vs.vs. LeopardLeopard:: public public demanded wardemanded war
Jefferson refused war to preserve Jefferson refused war to preserve financial reform and recognized that his financial reform and recognized that his military cuts had left nation ill prepared military cuts had left nation ill prepared for warfor war
Embargo Divides the Embargo Divides the NationNation
1807—Congress prohibited U.S. ships 1807—Congress prohibited U.S. ships from leaving portfrom leaving port
Purpose: to win English, French Purpose: to win English, French respect for American rightsrespect for American rights
Embargo unpopular at homeEmbargo unpopular at home– Detailed government oversight of Detailed government oversight of
commercecommerce– Army suppressed smuggling Army suppressed smuggling – New England economy damagedNew England economy damaged
The Election of 1808The Election of 1808
A New Administration A New Administration Goes to WarGoes to War
1808—James Madison elected president1808—James Madison elected president 1809—Embargo repealed in favor of Non-1809—Embargo repealed in favor of Non-
Intercourse ActIntercourse Act– U.S. would resume trade with England and U.S. would resume trade with England and
France on promise to cease seizure of U.S. France on promise to cease seizure of U.S. vesselsvessels
British official promised to complyBritish official promised to comply Prime Minister Canning changed his mind; Prime Minister Canning changed his mind;
English seized U.S. ships that had opened English seized U.S. ships that had opened trade with Englandtrade with England
A New Administration A New Administration Goes to WarGoes to War
Macon’s Bill Number Two replaced the Non-Macon’s Bill Number Two replaced the Non-Intercourse ActIntercourse Act– Trade with both England and France re-establishedTrade with both England and France re-established– First nation to respect American rights won halt of U.S. First nation to respect American rights won halt of U.S.
trade with the othertrade with the other Napoleon promised to observe U.S. rights but Napoleon promised to observe U.S. rights but
reneges when trade re-openedreneges when trade re-opened Frontier people believed British were encouraging Frontier people believed British were encouraging
Tecumseh, but he was defeated at Battle of Tecumseh, but he was defeated at Battle of Tippecanoe, forcing him to turn to BritainTippecanoe, forcing him to turn to Britain
Fumbling Toward Fumbling Toward ConflictConflict
Congressional War Hawks demanded war Congressional War Hawks demanded war with England to preserve American honorwith England to preserve American honor
British repealed Orders-in-Council as British repealed Orders-in-Council as Madison was asking for declaration of warMadison was asking for declaration of war
War aims somewhat vagueWar aims somewhat vague Difference between War Hawks and Difference between War Hawks and
Madison administration over purpose of Madison administration over purpose of invading Canadainvading Canada
Election of 1812 showed division over warElection of 1812 showed division over war
The Election of 1812The Election of 1812
The Strange War of The Strange War of 1812:1812:
Early CourseEarly Course Americans unprepared for warAmericans unprepared for war
– Congress refused to raise wartime taxesCongress refused to raise wartime taxes– New England refused to support war effort New England refused to support war effort – United States Army smallUnited States Army small– State militias inadequate State militias inadequate
Most attacks against Canada failedMost attacks against Canada failed Two key exceptions in 1813Two key exceptions in 1813
– Oliver Hazard Perry won control of Great Lakes for U.S. Oliver Hazard Perry won control of Great Lakes for U.S. in Battle of Put-In Bayin Battle of Put-In Bay
– William Henry Harrison defeated British and Indians at William Henry Harrison defeated British and Indians at Battle of ThamesBattle of Thames
The Strange War of 1812: The Strange War of 1812: Three-Pronged English Three-Pronged English
Attack, 1814Attack, 1814 British invasion of New York from Canada British invasion of New York from Canada
stopped at Lake Champlainstopped at Lake Champlain Campaign in the ChesapeakeCampaign in the Chesapeake
– Washington D.C. burned in retaliation for Washington D.C. burned in retaliation for American burning of York earlierAmerican burning of York earlier
– Baltimore saved by defense of Fort McHenryBaltimore saved by defense of Fort McHenry Attempt to capture New Orleans thwarted Attempt to capture New Orleans thwarted
by Andrew Jackson, January, 1815by Andrew Jackson, January, 1815– War already over, communication lagWar already over, communication lag– Gave Americans source of prideGave Americans source of pride– Made Jackson a national heroMade Jackson a national hero
The War of 1812The War of 1812
Hartford Convention: The Hartford Convention: The Demise of the Demise of the
FederalistsFederalists Federalists convened in December, Federalists convened in December,
18141814 Proposed constitutional changes to Proposed constitutional changes to
lessen power of South and Westlessen power of South and West Treaty of Ghent, victory of New Treaty of Ghent, victory of New
Orleans made Convention appear Orleans made Convention appear disloyaldisloyal
Federalist party never recoveredFederalist party never recovered
Treaty of Ghent Treaty of Ghent Ends the WarEnds the War
Most problems left unaddressedMost problems left unaddressed Senate unanimously ratified Treaty Senate unanimously ratified Treaty
of Ghent of Ghent Americans portrayed it as victory and Americans portrayed it as victory and
it stimulated American nationalismit stimulated American nationalism
Republican LegacyRepublican Legacy
Founders began to pass away in Founders began to pass away in 1820s1820s
Thomas Jefferson and John Adams Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both died July 4, 1826 both died July 4, 1826
James Madison died in 1836 James Madison died in 1836 despairing that slavery’s despairing that slavery’s continuation undermined legacy of continuation undermined legacy of republican egalitarianism of republican egalitarianism of FoundersFounders