REPUBLICAN REPUBLICAN ASCENDANCY: THE ASCENDANCY: THE

JEFFERSONIAN VISIONJEFFERSONIAN VISION

Chapter 8Chapter 8

Republican Identities in Republican Identities in a New Republica New Republic

An age of rapid population growthAn age of rapid population growth– 7.2 million in 1810; two million more 7.2 million in 1810; two million more

than 1800than 1800– 20% black slaves20% black slaves– children under 16 the largest single children under 16 the largest single

groupgroup Strong regional identitiesStrong regional identities Early secession movements threaten Early secession movements threaten

national unitynational unity

North America in 1800North America in 1800

Westward the Course of Westward the Course of Empire Empire

Intense migration to West after 1790Intense migration to West after 1790 New StatesNew States

– Kentucky--1792Kentucky--1792– Tennessee--1796Tennessee--1796– Ohio--1803Ohio--1803

Western regional culture rootless, Western regional culture rootless, optimisticoptimistic

Native American Native American ResistanceResistance

Western settlers compete for Indian Western settlers compete for Indian landland

Indians resistIndians resist– Tecumseh leads Shawnees, defeatedTecumseh leads Shawnees, defeated– Creeks defeatedCreeks defeated

Settlers reject Indian-White Settlers reject Indian-White coexistencecoexistence

Commercial Life in the Commercial Life in the CitiesCities

Economy based on agriculture and tradeEconomy based on agriculture and trade

American shipping prospers 1793-1805American shipping prospers 1793-1805

Cities associated with international trade, Cities associated with international trade, otherwise marginal role in national life otherwise marginal role in national life

Industrialization and mechanization just Industrialization and mechanization just beginning to frighten skilled craftsmenbeginning to frighten skilled craftsmen

Revolution of 1800 Revolution of 1800

Election of 1800 arguably the most Election of 1800 arguably the most significant in US History.significant in US History.

Why?Why?

The Federalist Finale The Federalist Finale

Adams was the last Adams was the last Federalist president.Federalist president.

Federalist as halfway house Federalist as halfway house between European past and between European past and American present. American present.

Why didn’t Federalists Why didn’t Federalists appeal to more voters? appeal to more voters?

Stayed a party for another 20 Stayed a party for another 20 years, but never won the years, but never won the presidencypresidency..

Federalists, like the dinosaurs, couldn’t adapt and so became extinct

Jefferson’s Political PrinciplesJefferson’s Political Principles Themes of inauguralThemes of inaugural Jefferson’s political principlesJefferson’s political principles

Rejected the idea of a political Rejected the idea of a political elite. elite.

Backbone of democracy was the Backbone of democracy was the free, independent farmer.free, independent farmer.

Universal suffrage for white Universal suffrage for white malesmales

Small government—governs best Small government—governs best when it governs least.when it governs least.

Strict construction of the Strict construction of the Constitution.Constitution.

Jeffersonian Restraint Jeffersonian Restraint

Jefferson’s first priority = undue abuses by Jefferson’s first priority = undue abuses by the Federalists. the Federalists. Pardoned those convicted under the Alien and Pardoned those convicted under the Alien and

Sedition Act Sedition Act Repeal Naturalization Act.Repeal Naturalization Act. Repealed the excise tax—cost US 1 Mill. per year Repealed the excise tax—cost US 1 Mill. per year

in lost revenue.in lost revenue. Cuts military spending to the bone (2,500 men)Cuts military spending to the bone (2,500 men) Reduce the national debt (Sec. Gallatin)Reduce the national debt (Sec. Gallatin)

What does he do to the core of Hamilton’s What does he do to the core of Hamilton’s financial program?financial program?

New Tone to GovtNew Tone to Govt

Deliberately informalDeliberately informal

Fired Federalists who were Fired Federalists who were incompetent or too partisan & incompetent or too partisan & replaced w/ Republicansreplaced w/ Republicans

Continued Cabinet system but didn’t Continued Cabinet system but didn’t invite divergent opinionsinvite divergent opinions

John Jay first Chief Justice

of the Supreme

Court

•Created Supreme CourtCreated Supreme Court

• 5 Associate Justices, 1 Chief5 Associate Justices, 1 Chief

•13 judicial districts13 judicial districts

• Circuit and district courtsCircuit and district courts

•““writ of mandamuswrit of mandamus””• issued by a superior court to compel

a lower court or a government officer to perform mandatory or purely ministerial duties correctly

•Created Supreme CourtCreated Supreme Court

• 5 Associate Justices, 1 Chief5 Associate Justices, 1 Chief

•13 judicial districts13 judicial districts

• Circuit and district courtsCircuit and district courts

•““writ of mandamuswrit of mandamus””• issued by a superior court to compel

a lower court or a government officer to perform mandatory or purely ministerial duties correctly

Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789

Judiciary Act of 1801Judiciary Act of 1801 Last ditch effort to hold Last ditch effort to hold

powerpower ““midnight judges”.midnight judges”. Chief Justice John Marshall Chief Justice John Marshall

– ShapedShaped American legal American legal tradition and meaning of the tradition and meaning of the Constitution more Constitution more profoundly than any other profoundly than any other single figure. single figure.

– Served as Chief Justice for Served as Chief Justice for 34 years 34 years

Attack on the Judges: Attack on the Judges: Judiciary ActJudiciary Act

Judiciary Act of 1801 creates new Judiciary Act of 1801 creates new circuit courts filled with loyal circuit courts filled with loyal FederalistsFederalists

1802--Jeffersonians repeal Judiciary 1802--Jeffersonians repeal Judiciary Act of 1801 to abolish courtsAct of 1801 to abolish courts

Federalists charge violation of Federalists charge violation of judges’ Constitutional right of tenurejudges’ Constitutional right of tenure

Marbury v MadisonMarbury v Madison

The single most important SC The single most important SC case in history case in history

Basic FactsBasic Facts ““Writ of Mandamus”Writ of Mandamus” RulingRuling

– Judicial ReviewJudicial Review– ConsequencesConsequences

Attack on the Judges: Attack on the Judges: ImpeachmentsImpeachments

1803--Federalist John Pickering 1803--Federalist John Pickering impeached, removed for alcoholism, impeached, removed for alcoholism, insanityinsanity

Jefferson seeks to impeach Federalist Jefferson seeks to impeach Federalist Samuel ChaseSamuel Chase

Republican Senate refuses to convictRepublican Senate refuses to convict

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The Barbary StatesThe Barbary States

Conflict With the Barbary Conflict With the Barbary StatesStates

US and other European countries US and other European countries paid a paid a tribute to the North African states tribute to the North African states in the Mediterraneanin the Mediterranean

Jefferson dispatches U.S. fleet to Jefferson dispatches U.S. fleet to “negotiate through the mouth of a “negotiate through the mouth of a cannon” in 1801cannon” in 1801

1805: Treaty; $60,000 for each prisoner1805: Treaty; $60,000 for each prisoner

1815: extortion finally ended after a 2nd 1815: extortion finally ended after a 2nd warwar

Jefferson and LouisianaJefferson and Louisiana

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Jefferson and Louisiana

LA back in the hands of the French

Spain rescinds the right of deposit

Bonaparte dreams of empire

Santo Domingo in revolt; Bonaparte sends 20,000 men– TJ offers $10 mil for New Orleans and West FL– If we don’t get New Orleans, then TJ needs

alliance w/ Britain French defeated

Jefferson and Louisiana

Napoleon to resume war w/ Britain.– Needs cash– Would deny LA territory to British– Reduces chances of US/British alliance

Sold to US for $15,000,000

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase

Constitution doesn’t grant power to President to Constitution doesn’t grant power to President to add new territoryadd new territory– He suggests an amendmentHe suggests an amendment– BUT delay may make Napoleon change BUT delay may make Napoleon change

mindmind

Federalists all of a sudden become strict Federalists all of a sudden become strict constructionistsconstructionists– Real issue was the growth of Western Real issue was the growth of Western

states which could be expected to be states which could be expected to be RepublicanRepublican

What is the precedent set here?What is the precedent set here?

The Lewis and Clark The Lewis and Clark ExpeditionExpedition

Lewis and Clark Expedition Lewis and Clark Expedition commissioned prior to purchase of commissioned prior to purchase of LouisianaLouisiana

Expedition left St. Louis May 1804 Expedition left St. Louis May 1804 and reached the Pacific Ocean and reached the Pacific Ocean November 1805November 1805

Report on Louisiana’s economic Report on Louisiana’s economic promise confirms Jefferson's desire to promise confirms Jefferson's desire to purchasepurchase

The Louisiana Purchase and The Louisiana Purchase and the Route of Lewis and the Route of Lewis and

ClarkClark

Murder and Conspiracy: Murder and Conspiracy: The Curious Career of The Curious Career of

Aaron Burr Aaron Burr Vice-President Aaron Vice-President Aaron

Burr dropped by TJ after Burr dropped by TJ after 1st term1st term

1804--Burr, NY and 1804--Burr, NY and secessionist New secessionist New England FederalistsEngland Federalists

Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton blocks Burr’s effortsblocks Burr’s efforts

The DuelThe Duel

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Hamilton-Burr DuelHamilton-Burr Duel

The Burr ConspiracyThe Burr Conspiracy

Burr flees West after Hamilton duelBurr flees West after Hamilton duel

Schemes to detach West from US and invade Schemes to detach West from US and invade Spanish Mexico and FLSpanish Mexico and FL

Burr arrested, tried for treasonBurr arrested, tried for treason

John Marshall acquits on Constitutional grounds of John Marshall acquits on Constitutional grounds of insufficient evidenceinsufficient evidence

Precedent makes it difficult for presidents to use Precedent makes it difficult for presidents to use charge of treason as a political toolcharge of treason as a political tool

Embarrassments Embarrassments OverseasOverseas

1789-1805: increase in trade from 100,000 to 1789-1805: increase in trade from 100,000 to 1,000,000 tons1,000,000 tons

1803--England and France resume war1803--England and France resume war

American ships subject to seizureAmerican ships subject to seizure– by England through “Orders in Council" by England through “Orders in Council" – by Napoleon through Berlin, Milan Decreesby Napoleon through Berlin, Milan Decrees

Violation of major US foreign policy: “Freedom of Violation of major US foreign policy: “Freedom of the Seas”the Seas”

America: A Neutral Power?America: A Neutral Power?

England impresses over 6000-England impresses over 6000-9000 US sailors between 1805-9000 US sailors between 1805-12. 12.

England refused to stop.England refused to stop.

HMS Leopard v. US HMS Leopard v. US ChesapeakeChesapeake

18071807

What to do?

Large scale foreign war goes against our policy

Navy weak Army almost non-

existent Defeat would have

devastating impact on US

Europe depended heavily on US trade

Cutting off exports would force England and France to bow to US pressure and allow us to trade

Embargo Act of 1807Embargo Act of 1807

EmbargoEmbargo

Most people HATED it. Why?.Most people HATED it. Why?.– New England Federalist particularly madNew England Federalist particularly mad– What did they argue?What did they argue?

Consequences:Consequences:– Three times more costly that war would Three times more costly that war would

have been.have been.– Ultimately did help New England Ultimately did help New England

factories.factories.

Fostered American industry.Fostered American industry.– Ruined U.S. Shipping (merchant marine)Ruined U.S. Shipping (merchant marine)

Non-Intercourse ActNon-Intercourse Act

3/1809: Embargo Act repealed3/1809: Embargo Act repealed Non-Intercourse Act Non-Intercourse Act

– No trade w/ England and FranceNo trade w/ England and France– Would expire in 1810Would expire in 1810

Non-Intercourse Act did hurt Non-Intercourse Act did hurt England, and they repealed England, and they repealed Orders in Council, but too late to Orders in Council, but too late to avoid War of 1812avoid War of 1812

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James MadisonJames Madison Became 4th President in Became 4th President in

1809. 1809. 5-4, 100 lb., weak voice.5-4, 100 lb., weak voice. Very distinguished career:Very distinguished career:

– Cont. Congress, Congressman, Cont. Congress, Congressman, Const. Convention, Sec. of Const. Convention, Sec. of State.State.

Not very successful as Not very successful as President. Party broken by President. Party broken by factions; Madison- not a factions; Madison- not a strong leader.strong leader.

Dolly Madison, first true Dolly Madison, first true First Lady who acted as First Lady who acted as social hostess.social hostess.

Madison: Dupe Of Madison: Dupe Of Napoleon Napoleon

5/1810: Macon’s Bill No. 2 5/1810: Macon’s Bill No. 2 – If you recognize US neutral rights, If you recognize US neutral rights,

then we won’t trade with your then we won’t trade with your enemyenemy

– Showed we couldn’t survive w/o Showed we couldn’t survive w/o commercial dependencecommercial dependence

Napoleon tricks Madison Napoleon tricks Madison Sets US on course antagonistic Sets US on course antagonistic

to England.to England.

““War Hawks”War Hawks”““War Hawks”War Hawks”

Henry Clay Henry Clay [KY][KY]

Henry Clay Henry Clay [KY][KY]

John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun [SC][SC]

John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun [SC][SC]

Battling Indians in the Battling Indians in the WestWest

War Hawks believed Brits War Hawks believed Brits stirring up Indians in the stirring up Indians in the West.West.– Kentucky ProblemKentucky Problem

Tecumseh Tecumseh

and the Prophet and the Prophet (Tenskawatawa). (Tenskawatawa).

Shawnee BrothersShawnee Brothers– Began a tribal confederacy Began a tribal confederacy

east of the Mississippi. east of the Mississippi. – Attacked Settlers on Attacked Settlers on

“their” land.“their” land.

Tecumseh and the Tecumseh and the ProphetProphet

Purpose of the confederation:Purpose of the confederation:– Cultural regenerationCultural regeneration– Stop loss if Indian landsStop loss if Indian lands– Keep tribes apart from the white man’s Keep tribes apart from the white man’s

cultureculture

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Battle of Tippecanoe (11/1811)

Gov. of Indiana Territory

Planned to attack Tecumseh’s headquarters (not there)

Prophet attacks w/ small force; defeated

Forced an alliance w/ the BritishWilliam Henry Harrison

Oh! The Lack of Communication

Winter of 1811-12 severest in England’s history

British govt under pressure from merchants, businessmen, workers to withdraw Orders in Council

Withdrawn on June 16, 1812

War of 1812War of 1812 June 18, 1812 June 18, 1812

militant War Hawks militant War Hawks get a declaration of get a declaration of war from Congress, war from Congress, – very narrow vote, very narrow vote,

signaling a dangerous signaling a dangerous division in the country division in the country

Federalists strongly Federalists strongly opposedopposed

Dubbed it “Mr. Dubbed it “Mr. Madison’s War”Madison’s War”

Federalists Democratic-Republicans

Yes No Yes No

0 40 98 22

Madison’s Reasons

Impressment Repeated violations of US territorial

waters by Royal Navy The Orders in Council violate neutral

trade

III. The War of 1812 and III. The War of 1812 and the Transformation of the Transformation of

PoliticsPoliticsC.C. The Federalist LegacyThe Federalist Legacy

1. Marshall’s Federalist Law1. Marshall’s Federalist Law

2. Asserting National Supremacy2. Asserting National Supremacy

3. Upholding Vested Property Rights3. Upholding Vested Property Rights

4. The Diplomacy of J.Q. Adams4. The Diplomacy of J.Q. Adams

5. Monroe Doctrine5. Monroe Doctrine

The War of 1812 and the The War of 1812 and the Transformation of PoliticsTransformation of Politics

A.A. Conflict in the Atlantic and the WestConflict in the Atlantic and the West

1. The Embargo of 18071. The Embargo of 1807

2. Western War Hawks2. Western War Hawks

B.B. The War of 1812The War of 1812

1. Federalists Oppose the War1. Federalists Oppose the War

2. The War’s End2. The War’s End

Indian BattlesIndian Battles Nov 1811 General Nov 1811 General

William Henry Harrison William Henry Harrison (9th president) attacked (9th president) attacked Tecumseh’s headquarters Tecumseh’s headquarters at Tippecanoeat Tippecanoe Indiana Indiana

1814 Andrew Jackson 1814 Andrew Jackson (7th President(7th President) ) crushed crushed Creek Indians at Battle of Creek Indians at Battle of Horseshoe Bend Horseshoe Bend (Alabama)(Alabama)– Significance?Significance?

The Strange War of The Strange War of 1812:1812:

Early CourseEarly Course Americans unprepared for warAmericans unprepared for war

– Congress refuses to raise wartime taxesCongress refuses to raise wartime taxes– New England refuses to support war New England refuses to support war

effort effort – United States Army smallUnited States Army small– state militias inadequate state militias inadequate

1813--U.S. wins control of Great 1813--U.S. wins control of Great Lakes in Battle of Put-In BayLakes in Battle of Put-In Bay

Strange War of 1812:Strange War of 1812:The War’s ConclusionThe War’s Conclusion

1814--three-pronged English attack 1814--three-pronged English attack – campaign from Canada to Hudson River campaign from Canada to Hudson River

Valley stopped at Lake ChamplainValley stopped at Lake Champlain– campaign in the Chesapeake results in campaign in the Chesapeake results in

burning of Washington, siege of burning of Washington, siege of BaltimoreBaltimore

– campaign for New Orleans thwarted by campaign for New Orleans thwarted by Andrew Jackson, January, 1815Andrew Jackson, January, 1815

Treaty of Ghent signed December, Treaty of Ghent signed December, 18141814

The War of 1812The War of 1812

Hartford Convention: The Hartford Convention: The Demise of the Demise of the

FederalistsFederalists Federalists convene December, 1814Federalists convene December, 1814 Proposed Constitutional changes to Proposed Constitutional changes to

lessen power of South and Westlessen power of South and West Treaty of Ghent, victory of New Treaty of Ghent, victory of New

Orleans makes Convention appear Orleans makes Convention appear disloyaldisloyal

Federalist party never recoversFederalist party never recovers

Treaty of Ghent Ends the Treaty of Ghent Ends the WarWar

Most problems left unaddressedMost problems left unaddressed Senate unanimously ratifies Treaty of Senate unanimously ratifies Treaty of

Ghent Ghent Americans claim success in a Americans claim success in a

"second war of independence""second war of independence"

Republican LegacyRepublican Legacy

Founders begin to pass away in Founders begin to pass away in 1820s1820s

Thomas Jefferson and John Adams Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both die July 4, 1826 both die July 4, 1826

James Madison dies in 1836 James Madison dies in 1836 – despairs that Declaration’s principles despairs that Declaration’s principles

not yet extended to African Americansnot yet extended to African Americans

Post War of 1812 Post War of 1812 NationalismNationalism

1816-18241816-1824

““The Era of Good The Era of Good

(&Bad) Feelings?”(&Bad) Feelings?”

Monroe’s Presidency :Monroe’s Presidency :Era of Good FeelingsEra of Good Feelings

Elections of 1816 and 1820Elections of 1816 and 1820 One Party PoliticsOne Party Politics

Henry Clay’s Henry Clay’s American SystemAmerican System

National BankNational Bank Protective TariffProtective Tariff Federal Internal Improvements Federal Internal Improvements

(Transportation)(Transportation)

Second Bank of the United States Second Bank of the United States (2(2ndnd BUS) BUS)

The Panic of 1819The Panic of 1819

Origins of the Panic of 1819Origins of the Panic of 1819– Drop in American foodstuff exportsDrop in American foodstuff exports– Easy credit and speculative boom in the U.S.Easy credit and speculative boom in the U.S.

Second Bank of the United StatesSecond Bank of the United States– Langdon ChevesLangdon Cheves

Nationwide collapse in the economyNationwide collapse in the economy Rise in unemploymentRise in unemployment Resentment against the Bank of the United Resentment against the Bank of the United

StatesStates