chapter 8 human development. copyright © 1999 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. 2 human...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 8
Human
Development
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2
Human Development
• What is development?
• Development– the pattern of movement or change that begins
at conception and continues through the life span
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What is development?
• Biological processes– processes that involve changes in an
individual’s physical nature
• Cognitive processes– processes that involve changes in an
individual’s thought, intelligence, and language
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What is development?
• Socioemotional processes– processes that involve changes in an
individual’s relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality
• Maturation– the orderly sequence of changes dictated by
each person’s genetic blueprint
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What is development?
• Nature/nurture controversy– an organism’s biological inheritance (nature)
versus environmental experience (nurture)– which one plays a more important role in
development?
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What is development?
• Continuity of development– the view that development involves gradual, cumulative
change from conception to death
• Discontinuity of development– the view that development involves distinct stages in
the life span
• Social policy– a national government’s course of action designed to
influence the welfare of its citizens
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The Course of PrenatalDevelopment
• Germinal period– occurs in the first 2 weeks after conception
• Embryonic period– occurs from 3 to 8 weeks after conception
• Fetal period– begins 2 months after conception and lasts for 7
months on the average
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Challenges to Prenatal Development
• Teratogen– any agent that causes a birth defect
• Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)– a cluster of abnormalities that appear in the
offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy
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PhysicalDevelopment
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Cognitive Development:Piaget’s theory
• Assimilation– the incorporation of new information into
existing knowledge
• Accommodation– changing behavior in order to adjust to new
information
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Cognitive Development:Piaget’s theory
• 1. Sensorimotor thought– birth to 2 years– understand the world in terms of sensory
experiences– object permanence
• understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when the cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched
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Cognitive Development:Piaget’s theory
• 2. Preoperational thought– 2 - 7 years old– cannot understand logical operations (e.g. the
reversibility of mental representations)– conservation
• a belief in the permanence of certain attributes of objects or situations in spite of superficial changes
– egocentrism
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Cognitive Development:Piaget’s theory
• 3. Concrete operational thought– 7 - 11 years old– logical reasoning replaces intuitive thought as
long as the principles are applied to concrete examples
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Cognitive Development:Piaget’s theory
• 4. Formal operational thought– 11 - 15 years old– abstract, idealistic and logical– hypothetical-deductive reasoning
• the ability to develop hypotheses about how to solve problems
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Cognitive Development:Vygotsky’s theory
• Zone of proximal development (ZPD)– tasks that are too difficult for children to master
alone but that can be mastered with the guidance and assistance of adults or more-skilled children
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Socioemotional Development:Erikson’s theory
• Stages of childhood development:– trust versus mistrust– autonomy versus shame and doubt– initiative versus guilt– industry versus inferiority
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Socioemotional Development
• Attachment– a close emotional bond between the infant and its
caregivers
• Imprinting– the tendency of an infant animal to form an attachment
to the first moving object it sees or hears
• Secure attachment– infants who use the caregiver as a secure base from
which to explore the environment
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Parenting Styles
• Authoritarian parenting– restrictive and punitive
• Authoritative parenting– encourages independence with limits
• Neglectful parenting– parents uninvolved in the child’s life
• Indulgent parenting– parents very involved and place few demands
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Adolescence
• Storm-and-stress view– adolescence is a turbulent time charged with
conflict and mood swings
• Physical development– puberty– testosterone– estradiol
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Adolescence
• Cognitive development– adolescent egocentrism– internalization
• Moral development– preconventional level– conventional level– postconventional level
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Adolescence
• Socioemotional development– parent-adolescent relationships– peers– identity development– identity statuses
• exploration
• commitment
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Adult Development andAging
• Physical development– menopause
• the time in middle age when a woman’s menstrual periods cease completely
– Alzheimer’s disease• a degenerative, irreversible brain disorder that
impairs memory and social behavior
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Adult Development andAging
• Cognitive development– cognitive mechanics
• the hardware of the mind, reflecting the neurophysiological architecture of the brain as developed through evolution
– cognitive pragmatics• the culture-based “software” of the mind
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Adult Development andAging
• Socioeconomic development
• Stages of adult personality development:– intimacy versus isolation– generativity versus stagnation– integrity versus dispair
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Adult Development andAging
• Activity theory– the more active and involved older people are,
the more satisfied they will be with their lives and the more likely they will stay healthy
• Ageism– prejudice against people based on their age