15 colonialism and development anthropology: the exploration of human diversity 12 th edition conrad...

15 Colonialism and Development

Anthropology:The Exploration of Human Diversity

12th Edition

Conrad Phillip Kottak©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Colonialism and Development

• Colonialism

• Development

• The Second World

• Development Anthropology

• Strategies for Innovation


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Colonialism

• Colonialism – political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time

• Imperialism – policy of extending the rule of a nation or empire over other nations


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Colonialism

• European colonialism had two broad phases

– 1492 to 1852– 1850 to just after end of World War II

• Second period more imperialistic


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Imperialism

• Imperialism almost as old as the state

– Colonialism traced back to ancient Phoenicians 3,000 years ago• Rebellions and wars aimed at

independence for American nations ended 1st phase of European colonialism


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• British empire covered a fifth of world’s land surface and ruled a fourth of its population

British Colonialism

– Driven by need for economic expansion– Peaked about 1914

• First phase of British colonialism concentrated in the New World, West Africa, and India – Closed with the American Revolution


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• During the second period of colonialism, Britain eventually controlled most of India, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and large portions of eastern and southern Africa

British Colonialism

– British colonial efforts justified by what Kipling called “white man’s burden”

• Asserted native peoples not capable of governing themselves


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Map of the British Empire in 1914

Source: Academic American Encyclopedia, Vol. 3 (Danbury, CT: Grolier, 1998). p. 496


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• French colonialism driven by state, church, and military, rather than by business interests

French Colonialism

– First phase, starting in early 1600’s, focused in Canada, the Louisiana Territory, the Caribbean, and West Africa

– Second phase (1870 to World War II) included most of North Africa and Indochina


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• Ideological legitimization for French colonialism was mission civilisatrice (similar to “white man’s burden”)

French Colonialism

– Spread French culture, language, and religion throughout the colonies

– French used two forms of colonial rule• Indirect rule – practice of governing through

native political structures and leaders• Direct rule – practice of imposing new

governments upon native populations


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Map of the French Empire at Its Height around 1914

Source: Academic American Encyclopedia, Vol. 8 (Danbury, CT: Grolier, 1998). p. 309


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– Many modern political boundaries in West Africa based on linguistic, political, and economic contrasts that are the result of European colonial policies

Colonialism and Identity

• Whole countries, along with social groups and divisions within them, were colonial inventions


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Small West African Nations Created by Colonialism


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Postcolonial Studies

– Settler countries – large numbers of European colonists and sparser native populations

– Nonsettler postcolonies – large native populations and only a small number of Europeans

– Mixed postcolonies – sizable native and European populations

• Postcolonial – study of interactions between European nations and the societies they colonized


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Development

– British Empire – white man’s burden– French Empire – mission civilisatrice– Economic development plans –

industrialization, modernization, westernization, and individualism are desirable evolutionary advances that will bring long-term benefits to natives

• Intervention philosophy – ideological justification for outsiders to guide local peoples in specific directions


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Neoliberalism

– Free trade best way for nation’s economy to develop

– No restrictions on manufacturing– No barriers to commerce– No tariffs

• New form of old economic liberalism laid out in Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations


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Neoliberalism

• Since fall of Communism (1989-1991), revival of economic liberalism– Now called neoliberalism– In exchange for loans, governments of

Postsocialist and developing nations must accept neoliberal premise that deregulation leads to economic growth

• Prevailed in U.S. until President Roosevelt’s New Deal during the 1930s


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The Second World

– Includes former Soviet Union and the socialist and once socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia

• Second World refers to Warsaw Pact nations


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Communism

– Small-c communism – social system in which property is owned by the community and in which people work for the common good.

– Large C-Communism – political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism and establish form of communism such as that which prevailed in the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1991

• Two meanings of communism


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Communism

– China– Cuba– Laos– North Korea– Vietnam

• By the year 2000, only 5 Communist states left, compared with 23 in 1985


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Communism

– Communist party monopolized power– Relations with party highly centralized and

strictly disciplined– Nations had state owners of the means of

production– Regimes cultivated a sense of belonging to

an international movement

• Many communist states totalitarian and demanded total submission of the individual to the state


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Communism

– Rise of nationalism in form of ethnic-religious minorities

– Corruption– Unemployment and poverty– Difficulties establishing new values, social

relations, and groups

• States that once had planned economies now following neoliberal agenda but face problems


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• Neoliberal economists assumed dismantling Soviet Union’s planned economy would raise GDP and living standards

Postsocialist Transitions

– Postsocialist Russia has faced many problems

• Since fall of Soviet empire in Tajikistan, Islam replacing socialist ideology

• Yugoslavia breakup more violent and created a series of secessions


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• Corruption – abuse of public office for private gain – common problem in postsocialist countries


– Alexei Yurcahak describes official-public and personal-public spheres within contemporary Russian state

– What is legal (official-public) and what is considered morally correct don’t necessarily correspond


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• Postsocialist and developing nations include promotion of civil society – voluntary collective action around shared interests, goals, and values



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Former Soviet Socialist Republics of Central Asia, including Tajikistan


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Development Anthropology

– Development anthropologists do not just carry out development policies plan by others

– They plan and guide policy

• Branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of, economic development


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Development Anthropology

• Local-level research often reveals inadequacies in the measures that economists use to assess development and a nation’s economic health


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The Greening of Java

– Emphasis on front capital and advanced technological and chemical farming allowed bureaucratic and economic elites to strengthen their position at expense of poorer farmers

– Ann Stoler’s analysis suggested that it differentially affected such things as gender stratification, depending on class

• Green revolution has increased food supplies and reduced food prices


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The Greening of Java

– Commonly stated goal of development projects is increased equity, which means reduction in poverty and more even distribution of wealth

– Goal frequently thwarted by local elites acting to preserve or enhance their positions

• Equity


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Location of Java (yellow) in Indonesia (orange)


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Strategies for Innovation

• Kottak found culturally compatible economic development projects twice as successful financially as incompatible development projects


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– Be culturally compatible– Respond to locally perceived needs’– Involve men and women in planning and

carrying out changes that affect them– Harness traditional organizations– Be flexible

• To maximize social and economic benefits, projects must:


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– Projects that failed were usually economically and culturally incompatible

– Project problems have arisen from inadequate attention to, and consequent lack of, fit with local culture

• Overinnovation – development projects that require too much change


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– Many development projects incorrectly assume that nuclear family is basic unit of production and land ownership

– Many development projects also incorrectly assume cooperatives based on models from former Eastern bloc will be readily incorporated by rural communities

• Underdifferentiation – tendency to view “less-developed countries” as more alike than they are


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Third World Models

– Realistic development promotes change, not overinnovation, by preserving local systems while making them work better

• Best models for economic development found in target communities

15 colonialism and development anthropology: the exploration of human diversity 12 th edition conrad...

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