HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1

Chapter 2 PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS Section 1: Conducting Research Section 2: Surveys, Samples, and Populations Section 3: Methods of Observation Section 4: The Experimental Method Section 5: Ethical Issues

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 2

Question: What steps do scientists follow in conducting scientific research?

Section 1: Conducting Research

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 3

Question: What steps do scientists follow in conducting scientific research?

Section 1: Conducting Research

STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (continued)

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 4

Question: Why are proper sampling techniques important?

Section 2: Surveys, Samples, and Populations

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 5

Question: What are the various methods of observation, and how is correlation used in analyzing results?

METHODS OF OBSERVATION  Testing Method – several types of tests

measure various elements of human behavior such as abilities, interests, and personality

 Case-study Method – researchers conduct in-depth investigations of individuals or small groups

Section 3: Methods of Observation

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 6

Question: What are the various methods of observation, and how is correlation used in analyzing results?

 Longitudinal Method – a group of participants are observed at intervals over an extended period of time

 Cross-Sectional Method – researchers compare the differences and similarities among people in different age groups at a given time

Section 3: Methods of Observation

METHODS OF OBSERVATION (continued)

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 7

Question: What are the various methods of observation, and how is correlation used in analyzing results?

 Naturalistic-Observation Method – researchers observe the behavior of people or animals in their natural habitats

 Laboratory-Observation Method – participants are observed in a laboratory setting

Section 3: Methods of Observation

METHODS OF OBSERVATION (continued)

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 8

Question: What are the various methods of observation, and how is correlation used in analyzing results?

CORRELATION  Correlation measures how closely one thing is

related to another

Section 3: Methods of Observation

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 9

Question: What are the purposes and elements of experiments?

Section 4: The Experimental Method

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 10

Comparing Research Methods Experiment: strengths; can make cause and effect relationships. Researcher

has control. weaknesses; sampling errors. Often hard to generalize to real world.

Correlation: strengths; can study real world behavior. Can determine relationships. weaknesses; cannot determine cause and effect.

Naturalistic Observation: strengths; can gather information in its usual settings as it naturally occurs. weaknesses; cannot determine cause and effect. Observer bias possible.

Case Study: strengths; intensive information can be gathered about individuals weaknesses; cannot determined cause and effect, expensive and time consuming. May not be able to generalize information gathered to others . Biased sample possible.

Survey: strength; large amount of information can be gathered from many people in a relatively short period of time weakness; cannot determine cause and effect, biased sample possible, response bias possible, survey questions might not be reliable or valid.

Section 4: The Experimental Method

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 11

Question: How are ethical issues involved in psychological research?

ETHICAL ISSUES AND RESEARCH   Protect study participants from harm   Maintain the scientific integrity of the study   Promote the dignity of the individual   Foster human welfare   Confidentiality   Informed Consent

Section 5: Ethical Issues

http-//www.youtube.com/w#1ADA5B http-//www.youtube.com/w#1ADA95