chapter 14: making foreign policy -...

CHAPTER 14: MAKING FOREIGN POLICY

Section 1: Foreign Policy Choices in a Complex World

Section 2: How Domestic Actors Affect Foreign Policy Section 3: Foreign Policy and International Institution

Section 4: Foreign Policy Challenges 1

SECTION 1: FOREIGN POLICY CHOICES IN A COMPLEX WORLD

  The Basics of Foreign Policy   Foreign policy is a nation’s protocol for making and maintaining

relations with foreign countries.   The Five Goals of Foreign Policy

•  National security

•  Establishing free and open trade

•  Promoting world peace

•  Supporting democracy

•  Providing aid to people in need

  How Should Foreign Policy Be Applied •  For many years, isolationism main U.S. foreign policy, new

philosophy neoisolationism US needs to stay out of other countries or end up in long term war.

•  Today, United States practices internationalist approach which promotes cooperation between nations

•  Realism (perceive threats to U.S. security and interests) versus idealism (consider interests of other nations, defense of human rights, favor alliances)

2


  The Tool of Foreign Policy   Diplomatic Tools

•  United States has more than 160 embassies in foreign nations

•  United States attempts to keep international peace and order through collective security and defense alliances with other nations

  Economic Tools

•  Money is powerful foreign policy tool

•  Trade bans or restrictions on foreign aid are examples of economic sanctions

  Military Tools

•  Decision to use military force can sometimes be effective foreign policy tool

•  President at the top of chain of U.S. military command

3


  Just War Theory   Following just war theory, a state may go to war only under specific

circumstances.

•  Conduct of war limited

•  Just means “moral,” “fair,” “proper”

  The theory gives a moral context for when to wage and how to conduct war.

•  jus ad bellum (“justice of war”)

•  Justification for war: open declaration, just intentions, benefits outweigh costs, outcome of just peace

•  jus in bello (“justice in war”)

•  Limited to military targets, excessive violence not permitted

5

SECTION 2: HOW DOMESTIC ACTORS AFFECT FOREIGN POLICY

  The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy   Department of State

•  Leading U.S. foreign policy agency, comprised of numerous bureaus

•  Secretary of state heads agency

•  U.S. DOS employees overseas work in foreign service

  Department of Defense

•  Largest executive department

•  Oversees military activities and advises president

•  Secretary of defense heads agency

  Central Intelligence Agency

•  Collects and analyzes information

•  Assists president and officials in making foreign policy decisions

  Domestic Influences

•  Lobbyists pressure elected officials to further their foreign policy goals 6


  The President, Congress, and Foreign Policy   Executive Powers

•  President is U.S. foreign policy leader and chief diplomat

•  President has constitutional authority to issue foreign policy statements called presidential doctrines, to grant nations diplomatic recognition

•  President is commander-in-chief of armed forces

  Legislative Powers

  Congress influences foreign policy in three ways: •  By introducing resolutions and directives •  By approving or denying funding requested by executive branch •  By providing advice and oversight to executive branch

8


  Interest Groups and Foreign Policy   Information and Influence

•  Interest groups increase influence of minority viewpoints

•  Join like-minded individuals together to initiate or reform legislation

  The Media, Public Opinion, and Policy •  Politicians are sensitive to public opinion

•  Interest groups use media outlets to shape public opinion

9

SECTION 3: FOREIGN POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTION

  The United Nations   General Assembly

•  Advisory body only, cannot force member states to follow its recommendations

•  One vote per member state

  Security Council

•  UN Security Council has authority to take action to maintain international peace

•  Made up of 15 member states (5 permanent members)

•  Any country can bring disputes to Security Council.

  Economic and Social Council

•  Addresses issues pertaining to human rights

•  Coordinates efforts of nongovernmental organizations

  International Court of Justice

•  Also known as World Court

•  All member states accountable to World Court

•  No appeals 10


  Trusteeship Council •  Only meets on as-needed basis

•  Palau was the last trust territory administered by UN

  Secretariat

•  Headed by Secretary-General, chief administrative officer of UN

•  Secretary-General elected by General Assembly

11


  Other International Institutions   International Economic Institutions

•  Intergovernmental agencies related to UN

•  World Trade Organization (WTO) works toward liberalization of global trade

•  International Monetary Fund (IMF) loans funds to developing countries

•  World Bank provides long-term loans, technical assistance to developing countries

  International Judicial Institutions

•  International Criminal Court (ICC) is treaty-based, “court of last resort”

•  International Criminal Tribunals established by Security Council to try war criminals in former Yugoslavia and Rwanda; will expire when work is complete

12

SECTION 4: FOREIGN POLICY CHALLENGES

  Past Foreign Policy Challenges   Independence to World War II

•  U.S. policies initially neutral and isolationist •  1823, Monroe Doctrine confirms U.S. intentions to remain neutral

in European conflicts •  Spanish-American War marks shift toward internationalist

approach •  United States helps found United Nations after WW II •  Practice of collective security and deterrence follow WW II

13

SECTION 4: FOREIGN POLICY CHALLENGES

  The Cold War to the Collapse of the Soviet Union

•  U.S.-Soviet relations increasingly strained •  Truman Doctrine set forth policy of containment •  Preventing nuclear war primary concern of foreign policy leaders •  Korean War, Cuban missile crisis, Vietnam War escalated Cold War,

challenged containment efforts •  U.S., Soviet Union began practicing détente (relaxing tensions) •  Soviet leader Gorbachev instituted market and policy reforms, sparking

similar movements throughout Eastern Europe •  Collapse of Soviet Union marks end of Cold War

14

SECTION 4: FOREIGN POLICY CHALLENGES   Contemporary Foreign Policy Challenges

Post–Cold War to the Present U.S. foreign policy priorities: regional conflicts in Middle East

•  U.S. leaders carefully weigh pros and cons of Middle East alliances

•  United States remains committed to peace negotiations in Middle East

•  Terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, led to heightened security measures throughout United States, U.S. military action against Afghanistan (War on Terror)

•  2002: Bush administration departed from strategies of deterrence and containment with preemptive strike doctrine

  Transitions to Democracy •  Democratization often long, difficult process

•  United States aims to support emerging democracies in Eastern Europe, Latin America, Asia, Africa

  Overcoming Poverty •  Poverty, hunger, illiteracy, inadequate health care limit economic

progress

•  U.S. foreign aid: aimed at strengthening economies of less-developed nations

•  Foreign aid programs aim: provide food security, literacy, health care for less-developed nations

15

chapter 14: making foreign policy -...

Documents