Chapter 2 – Science Skills

• matter– anything that takes up _____ and has _____– anything that possesses _______

• mass– amount of __________ in an object– ___________ of inertia– measured with a balance– which has more mass: soccer ball? bowling ball?

• weight– measure of _________ on an object– varies with gravity

• volume – amount of ________ an object takes up– which has more volume: soccer ball? bowling ball?

• density– comparison of an objects ______ to its _______– incorrectly described as being “heavier/lighter than

air/water”– SI units – water = 1 ____ or 1 ____ or 1 _____– independent of quantity

• steel cube has same density as steel sewing needle

• density of phases of matter– solids are ______ dense

– liquids are slightly less dense than solid of same material• exception is water – ice(solid) is less dense than water

– gases are significantly less dense than liquids and solids• gases are ≈ ______ times less dense

• scientific method– logical approach scientists use to solve ________– very flexible process

• scientific method

• scientific method– ___________

• possible explanation that hasn’t been studied or tested– example – This morning my car didn’t start. Why?

– ___________• situation that investigates relationships between variables

– __________ ____________– variable being observed for change during experiment

– ____________ __________– variable being changed by the experimenter– ___________ – variable(s) that are kept the same through the experiment

Hypothesis Practice

Smithers thinks that a special juice will increase the productivity of workers. He creates two groups of 50 workers each and assigns each group the same task (in this case, they're supposed to staple a set of papers). Group A is given the special juice to drink while they work. Group B is not given the special juice.

Hypothesis Practice

Homer notices that his shower is covered in a strange green slime. His friend Barney tells him that coconut juice will get rid of the green slime. Homer decides to check this out by spraying half of the shower with coconut juice. He sprays the other half of the shower with water.

• scientific method– ________

• __________ of how or why something is happening• proven correct through testing and experimentation• can be disproven or revised with further experimentation

– caloric theory– phlogiston theory

– example - Why didn’t my car start this morning?

– _______• ______________ of fact• doesn’t attempt to explain

Science is a process that makes use of a variety of tools to

develop an understanding of the workings of nature.

This understanding is never complete or

absolute, but constantly changes as scientists discover new

ways of thinking.

Variables Practice #1Mrs. Crain wanted to see how

different types of music affected students' pulse rates. She played different types of music: heavy

metal, rap, R&B, alternative, pop, country, and classical music.

What constant should be considered when doing this experiment?A. Types of musicB. Amount of time the music was played.C. Using a different student for each music type.D. Use all dead people.

Variables Practice #2Nick wanted to see how high an

ice cube would float in different temperatures of water.

What constant should be considered when doing this experiment?A. Height of ice cube.B. Size of ice cube.C. Amount of water. D. Temperature of water.

Variables Practice #3Nick wanted to see how high an

ice cube would float in different temperatures of water.

Identify the independent variable. A. Height of ice cube.B. Size of ice cube.C. Amount of water. D. Temperature of water.

Variables Practice #4Mario studied how far room

temperature water would spurt out of a plastic milk carton when

3mm holes were punched at different heights from the bottom

of the container.

Identify the independent variable.A. 3mm holes.B. Distance water traveled out of carton.C. Different heights of holes in container. D. Ice water from Iceland.

Variables Practice #5Mario studied how far room

temperature water would spurt out of a plastic milk carton when

3mm holes were punched at different heights from the bottom

of the container.

Identify the dependent variable.A. 3mm holes.B. Distance water traveled out of carton.C. Different heights of holes in container. D. Ice water from Iceland.

Graph• A visual display of

information or data• Scientists graph data to

detect patterns

• Independent variable on ________

• Dependent variable on _________

• Shows how a relationship between variables changes over time.

• Should be scaled at appropriate intervals

______/_______ Graph

_______ Graph• Useful for

comparing information collected by counting

• Each bar represents a quantity counted at a particular time

________ Graph• Shows how a

part of something fits into the whole.

• Slices represent the parts and are shown as percentages of the total

5 Things to Include on EVERY Graph

1. ________2. Label ___ _____ ___ ______

– Include units ex: Time (s)

3. _________ x and y axis– Numbers should be evenly

distributed

4. ______/_______5. Fill in graph!

Sample Lab Data

TimeTemperature

without cover

Temperaturewith cover

30 s 35° C 35° C

1 min 34° C 35° C

1 min 30 s

34° C 34° C

2 min 33° C 34° C

2 min 30 s

31° C 34° C

3 min 30° C 33° C

3 min 30 s

30° C 33° C

4 min 28° C 32° C

4 min 30 s

27° C 32° C

5 min 27° C 32° C

Two cups of water were heated to boiling, then set aside. A cover was placed on one cup, but not the other. The temperature of the water was recorded over a five minute period to determine whether the cup with the cover lost its heat quicker than the uncovered cup.