chapter 2 atoms to minerals & rfm

8/18/2019 Chapter 2 Atoms to Minerals & RFM

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Normal Matter is composed

of…….


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Atoms differ in the number of

“pieces” ( Protons, Neutrons andElectrons) that they hae inside of

them.


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Atoms !ith certain consistent

characteristics are called….


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matter that is made up ofatoms…matter that is made up ofatoms (or one atom) that

hae the same number ofProtons in their nucleus.


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"ut###Not all atoms of the

same element are the

same, either.


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Atoms of the same element that

hae different numbers ofneutrons in their nuclei are

called….


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$ertain isotopes of elements are

unstable, or radioactie.

(e%ample& $arbon' and

*ranium'+-)

hese radioactie isotopes ofelements allo! us to do absolute'

a/e datin/#


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Most substances on Earth arenot pure elements but rather….

000


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1hat is a $ompound0


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A $ompound is…..

A substance made from

two or more differentelements that have been

chemically combined.


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A Mi%ture, on the other hand,

is…

A substance made from two or

more different elements that

have not been chemically

combined, and which can beseparated by physical means


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Elements by

themselves are muchless common than

Compounds, because

they tend to combine

with each other to form

Compounds.


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Elements and Compounds in their

solid form make up…


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A Mineral is a naturally

occurrin/ 2nor/anic 3olid !ith a

definite chemical composition

and a crystalline structure.


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hat means that…

!t can"t be or#anic in

ori#in!t can"t be a li$uid

and..

!t has to have a crystalstructure


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4ets put that in a list format.

. Minerals are a naturally occurrin/

substance.

+. Minerals are solids.

. Minerals hae a definitechemical composition.


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. he atoms that ma5e up minerals

are arran/ed in an orderly pattern(hey form crystals).

6. Minerals are inor/anic. (hey!ere neer alie.)


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%ow many different minerals are

there on Earth???

Answer&About ',(((


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More than )(* of all of theminerals in the Earth"s Crust,

however, are made up of

compounds containin# +ilicon

and -y#en, the two most

abundant elements on Earth.


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And…..he percent composition of +ilicate

Minerals in an i#neous rock determine a

lot of the characteristics of that rock andthe ma#ma that formed it.


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7i/h 3ilica content forms li/ht'

colored roc5s.


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1hile lo!er (but only by about

+68) 3ilica content forms

dar5er'colored roc5s.


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%ow do Minerals /orm???

. Minerals form in coolin/ ma/ma chambers


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9ifferent types of minerals

crystalli:e at different temperatures

0ecreasin# temperature

Mineral formation in a Ma/ma $hamber

"o!en;s


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=liine


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Pyro%ene


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Peridotite' Mostly =liine


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>abbro' Pyro%ene and =liine


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Andesite' 7ornblend and "iotite0 and

Pla/ioclase ?eldspar


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Potassium ?eldspar


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@uart:


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Pin5 >ranite


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Mineral ?ractionali:ation in a Ma/ma $hamber


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+. Metamorphic Minerals&3ome minerals occur as the

result of


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. 3ome types of minerals form

as !ater containin/ dissoledions slo!ly eaporates.

+alt deposits


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7o! lon/ does it ta5e for

minerals to form00 Minerals in solution in water can form

relatively $uickly when the water

evaporates. Minerals in ma#ma can form as $uickly as

the ma#ma1lava can crystalli2e 3lava can

cool in minutes, while ma#ma can takethousands of years4.


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A $rystal is….

A re/ular /eometric solid !ith

smooth surfaces called….


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he orderly arran#ement of ions,

molecules, or atoms, in any

mineral determines the shape of

its crystals.


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Althou/h there are thousands of

different types of minerals, theircrystals come in si% basic types

of shapes


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Minerals are identified and

classified by visual inspection, and

by performin# simple tests to

determine their physical properties


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=nly of the , 5no!n

minerals are common.

hese minerals are 5no!n

as the roc5'formin/ minerals


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Most roc5'formin/ minerals

are…

he percent composition

of 3ilicate minerals in aroc5 determines the type

of roc5 it is.

< 5 th t h hi h t


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Minerals are most often

identified by inspectin/ their

Physical and $hemical

properties.


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$olor is the most easily obsered, but least

reliable property of a mineral for

identification.

his is because the color of many mineralsaries !ith the 5ind of impurities in the

mineral.


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4uster is the !ay in !hich a mineral shines in the li/ht.


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ypes of 5uster


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3trea5 is the color of the po!der left

on a strea5 plate !hen a mineral isrubbed on it.

3trea5 is much more reliable than

color because, althou/h the color

of a mineral chan/es, its strea5

does not.


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$leaa/e is the tendency of a mineral

to split in a particular direction.


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“3heety” $leaa/e


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?eldspars al!ays cleae readily at or near ri/ht an/les.


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?racture is the tendency of a

mineral to brea5 in directions

other than alon/ crystal faces or

cleaa/e surfaces.


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$onchoidal or shell'li5e fracture

?ibrous facture


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7ardness is the resistance of a mineral tobein/ scratched.

he Mohs 7ardness 3cale is one of the

most effectie tool for identifyin/

minerals.


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chapter 2 atoms to minerals & rfm

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