atoms to minerals. section 5.1: matter and atoms what is matter?

Atoms to MineralsAtoms to Minerals

Section 5.1: Matter and AtomsSection 5.1: Matter and Atoms

What is matter?What is matter?


Matter is anything that has mass Matter is anything that has mass and volumeand volume

Section 5.1: Matter and AtomsSection 5.1: Matter and Atoms• We can classify matter by using We can classify matter by using

the the Periodic TablePeriodic Table

• Matter falls under 3 Matter falls under 3 classifications on the periodic classifications on the periodic table. What are these?table. What are these?

Section 5.1: Matter and AtomsSection 5.1: Matter and Atoms• MetalMetal: shiny, ductile, conducts : shiny, ductile, conducts

electricityelectricity

• Non-metalNon-metal: dull, does not conduct : dull, does not conduct electricityelectricity

• MetalloidMetalloid: Shares properties of both : Shares properties of both metal and non-metalmetal and non-metal

• ElementsElements are classified according to are classified according to their place on the their place on the Periodic TablePeriodic Table..


Structure of the AtomStructure of the Atom

• Nucleus: This contains positively Nucleus: This contains positively charged charged protonsprotons and neutrally and neutrally charged charged neutronsneutrons..

• ElectronsElectrons: These surround the : These surround the nucleus in an electron cloud and nucleus in an electron cloud and are negatively charged.are negatively charged.



• The atomic number, or identity of The atomic number, or identity of the atom, is determined by the the atom, is determined by the number of number of PROTONSPROTONS!!



• IsotopesIsotopes are atoms with usually are atoms with usually more neutrons than protons.more neutrons than protons.

• The The mass numbermass number equals the equals the sum of protons plus neutrons.sum of protons plus neutrons.



• IonsIons are formed when the are formed when the number of number of electrons electrons is either is either more or less than the number of more or less than the number of protonsprotons..


Bonding of AtomsBonding of Atoms

• A compound is a substance with A compound is a substance with two or more elements.two or more elements.

• Example is table salt or Sodium Example is table salt or Sodium Chloride (NaCl)Chloride (NaCl)



• A A covalent bondcovalent bond is when two is when two atoms share electrons.atoms share electrons.

• A A moleculemolecule is formed by covalent is formed by covalent bonding of two or more atoms.bonding of two or more atoms.



• An An ionic bondionic bond is when atoms is when atoms are held together by electrical are held together by electrical attraction.attraction.

Warm up Assignment for Warm up Assignment for DiscussionDiscussion

• On a separate piece of paper, On a separate piece of paper, brainstorm a list of all the things brainstorm a list of all the things you use in a day that require you use in a day that require natural resources to make.natural resources to make.

• Tell me which of these items Tell me which of these items include include mineralmineral resources. resources.

Section 5.2: Composition and Section 5.2: Composition and Structure of MineralsStructure of Minerals

Why should we care about minerals? What Why should we care about minerals? What do we do we useuse them for and what is our them for and what is our impact on the planet by using them?impact on the planet by using them?

What is the basic chemistry of the Earth’s Crust?What is the basic chemistry of the Earth’s Crust?Common Elements of Earth's Crust

O, 46.6%

Si, 27.7%

Al, 8.1%

Fe, 5.0%

Ca, 3.6%

Na, 2.8%

K, 2.6%

Mg, 2.1%

Other, 1.5%

O

Si

Al

Fe

Ca

Na

K

Mg

Other


What What isis a mineral? a mineral?


1.1. It occurs naturally.It occurs naturally.2.2. It is solid.It is solid.3.3. It has a It has a chemical compositionchemical composition..4.4. It’s atoms are arranged in an It’s atoms are arranged in an

orderly orderly patternpattern ( (crystal structurecrystal structure).).

5.5. It is inorganic (not alive).It is inorganic (not alive).


How do minerals form?How do minerals form?


How do minerals form?How do minerals form?1.By the Crystallization of Magma as it cools.

Crystals form over long periods of slow cooling of magma.

2.By the pressure process as minerals are converted to other minerals by great amounts of heat and pressure.

3.By the evaporation of mineral-rich water. This is how geodes and the Cavern of Crystal Giants formed.


Silicate StructuresSilicate Structures and Animations: The and Animations: The Silica TetrahedronSilica Tetrahedron

Four Oxygen atoms combine with one Silicon by covalent bonding of atoms

StructureStructure of Graphite vs. Diamond of Graphite vs. Diamond

Both graphite and diamond are made of pure carbon, but diamond is much harder due to its tetrahedral structure. Graphite forms in carbon sheet structures. This allows it to be soft and flaky. This is good for use in pencils and lubrication for lock cores. Diamond is used in industrial purposes for saw blades and abrasives. It is also used as bling bling for jewelry!

Diamond Graphite

Section 5.3: Identifying MineralsSection 5.3: Identifying Minerals

On to the Mineral Identification On to the Mineral Identification Lab!Lab!

Mohs Scale Mohs Scale of Hardnessof HardnessRating Reference Mineral Reference Tool

1 Talc (easily scratched by fingernail)

2 Gypsum (scratched by fingernail) Fingernail (2.5)

3 Calcite (barely scratched by penny) Copper Penny (3.5)

4 Fluorite (scratched by glass)

5 Apatite (scratched by glass) Glass Plate (5.5)

6 Potassium Feldspar (scratches glass, but not steel nail)

Steel File (6.5)

7 Quartz (scratches glass and steel)

8 Topaz (scratches quartz)

9 Corundum (scratches topaz)

10 Diamond (scratches everything)

Section 5.4: Mineral GroupsSection 5.4: Mineral Groups

SilicatesSilicates• 90% of the Minerals in 90% of the Minerals in

Earth’s crust are Earth’s crust are silicates.silicates.

• A silicate is a A silicate is a compound of Silicon, compound of Silicon, Oxygen, and one or Oxygen, and one or

more metallic more metallic elements.elements.

Quartz (SiO2)

Orthoclase Feldspar (KAlSi3O8)


Silicate Structures and Animations: The Silicate Structures and Animations: The Silica TetrahedronSilica Tetrahedron

Four Oxygen atoms combine with one Silicon by covalent bonding of atoms

Section 5.4: Mineral GroupsSection 5.4: Mineral GroupsCarbonatesCarbonates

• Positive metal ion Positive metal ion combined with a combined with a

negative Carbonate negative Carbonate (CO(CO33 2-2-) ion.) ion.

• Fizzes with Fizzes with Hydrochloric AcidHydrochloric Acid Calcite (CaCO3)

Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2

Malachite (CaCO3)


HalidesHalides

• Group of minerals Group of minerals that contains one of that contains one of

the halogen the halogen elements (F, Cl, Br, elements (F, Cl, Br,

I) as a building I) as a building blockblock

Fluorite (CaF2)

Halite (NaCl)


Native ElementsNative Elements

• Elements that Elements that are by are by

themselves on themselves on the Periodic the Periodic

TableTable

Gold (Au)

Sulfur (S)

Diamond (C)


OxidesOxides

• Metal element Metal element combined with combined with

oxygenoxygen

• Valuable for their Valuable for their economic and economic and

industrial importanceindustrial importance

Hematite (Fe2O3)

Magnetite (Fe3O4)


SulfatesSulfates• Compounds containing Compounds containing

the sulfate group (SOthe sulfate group (SO442-2-))

• Gypsum valuable for its Gypsum valuable for its industrial importance in industrial importance in construction (wallboard)construction (wallboard)

• Barite useful as main Barite useful as main ore of Barium (used for ore of Barium (used for barium contrast for X-barium contrast for X-

ray machines)ray machines)

Gypsum (CaSO4*2H2O)

Barite (BaSO4)


SulfidesSulfides

• Metal element Metal element combined with sulfur.combined with sulfur.

• When Hydrochloric When Hydrochloric Acid is poured on Acid is poured on Galena, hydrogen Galena, hydrogen

sulfide gas (used to sulfide gas (used to make stink bombs) is make stink bombs) is

produced! Yuck!produced! Yuck!

Pyrite (FeS2)

Galena (PbS)


PhosphatesPhosphates• Minerals that have Minerals that have phosphate (POphosphate (PO44))3-3- in their in their

chemical formulachemical formula• Turquoise used for Turquoise used for centuries by Egyptians and centuries by Egyptians and

Native Americans for Native Americans for jewelryjewelry

• Apatite is the main source Apatite is the main source of the phosphorous of the phosphorous

nutrient for plants. Your nutrient for plants. Your bones and teeth are made bones and teeth are made of the same substance as of the same substance as

apatite!apatite!

Turquoise (CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8*5(H2O))

Apatite (Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH) )

atoms to minerals. section 5.1: matter and atoms what is matter?

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