Chapter 18“Alliances, War, and a Troubled Peace”

AP EUROPEAN HISTORYMR. RICK PURRINGTON

MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL

Europe 1915

I. The Rise of G and the “B.O.P. Game”

A. 1862-1871 -- OvB, Chancellor of powerful G

11. Wanted stability for G through:

- BOP = isolating Fr

- relations w/ A-H, Ru

2. 1873 – Three Emperors League Alliance

- G, A-H, Ru

- defeat liberal, nationalist movements

3. 1882 – Triple Alliance

- G, A-H, Italy

- hold strong against “distrustful” border nations Fr and Ru (Slavic tensions w/A-H)

Bismarck

Europe 1915

4. OvB’s Impact

- held peace together in Eu despite tension b/t Ru & A-H & Fr

5. OvB is dismissed in G

- G Kaiser William II

- OvB was “too friendly” w/Ru

- Ru, G alliance ends

6. Fr sees opportunity to ally w/Ru w/o A-H or G

7. 1894 – Ru, Fr Alliance

8. What will Br do?

- ally w/Fr and Ru?

- ally w/ G and A-H?

- G seemed increasingly threatening – strong navy, hostile colonial

behavior, “sabre rattling”

- 1907 - Br begins to favor Fr and Ru

II. The Outbreak of WWI

A. Nationalism in the Balkans = ethnic groups want independence from A-H or Ot

“The Balkans”

1. 1914 - Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand

- heir to A-H throne

- visited Bosnia

- assassin Gavrilo Princip, Serbian Nationalist terrorist group – “The Black Hand”

2. 1914 - A-H declares war on Serbia

3. G gives “complete support” to A-H

4. Ru – protector of Slavs in Serbia

Bosnia

5. Ru declares war on A-H

6. G, fearing 2 front war, attacks Fr, through neutral Bel

7. Br sees G as “aggressors”

8. Br and Fr declare war on G

9. 1914 - The Triple Entente = The Allies

- Br, Fr, Ru

vs.

10. The Central Powers Alliance

- G, A-H, Italy, Bulgaria, Ot

III. Stalemate and Slaughter

A. New warfare emerges

1. chemical weapons

2. tanks

3. aircraft

4. machine guns

5. trenches

B. Trench Warfare results in bloody stalemate on “Western Front”

WWI Trench Warfare

IV. The Widening War

A. Eastern Front

1. not as much trench warfare

2. Ru suffering heavy losses from A-H

3. A-H and Serbia = bitter fighting

B. 1915 - U.S. begins to favor the Allies1. Word of G atrocities against Bel2. U.S. profited from selling war supplies to Fr and Br

3. G uses “unrestricted u-boat warfare” (UUW)4. May 1, 1915 -- U-boats sink Br Lusitania

passenger shipa) 1200 dead, 128 Americans

5. Pres. Wilson demands end to UUW

President Wilson

“German submarine warfare against commerce is a warfare against mankind.”

- President Woodrow Wilson

6. Wilson - “The world must be safe for democracy”

7. April 6, 1917 – U.S. Declares War on the CP

“It is our time to assert ourselves as the respected democracy we have striven to become.”

- President Woodrow Wilson

V. The Russian Revolution

Lenin Lived!

Lenin Is Alive!

Lenin Will Live!

A. The Fall of the Russian Monarchy

1. Ru’s failures in WWI

a) lack of supplies and equipment

- by 1915 - 2 mil dead

b) weak Duma, bull-headed, unpopular Tsar Nicholas II =poor war mobilization

c) 1915 – Tsar takes command failing army

d) wife Alexandra and Rasputin in charge of gov’t

e) Rasputin killed, chaos reigns

f) 1917 – troops mutinied

2. Duma forms a “provisional government”

3. March 15, 1917 - Tsar Nicholas II abdicates

Tsar Nicholas II

Rasputin

B. Duma - Provisional Government

1. Freedom and Liberalism

a) equality before the law

b) religious freedom

c) the right to strike

2. WWI continues

3. Petrograd Soviet

a) gov’t council of soldiers, workers, socialists

b) Army Order #1

- goal: prevent a general from ruling Russia

- stripped generals of their authority, gave power to soldier committees

- generals, officers were hanged

- soldiers deserted

D. Lenin, Trotsky, and the Bolshevik Revolution

1. Vladimir Lenin

a) hated the monarchy

b) radical Marxist socialist, he believed in

a violent revolution over capitalism

c) The Bolshevik Party

- Lenin’s “majority group”

- “Stop WWI now!”

- Bolshevik power grows in Petrograd Soviet

2. Trotsky and the Seizure of Power

a) Leon Trotsky, Lenin supporter

b) Bolsheviks now have military power

c) Trotsky leads military coup (overthrow) of the prov gov’t, Lenin rules

3. Why did the Bolshevik Coup happen?

a) most in Ru were discontent

b) Bolsheviks provided strong leadership

c) socialism was popular

E. Dictatorship and Civil War

1. Lenin’s Reforms

a) land to peasants

b) control of factories = worker committee

c) Constituent Assembly = parliament d) Bolsheviks only win ¼ of

delegates

e) Lenin disbands Constituent Assembly

f) peace w/ G, loss of western territory

2. Civil War

a) White Army – anti-Bolshevik

vs.

b) Red Army – Bolshevik Communists

3. Red Army wins because:

a) Reds united w/ Communist beliefs

b) Trotsky’s military leadership

- deserters were shot

- army well-supplied

- Cheka – secret police = “revolutionary terror”

4. The new USSR -- Communist “Union of Soviet Socialist Republics”

VI. 1918 - The “Great War” Ends

A. G – one front war

1. victory over Ru, now attacks Fr full force

2. Br, U.S., protect Fr at Battle of the Marne

3. political in-fighting w/in G military

B. G retreats, A-H falls to Nationalist movements

C. Nov 11, 1918 – armistice signed

D. G “stab in the back” myth develops

E. 8.5 million dead, cost $280 billion

VII. Wilson’s Dream: World PeaceA. “14 Points for Peace” plan

1) a world-wide organization dedicated to peace is needed

--THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

“There must not be a balance of power, but a community of power; not alliances made up of organized rivalries, but an organized common peace.”

-President Wilson

“The terrible responsibility which lies at Germany’s doors can be seen in the fact that not less then seven million lie buried while more than twenty million others carry upon them the evidence of wounds and sufferings, because Germany saw fit to gratify her desires for war.”

~ Georges ClemenceauFrench Prime Minister, 1919

Wilson’s

B.Br, Fr Harsh Revision of 14 Points1. 1919 -- THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES

a) calls for total destruction of Gb) G must pay Allies $33 billion in war

reparationsc) G military restrictions

-- no airforce, limited navy, army-- no tanks or big guns

d) G & A/H could not unitee) G must surrender all territory, coloniesf) G could not belong to L of Ng) Creates 9 new nations

2. L of N is created but w/o U.S. Congress support

WWI After WWI

EUROPE